Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic progressive disorder characterized by the degeneration of nigrostriatal neurons and dysfunction of the central nervous system and basal ganglia. The disease was first described in 1817 by J. Parkinson as “shaking palsy.” Its prevalence worldwide is approximately 1%, with the average onset age being 60–65 years. In 5–10% of cases, the disease begins before the age of 40. Men are affected 1.5 times more often than women. The etiology of PD remains unclear, but age-related, genetic, and environmental factors are thought to contribute to its development. PD is primarily sporadic; however, the risk of developing the disease doubles if close relatives are affected. Genetic factors play only a minor role, accounting for approximately 10% of cases. Genetic predisposition may increase susceptibility to damaging factors affecting the nigrostriatal system and age-related processes. Environmental influences implicated in PD pathogenesis include infections, toxic exposures, metals, pesticides, well water consumption, and rural living conditions.

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