Female infertility is a multifactorial condition affecting millions of women worldwide, with significant medical, psychological, and social implications. The primary causes include ovulatory disorders, anatomical abnormalities, endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, hormonal imbalances, and genetic factors. Lifestyle factors, such as obesity, smoking, poor nutrition, and stress, further impact reproductive health. Early and accurate diagnosis using modern techniques ultrasonography, hormonal profiling, laparoscopy, hysteroscopy, and genetic testing is essential for effective management. Treatment strategies are highly individualized and may involve lifestyle modifications, pharmacological therapy, surgical interventions, and assisted reproductive technologies (ART) such as intrauterine insemination (IUI) and in vitro fertilization (IVF). Preventive measures, patient counseling, and psychological support play a critical role in improving outcomes. This article provides a comprehensive overview of contemporary diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to female infertility, highlighting the importance of an integrated, patient-centered strategy to enhance reproductive outcomes and overall well-being.

Female infertility, Ovulatory disorders, Endometriosis, Assisted reproductive technology, Hormonal profiling, Laparoscopy, IVF, Reproductive health.

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