Background: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is highly prevalent worldwide and is rarely an isolated condition. Sensitization to inhalant pollen allergens can lead to unexpected clinical consequences beyond the respiratory tract, one of which is pollen-food allergy syndrome (PFAS), also known as oral allergy syndrome. Patients with AR sensitized to birch, ragweed, or grass pollen frequently develop hypersensitivity reactions to a wide range of plant-derived foods.

Objective: This review aims to summarize current knowledge on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management of patients with comorbid allergic rhinitis and pollen-food allergy syndrome.

Methods: A narrative review of the literature was conducted, focusing on recent advances in molecular allergology and clinical management of PFAS.

Results: PFAS occurs in 23–76% of patients with AR, depending on geographic region and pollen sensitization profile. The underlying mechanism is cross-reactivity between heat-labile pollen proteins (e.g., Bet v 1, profilins) and homologous proteins in fresh fruits, vegetables, and nuts. Clinically, PFAS typically presents as oral allergy syndrome (itching, burning, and angioedema of the lips, tongue, and palate) occurring within minutes of consuming raw trigger foods. Importantly, most cross-reactive allergens are heat-labile, allowing patients to tolerate cooked or processed forms of the same foods. Although symptoms are usually mild and confined to the oropharynx, systemic reactions, including anaphylaxis, occur in 1.7–8.7% of cases. Diagnosis is based on a thorough history, skin prick testing, specific IgE measurement, and component-resolved diagnostics to differentiate labile from stable allergens. Management includes control of underlying AR with intranasal corticosteroids and antihistamines, dietary avoidance of raw trigger foods, patient education on recognizing systemic symptoms, and, in selected cases, allergen immunotherapy (AIT) directed against the primary pollen sensitization.

Conclusion: PFAS is a common but underdiagnosed comorbidity of allergic rhinitis. Clinicians should routinely screen AR patients for food-induced oral symptoms. A molecular approach to diagnosis enables accurate risk stratification and personalized dietary advice. Allergen immunotherapy for pollen AR may reduce PFAS symptoms, although further studies are needed.

This article examines the role of atherosclerosis in the cardiovascular system and analyzes its major complications from a modern clinical and pathophysiological perspective. Atherosclerosis is recognized as a chronic, progressive inflammatory disease characterized by lipid accumulation, endothelial dysfunction, and plaque formation within arterial walls. The study highlights the multifactorial nature of atherosclerosis development, including genetic predisposition, dyslipidemia, hypertension, smoking, diabetes mellitus, and sedentary lifestyle. Special attention is given to the pathological mechanisms leading to reduced vascular elasticity, impaired blood flow, and the development of life-threatening complications such as myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and peripheral arterial disease. Furthermore, the article discusses current approaches to diagnosis, prevention, and treatment, emphasizing the importance of early detection and risk factor modification. The findings suggest that a comprehensive understanding of atherosclerosis is essential for reducing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide.

This article provides a biological analysis of the bioecological diversity of organisms belonging to the roundworm (Nematoda) phylum, detailing their role in nature and human health. The research is focused on highlighting the morphophysiological adaptations of free-living and parasitic nematodes, their significance in ecosystems, and their impact within the medical and veterinary fields.

This article highlights the histological structure of blood vessels (arteries, veins, and the microcirculatory bed) and their morphofunctional characteristics. The changes in the vessel wall layers (intima, media, adventitia) depending on hemodynamic parameters, as well as the histophysiological significance of endothelial cells, are analyzed. The obtained data serve to understand the mechanisms of vascular pathologies (atherosclerosis, hypertension) and to strengthen the fundamental basis in modern medicine.

This article analyzes the histogenesis of the cardiovascular system, as well as the microscopic and ultramicroscopic structure of various types of blood vessels and the heart wall. During the research, the histological differences between the layers of arteries, veins, and microcirculatory bed vessels, alongside the functional classification of cardiomyocytes, are highlighted. The obtained results are of great importance in understanding the histophysiology of the heart and blood vessels, as well as in studying the morphological foundations of various pathological processes.

This study morphologically evaluated the immunohistochemical (IHC) changes in proliferation (Ki-67), apoptosis (p53), and angiogenesis (VEGF, CD31) processes during the development of cervical epithelial neoplasias (CIN I, II, III) and squamous cell carcinoma, using the population of the Surkhandarya region as an example. The results showed that as the degree of dysplasia increases, Ki-67 expression and microvessel density (MVD) reliably increase, while the accumulation of the p53 protein indicates a disruption of the apoptosis process. This complex of markers is of great importance for the early detection and prognostic assessment of at-risk patients in regional conditions.

