Background:
Urolithiasis is a common urinary tract disease with a lifetime prevalence of 10–15%, characterized by the formation of calculi in the kidneys and urinary system. The increasing incidence, particularly among women, is associated with lifestyle changes, obesity, and dietary habits. Nutrition plays a crucial role in modulating urinary composition and influencing stone formation risk.

Objective:
To analyze the role of dietary factors in the prevention of urolithiasis and to develop evidence-based nutritional recommendations for reducing the risk of stone formation and recurrence.

Methods:
This study is based on a narrative and systematic review of literature published between 2000 and 2025. Data were obtained from international and national peer-reviewed journals and clinical guidelines from the European Association of Urology and the American Urological Association. Comparative and analytical methods were used to evaluate the impact of fluid intake, dietary salt, protein consumption, oxalate-rich foods, vitamins, and micronutrients on urolithiasis risk.

Results:
Adequate fluid intake (2–2.5 L/day) significantly reduces urinary supersaturation and prevents crystallization. High salt intake increases urinary calcium excretion, while excessive animal protein consumption promotes acidification of urine and uric acid formation. Oxalate-rich foods contribute to calcium oxalate stone formation but can be mitigated by adequate calcium intake. Fruits, vegetables, and dietary fiber increase urinary citrate levels and promote alkalization. Magnesium, potassium, and citrate inhibit crystallization, whereas excessive intake of vitamin C and vitamin D may increase stone risk.

Conclusion:
Dietary modification is a key strategy in the prevention of urolithiasis. Adequate hydration, reduced salt intake, moderate consumption of animal protein, controlled intake of oxalate-rich foods, and a balanced intake of micronutrients significantly reduce the risk of stone formation and recurrence. Nutritional interventions should be considered an essential component of comprehensive preventive care.

urolithiasis, kidney stones, diet, prevention, oxalates, calcium, hydration, nutrition, nephrolithiasis

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