This article analyzes the application of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) technologies in modern oncology, and their role in early diagnosis, treatment planning, and personalized medicine. The efficiency of processing radiological and histological images using AI algorithms, analyzing genomic data, and determining disease prognosis is examined. The findings indicate that AI technologies optimize the decision-making process of physicians and significantly increase the survival rates of oncological patients.

 This article analyzes the influence of ancient Greek and Roman philosophical schools (including the Milesian and Eleatic schools, Pythagoras, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, and Democritus) on medical science, the etiology of diseases, and medical ethics (deontology) based on the IMRAD structure. Through historical-logical analysis and comparative study, the conceptual connection between ancient philosophical ideas and modern medical concepts such as humoral theory, homeostasis, psychosomatics, biometry, and molecular pharmacology is revealed. In conclusion, it is scientifically substantiated that the study of ancient Western philosophy shapes comprehensive clinical and analytical thinking in medical practitioners, allowing them to approach the patient as a biopsychosocial entity.

Maxillofacial reconstruction represents one of the most complex areas of modern surgery due to the functional and aesthetic importance of facial structures. Conventional reconstructive techniques, although effective, are often limited by donor site morbidity, insufficient tissue compatibility, and incomplete functional restoration. Regenerative medicine and tissue engineering have emerged as innovative approaches aimed at restoring damaged tissues through biological regeneration rather than replacement. This study aims to analyze the role of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering in maxillofacial reconstruction and evaluate their clinical applications and future potential. A review of recent literature and clinical studies (2015-2025) was conducted. The findings demonstrate that stem cell therapy, biomaterials, 3D bioprinting, and growth factor-based approaches significantly enhance bone and soft tissue regeneration. The integration of these technologies into clinical practice offers promising results in restoring facial structure and function. The study emphasizes the transformative potential of regenerative strategies in maxillofacial surgery.

The purpose of this work is to study the extracted formation of Calanhoe Daigremontiana, to establish their flavonoid formation, to determine the physicochemical characteristics and wound-healing activity. The experimental object of the study: in order to study pharmacological activity, Calanhoe Degremontiana plant was used, collected during the winter period in January 2026 on the territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan (Tashkent). Flavonoid composition was determined by using High Performance Liquid Chromatography – Diode Array Detector (HPLC-DAD). The molecular docking method was used to examine the active components based on their ability to interface with the target protein.

 This study examines the anatomical structure of the heart, its conduction system, and coronary blood supply. The paper highlights the functional significance of cardiac chambers, myocardial layers, and valves in maintaining effective blood circulation. Special attention is given to the cardiac conduction system, including the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, Bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers, which ensure rhythmic and coordinated contractions. In addition, the role of coronary arteries in supplying oxygen and nutrients to the myocardium is analyzed. The study emphasizes that the integrity of these systems is essential for normal cardiac function, and their impairment may lead to serious cardiovascular diseases.

This article broadly covers the essence of Eastern philosophy, its historical roots, and its influence on the development of society. Eastern thought interprets harmony between man and nature, moral perfection, spiritual purification, and a just social order as the main values. The ideas of morality, enlightenment, patience, respect, and social responsibility are analyzed using the example of the heritage of ancient Chinese, Indian, and Central Asian philosophical schools. In particular, the teachings of Confucius and Laozi address the issues of social order and harmony with nature, and the views of Central Asian thinkers Abu Nasr Al-Farabi, Abu Rayhan Al-Biruni, Ibn Sina, and Alisher Navoi address the issues of a perfect person, science, enlightenment, and just governance. The article scientifically analyzes the main idea of Eastern philosophy - the development of society, first of all, its connection with the spiritual development of man. The relevance of these philosophical views in today's globalization environment, their role in preventing spiritual crises and restoring moral values ​​is also substantiated.

The article presents a philosophical analysis of the key ethical problems of the 21st century in the context of globalization, digital transformation, and the development of biotechnologies. The thesis regarding the transition from classical normative models of morality to the paradigm of global responsibility is substantiated. The work examines bioethical dilemmas, digital and algorithmic responsibility, environmental issues, transhumanism, and the crisis of universalism. It concludes that a new configuration of moral consciousness is forming, oriented toward an intergenerational perspective and the management of civilizational risks.  

This article analyzes Abu Ali ibn Sina’s views in the fields of medicine and philosophy, especially his humanistic ideas. Ibn Sina was not only a great physician, but also a thinker who linked human health with the development of society. In his works, medical ethics, compassion for patients, and the psychological and physical factors of illness are deeply discussed. The study comparatively examines Ibn Sina’s medical-philosophical heritage alongside modern medical ethics.

This article analyzes the philosophical interpretation of the problem of life and death in medicine. As modern medicine has developed and the possibilities of artificially prolonging life have expanded, this issue has become increasingly relevant. The article examines the concepts of life and death based on bioethics, medical ethics, and philosophical perspectives. In addition, issues such as euthanasia, resuscitation, and transplantation are analyzed from an ethical point of view. The research results show that life and death are not only biological but also deeply philosophical and moral concepts.

The human respiratory system is a highly specialized and integrated biological system responsible for maintaining gas exchange and homeostasis. This paper presents a comprehensive academic analysis of the anatomical structures, physiological mechanisms, regulatory processes, and pathological conditions associated with the respiratory system. Emphasis is placed on cellular-level gas exchange, neural and chemical regulation of respiration, and contemporary research developments in respiratory medicine. The study also explores emerging technologies and global health challenges related to respiratory diseases.

Referred pain is a condition in which pain is felt in a location different from its actual source due to the complex functioning of the nervous system. This occurs when nerve pathways overlap, causing the brain to misinterpret pain signals.

This article explains the mechanisms of referred pain, its main types (visceral and somatic), and common clinical examples. Understanding this phenomenon is important for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment in medical practice.

Dry eye disease (DED) is a complex, multifactorial, and dynamic pathological process of the ocular surface. The main pathophysiological element of the disease is the loss of tear film stability and osmotic imbalance, which leads to the activation of stress signaling and inflammatory cascades in epithelial cells. Modern scientific research considers hyperosmolarity not only as a mechanism for the occurrence of symptoms, but also as a key trigger factor that initiates the inflammatory process at the molecular level in the ocular epithelium. Therefore, the explanation of the pathogenesis of DED is not limited to the deficiency of tear production; it is formed by a complex interaction of osmotic stress in epithelial cells, proinflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, and cell apoptosis. This article systematically reviews the stepwise pathogenetic model of the disease, the sensitivity and specificity of clinical diagnostic markers, as well as individual and pathogenetically based treatment strategies. The relevance of osmolarity assessment in the diagnosis of CRC, the need to develop methods for measuring molecular and functional indicators, and individual treatment algorithms are explained by scientific evidence.

This article provides a structural-functional analysis of the histological architecture of the blood and cardiovascular system based on IMRAD requirements. The morphological characteristics of blood as a specialized connective tissue, the functions of its formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets), and the histological structure of the blood vessel wall layers (tunica intima, media, adventitia) are described in detail. Furthermore, the mechanisms of interaction between blood and tissue are explained using the example of the microcirculatory bed and the air-blood barrier in the respiratory system. In conclusion, this analysis serves to foster a cellular-level understanding of cardiovascular pathologies and the development of modern clinical thinking among medical students.

This study provides a comprehensive epidemiological analysis of the postnatal ontogenesis of young children (1–3 years) living in the unique conditions of the southern Aral Sea region. The period from one to three years is a critical "window of vulnerability," when the foundations for physical and psychoneurological health are laid. The study is based on comparative monitoring of three representative districts of the Republic of Karakalpakstan (Muynak, Takhtakupir, and Beruni), which differ in the degree of environmental stress [1].

The authors analyzed the dynamics of anthropometric indicators (height, weight, and body composition indices), as well as the structure of comorbidities limiting normal development [2]. It was found that under conditions of chronic intoxication with salt and dust aerosols and consumption of highly mineralized water, the phenomenon of "environmental retardation"—a persistent slowdown in the rate of physical development—is observed.  This article provides scientific evidence for a direct correlation between environmental quality and specific developmental abnormalities, such as micronutrient deficiencies, anemia, and decreased cardiovascular adaptability. Conclusions are drawn regarding the need to revise regional standards for assessing the health of young children in the environmental disaster zone [3].

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the chemical structure, classification, and biological functions of amino acids, the fundamental building blocks of proteins. The study examines the mechanisms of peptide bond formation and the unique properties of amino acids determined by their variable side chains (R-groups). Furthermore, the paper highlights the metabolic significance of essential and non-essential amino acids in the human body, the pathological conditions arising from their deficiencies, and their diagnostic importance in modern medicine. The findings demonstrate that maintaining amino acid balance is crucial not only for physical development but also for the regulation of hormonal and neurochemical processes.

Relevance. Oxidative stress is one of the key pathogenetic mechanisms in the development and progression of periodontosis. Dietary antioxidants can neutralize free radicals and reduce inflammation in periodontal tissues. Objective – to evaluate the significance of antioxidant components in the diet for the prevention and treatment of periodontosis, and to offer practical recommendations for their inclusion in the daily menu. Methods. An analysis of literature data on the effects of vitamins A, C, E, selenium, flavonoids, and carotenoids on the state of periodontal tissues was conducted. A comparative assessment method was used for clinical parameters before and after enriching the diet with antioxidants. Results. It has been shown that adequate antioxidant intake reduces periodontal pocket depth, decreases gingival bleeding, slows bone resorption, and improves immune parameters. Conclusion. Incorporating foods rich in natural antioxidants (fresh vegetables, berries, fruits, nuts, green tea) into the diet is an accessible and effective way to enhance the effectiveness of periodontosis treatment.

Relevance. Different dietary patterns have varying effects on the course of chronic periodontitis. The Mediterranean diet (MD) is known for its anti-inflammatory effects, while the low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) helps reduce systemic inflammation and improve metabolic parameters. However, the comparative effectiveness of these two approaches in periodontosis has been insufficiently studied. Objective – to conduct a comparative analysis of the effects of the Mediterranean and low-carbohydrate diets on clinical periodontal parameters and to recommend the optimal option for patients. Methods. Modeling of two 6-month dietary interventions with assessment of periodontal indices (probing depth, bleeding, clinical attachment level) and inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, interleukin-6). Results. Both diets showed positive effects, but MD improved the condition of periodontal soft tissues and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine levels to a greater extent, whereas LCD produced more pronounced weight loss and glycemic control, which is important for patients with concomitant diabetes mellitus. Conclusion. The Mediterranean diet is preferable for most patients with periodontosis, while the low-carbohydrate diet may be recommended when periodontitis is combined with obesity or type 2 diabetes.

This paper presents the results of a microbiological analysis of soil samples collected from the territory of Termez city (Uzbekistan). It was found that in samples with a high coliform index (more than 1000 coliform bacteria/kg), the total microbial count (TMC) significantly decreases compared to conditionally clean areas. An inverse correlation between the studied parameters was revealed. It is concluded that fecal contamination of soil under the climatic conditions of Termez leads to the suppression of saprophytic microbiota, which must be taken into account when assessing soil sanitation.

This article examines contemporary anatomophysiological concepts of the heart that substantially expand the classical model of its structure and function. It is shown that emerging data on the deep Purkinje fiber network, the intrinsic cardiac nervous system, myocardial microarchitecture, and the characteristics of intracardiac blood flow broaden our understanding of the mechanisms underlying cardiac activity and the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Particular attention is given to 4D flow visualization techniques, diffusion tensor mapping, high-resolution ultrasound imaging, and the development of three-dimensional anatomical atlases. The authors conclude that the integration of these approaches opens new opportunities for more accurate diagnosis, personalized treatment planning, and the advancement of cardiology practice.

 This article explores the fundamental essence of philosophy, its place in the development of human thought, and its socio-spiritual functions in the life of modern society. The importance of philosophy in shaping a worldview and its role in understanding social problems are analyzed. 

This article explores the fundamental essence of philosophy, its place in the development of human thought, and its socio-spiritual functions in the life of modern society. The importance of philosophy in shaping a worldview and its role in understanding social problems are analyzed. 

This article analyzes the methods of rendering national realia encountered in the English translation of “Dunyoning ishlari” (Affairs of Life), an important work of Uzbek literature. Specifically, it examines the translation strategies used for cultural units such as supa, rayhon (basil), tillaqosh, surp yaktak, fotiha, and diydor, as well as the associated cultural losses. Research results indicate that, along with maintaining equivalence, conveying cultural semantics is of significant importance in translation.

The intercostal nerves are important anatomical structures of the chest wall, providing its sensory and motor innervation. Damage to them can lead to severe pain, respiratory impairment, and a decrease in the patient's quality of life. This paper examines the anatomical features of the intercostal nerves, their topographic relationships with surrounding structures, and clinical situations that pose a risk of injury. Based on anatomical data, practical recommendations for preventing intercostal nerve injury during surgical interventions, diagnostic procedures, and chest trauma are substantiated. In modern surgical treatment of patients with diseases and injuries of the spine and spinal cord, the primary focus is on eliminating vertebral -medullary conflict, maintaining stability in the operated spinal motion segment, and restoring proper anatomical and biomechanical relationships.

The role of English in medical education has become increasingly significant in the context of globalization, scientific advancement, and international collaboration. English serves as the dominant language of medical literature, research publications, and professional communication worldwide. This article examines the importance of English proficiency for medical students, focusing on its impact on academic performance, access to scientific knowledge, clinical practice, and professional development. The study is based on an analysis of existing literature and educational frameworks, highlighting how English competency enhances learning outcomes and prepares students for global medical practice.

Burn injuries remain a significant clinical challenge due to prolonged healing time, high risk of infection, and excessive scar formation. The present study evaluates the therapeutic effectiveness of a 6-aminopurine–based moisture-forming hydrogel in the treatment of burn wounds. The hydrogel matrix was designed to provide a stable moist microenvironment, controlled release of the bioactive compound, and enhanced tissue regeneration. Physicochemical properties of the hydrogel, including swelling capacity, mechanical stability, and release kinetics of 6-aminopurine, were investigated. In vitro and in vivo assessments demonstrated that the hydrogel promotes epithelialization, reduces inflammatory response, and accelerates granulation tissue formation compared to conventional dry dressings. The controlled release profile ensured sustained biological activity at the wound site while minimizing systemic exposure. Histological analysis confirmed improved collagen organization and reduced necrotic tissue formation. The results indicate that 6-aminopurine–loaded hydrogels represent a promising therapeutic approach for burn wound management by combining moisture balance, regenerative stimulation, and anti-inflammatory effects.

This article analyzes the influence of ancient Greek and Roman philosophical schools (including the Milesian and Eleatic schools, Pythagoras, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, and Democritus) on medical science, the etiology of diseases, and medical ethics (deontology) based on the IMRAD structure. Through historical-logical analysis and comparative study, the conceptual connection between ancient philosophical ideas and modern medical concepts such as humoral theory, homeostasis, psychosomatics, biometry, and molecular pharmacology is revealed. In conclusion, it is scientifically substantiated that the study of ancient Western philosophy shapes comprehensive clinical and analytical thinking in medical practitioners, allowing them to approach the patient as a biopsychosocial entity.

This article analyzes the histological changes occurring in large and medium-sized blood vessels during the process of atherosclerosis, which is the leading cause of cardiovascular system diseases. Morphological changes at the cellular and tissue levels observed in the tunica intima, media, and adventitia layers of the blood vessel wall are elucidated.

This article analyzes the theoretical and practical foundations of tissue engineering, one of the priority directions in modern regenerative medicine. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of artificial matrices (scaffolds), mesenchymal stem cells, and bioreactor technologies used in repairing damaged tissues. The study investigated 3D frameworks based on polymeric materials and factors regulating cell differentiation using histological and biotechnological methods. The results indicate that properly selected matrix structures significantly activate cell proliferation and angiogenesis processes. However, challenges such as vascularization and immunological rejection remain critical issues for the clinical implementation of tissue engineering. The conclusion emphasizes that the development of 3D bioprinting technologies will be a key solution to overcoming donor shortages in organ transplantation in the near future.

This article examines the germination characteristics of Isatis tinctoria L. seeds under the ecological conditions of the Surkhandarya region and analyzes the influence of environmental factors. The study evaluates the effects of temperature, soil moisture, and light conditions on seed germination. The results indicate that optimal conditions significantly increase germination rate and positively affect subsequent plant development.

In this article the data of morphometric studies of caries conducted among young men living in Khorezm region. 514 boys and girls of schoolchildren aged 11 to 17 years living in the city of Urgench were studied, morphometric studies of caries detected in the subjects were conducted and analyzed.

The biophysical foundations and mechanisms of substance absorption in the gastrointestinal tract are analyzed in detail. The process of absorption through the cell membrane, its selective permeability, and its dependence on the concentration gradient are described. Types of passive transport—simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis—are explained, as well as processes that occur with energy expenditure. In addition, the processes of endocytosis and exocytosis, which play an important role in the entry and exit of large molecules into and out of the cell, are also clarified.

This article analyzes the intrinsic connection between the historical evolution of medicine and its philosophical foundations. It examines the shifts in approaches toward human health across different eras, explores the medical-philosophical views of Eastern and Western thinkers, and highlights the role of historical experience in the formation of modern bioethics.

This article provides an analysis of modern inorganic synthesis methods used in pharmaceuticals and materials science. The study aims to examine efficient synthetic approaches for producing high-purity compounds essential for drug development and advanced technological materials. Results indicate that the sol-gel process, hydrothermal synthesis, and chemical precipitation are the primary factors determining product quality and functionality.

This article analyzes the role of Quality Control (QC) and standardization in the pharmaceutical industry in ensuring the safety and efficacy of medicinal products. The study aims to highlight the importance of adhering to international standards (GMP, ISO) during the manufacturing process. Results indicate that a rigorous quality control system reduces risks and is a decisive factor in protecting patient health.

 The cardiovascular system undergoes significant morphological and functional adaptations in response to regular physical exertion, a phenomenon widely recognized as the athlete's heart. However, the boundary between physiological adaptation and early pathological remodeling remains challenging to delineate, particularly in individuals subjected to excessive or unmanaged physical loads. This study aims to investigate the early subclinical signs of maladaptive cardiac remodeling in athletes exposed to high-intensity training regimens exceeding standard recovery capacities. Utilizing a comprehensive diagnostic approach that includes advanced echocardiography with tissue Doppler imaging and the assessment of specific cardiac biomarkers, we evaluated a cohort of subjects engaged in varying intensities of physical activity. Our findings indicate that while moderate exercise induces harmonious eccentric hypertrophy with preserved or enhanced diastolic function, chronic excessive loading is associated with a subtle shift towards concentric geometric patterns, localized reduction in myocardial relaxation velocities, and subclinical elevations in N-terminal pro-b-type natriuretic peptide and high-sensitivity cardiac troponin. These alterations suggest an early fibrotic or inflammatory myocardial response preceding overt clinical symptoms. The identification of such transition points is critical for the prevention of exercise-induced arrhythmogenic substrates and long-term myocardial dysfunction. Continuous monitoring strategies incorporating both advanced imaging and molecular markers are essential to safeguard cardiovascular health in high-performance athletic populations.

 Measles remains one of the most highly contagious viral pathogens affecting the pediatric population globally, despite the existence of a highly effective and safe live-attenuated vaccine. The recent resurgence of measles outbreaks in various global regions highlights a critical vulnerability in current public health frameworks and pediatric immunization programs. This study aims to analyze the modern epidemiological characteristics of measles in children and evaluate the underlying factors contributing to the recent epidemiological shifts, with a primary focus on preventive strategies. Through a comprehensive retrospective analysis of pediatric patient records and regional epidemiological data, we investigated the demographic distribution, vaccination status, and clinical outcomes of recent measles clusters. Our findings reveal a significant epidemiological shift characterized by a higher incidence rate among unvaccinated infants and pre-school-aged children, often leading to elevated rates of hospitalization due to complications such as secondary bacterial pneumonia and acute otitis media. The data unequivocally demonstrates that localized outbreaks are directly correlated with pockets of suboptimal vaccine coverage, driven largely by escalating vaccine hesitancy and recent disruptions in routine healthcare services. Restoring the herd immunity threshold to above ninety-five percent is paramount for preventing endemic transmission and protecting vulnerable demographics. Modern prevention strategies must evolve beyond routine clinical administration to incorporate targeted community education, rapid outbreak response protocols, and the continuous active surveillance of immunization gaps.

This scientific article investigates the laboratory characteristics of biochemical parameters in rats with low and high levels of emotional reactivity. Furthermore, it identifies the biochemical properties of hormones, neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and cytokines secreted during emotional changes in the subjects, while demonstrating their physiological effects on various organs and systems.

This article examines the current potential of using artificial intelligence in education, particularly in forensic medicine. It analyzes the main applications of AI, its advantages, and potential limitations. Particular attention is paid to the digitalization of medical education and the implementation of intelligent learning systems.

This article analyzes the oral microbiome not merely as a factor in local pathologies (caries, periodontitis), but as a complex ecosystem that determines the systemic homeostasis of the organism. Drawing on metagenomic research from the last decade, the authors reveal the molecular links between oral dysbiosis and cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, and neurodegenerative processes.

The mechanisms by which pathogenic microorganisms, particularly Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum, cross the blood-brain barrier and the endothelial layer are discussed based on clinical cases and biological models. The uniqueness of this study lies in viewing oral health as a strategic factor in reducing the overall systemic inflammatory load of the body. The conclusion substantiates the promising directions of dental prevention in reducing the risk of systemic diseases and emphasizes the importance of a multidisciplinary approach among physicians. The systemic spread of periodontal pathogens through the bloodstream, the stimulation of the cytokine cascade, and their role in the development of cardiometabolic and neurodegenerative diseases are analyzed.

The study analyzed pesticide residues in soil, water, and fruit and vegetable samples collected from greenhouse farms in the Surkhandarya region of Uzbekistan. Residual pesticide concentrations exceeding maximum permissible levels were found in 45% of soil samples and 30% of water samples. In fruit and vegetable products (cucumbers, tomatoes, peppers), exceedances of maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) were observed in 25% of samples. A correlation was established between pesticide content in soil and a decrease in the total microbial count (TMC), as well as changes in the microbial community structure (a decrease in the proportion of saprophytic bacteria and an increase in the proportion of resistant forms). The results indicate the need for enhanced monitoring and the implementation of biological plant protection methods.

Relevance. Chronic inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity, in particular periodontitis, have recently been considered not only as a local dental problem but also as a potential trigger of systemic pathology. Of particular interest is the link between periodontitis and cardiovascular diseases (CVD), which remain the leading cause of death worldwide. Objective – based on an analysis of available scientific data, to establish the role of periodontitis as an independent risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and stroke, as well as to describe the main common mechanisms. Materials and methods. A systematic analysis of publications from PubMed, Scopus, and RSCI databases for the period 2015–2025 was conducted, including clinical studies, meta-analyses, and reviews on the relationship between periodontitis and CVD. Results. It has been shown that the presence of periodontitis increases the risk of coronary heart disease by an average of 25–35%, and the risk of cerebrovascular events by 20–30%. The main linking mechanisms are chronic systemic inflammation (elevated C-reactive protein, IL-6, TNF-α), bacteremia involving periodontal pathogens (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans), endothelial dysfunction, and immune-mediated damage to the vascular wall. Conclusion. Periodontitis should be considered a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular pathology, which requires interdisciplinary interaction between dentists and cardiologists for early prevention and comprehensive treatment.

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical global health threat driven by inappropriate antibiotic use, particularly in hospital settings. Obstetric and neonatal populations are frequently exposed to antimicrobial agents, often for prophylactic purposes, which may contribute to unnecessary selection pressure.

Objective: To evaluate antimicrobial use patterns and identify key antimicrobial stewardship gaps in an obstetric and neonatal tertiary care hospital.

Methods: A cross-sectional point prevalence study was conducted including 142 hospitalized patients. Data were collected on antimicrobial use, indications, microbiological documentation, compliance with clinical guidelines, and antibiotic spectrum.

Results: Antimicrobials were prescribed in 40.8% of patients, reaching 100% in intensive care units. Prophylactic use accounted for 48%, exceeding recommended thresholds. Broad-spectrum antibiotics comprised 75% of prescriptions. Compliance with clinical guidelines was 72.4%, with significant interdepartmental variability. Microbiological confirmation was documented in 36.7% of cases. Consumption density was 1.4 prescriptions per patient.

Conclusion: Significant antimicrobial stewardship gaps were identified, including excessive prophylaxis and overuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics. Targeted stewardship interventions are urgently required.

This article scientifically and practically examines the extraction of strontium from celestine ores—strontium sulfate (SrSO₄)—followed by chemical purification, concentration of the intermediate products, and the final production of metallic strontium. The theoretical foundations of the process are analyzed, including the conversion of sulfate to carbonate, precipitation, filtration, drying, calcination to form the oxide, and the application of electrolysis and metallothermic reduction. Step-by-step methods for removing impurities such as calcium, barium, and iron from the ore, along with the selection of reagents and optimal temperature and concentration conditions, are discussed. The technological advantages of hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical approaches are compared. Effective schemes for obtaining high-purity strontium carbonate and strontium oxide, their concentration, and the industrial production of metallic strontium are presented. Based on the results, conclusions are drawn on improving process efficiency, ensuring energy savings, and enhancing environmental safety.

Objective: To evaluate the prognostic role of myocardial revascularization and myocardial viability assessment in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM).

Methods and Results: A review of randomized controlled trials assessing revascularization strategies in ICM identified two major studies: the STICH Trial and REVIVED-BCIS2 Trial, involving 1,912 patients. Participants received either revascularization plus optimal medical therapy (OMT) or OMT alone. Long-term follow-up from the STICHES study showed that coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with OMT reduced all-cause mortality by 16% compared with OMT alone over 9.8 years. However, myocardial viability and ischemia severity did not significantly affect outcomes. In contrast, the REVIVED-BCIS2 trial found no significant benefit of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) plus OMT over OMT alone for all-cause mortality or heart failure hospitalization. Myocardial viability assessment was also not associated with improved long-term outcomes.

Conclusion: Current evidence suggests that CABG may improve long-term prognosis in patients with ICM, whereas PCI does not provide significant prognostic benefit. Routine assessment of myocardial viability or ischemia is not supported as a key determinant for selecting revascularization strategies in ICM.

This article analyzes modern psychological and pedagogical methods for evaluating and diagnosing the knowledge, skills, and qualifications (KSQ) of learners. During the research, the psychological shortcomings of the traditional assessment system are revealed, and the cognitive and emotional advantages of innovative methods such as adaptive testing, portfolio, case-study, and simulation diagnostics are studied.

This article analyzes the mechanisms for developing and managing emotional-volitional qualities, which are of paramount importance in the professional activities of future medical professionals. During the study, the level of emotional control among medical university students in stressful and extreme situations was examined, revealing the practical significance of integrating psychological training into the educational process.

Acute respiratory viral infections represent one of the most significant public health challenges globally, causing substantial morbidity, mortality, and economic burden. The accurate and timely identification of the causative viral pathogens is crucial for implementing appropriate clinical management, initiating specific antiviral therapies, and preventing the unnecessary use of antibiotics. This article explores the evolving capabilities of laboratory diagnostics in the context of acute respiratory viral infections following the traditional Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion structure. A comprehensive analysis of various diagnostic modalities was conducted, comparing traditional methods with modern molecular techniques. The review encompasses rapid antigen detection tests, conventional and real-time polymerase chain reaction, multiplex syndromic panels, and emerging technologies such as next-generation sequencing. The findings indicate that while traditional viral culture and serological assays remain important for epidemiological surveillance, they have been largely superseded in clinical settings by molecular diagnostics due to the superior sensitivity, specificity, and rapid turnaround times of the latter. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction panels, in particular, have revolutionized patient care by allowing the simultaneous detection of numerous respiratory pathogens from a single clinical specimen. The discussion highlights the clinical impact of these advanced diagnostic capabilities on antimicrobial stewardship and infection control strategies. Furthermore, the socioeconomic implications of adopting high-cost multiplex testing in resource-limited settings are evaluated. The paper concludes that continuous advancements in laboratory diagnostics, particularly the miniaturization of molecular platforms for point-of-care testing, will play an indispensable role in the future management of respiratory viral outbreaks and personalized patient care.

Measles remains one of the most highly contagious viral diseases known to humanity and continues to represent a significant cause of childhood morbidity and mortality globally, despite the availability of a safe and highly effective vaccine. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the paramount importance of vaccination in preventing measles outbreaks, maintaining public health security, and moving towards global disease eradication. Following the traditional Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion framework, the study examines the epidemiological impact of the measles vaccine since its introduction and evaluates the biological, immunological, and social dimensions of immunization. The methodology involved a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature, epidemiological reports, and clinical data regarding vaccine efficacy and population immunity dynamics. The results unequivocally demonstrate that a two-dose vaccination regimen provides lifelong immunity in approximately ninety-seven percent of recipients. Furthermore, the findings highlight the critical role of the vaccine not only in preventing acute measles infection but also in protecting against measles-induced immune amnesia, a phenomenon where the wild-type virus obliterates pre-existing immune memory and leaves children vulnerable to other secondary infections for extended periods. The discussion addresses the contemporary challenges threatening measles eradication, primarily the resurgence of outbreaks fueled by vaccine hesitancy, socioeconomic disparities, and disruptions to routine immunization programs. Achieving and sustaining a minimum herd immunity threshold of ninety-five percent is strictly necessary to halt viral transmission. The paper concludes that continuous, robust, and equitable immunization strategies, coupled with persistent public health education, are entirely indispensable for the prevention and ultimate eradication of measles worldwide.

Diabetes mellitus is a complex, multifactorial metabolic disease in which insulin resistance and functional impairment of β-cells act as interrelated processes in its pathogenesis. Insulin resistance leads to decreased glucose utilization in peripheral tissues, to which β-cells initially respond with compensatory hypersecretion. However, over time, their structural and functional reserves become exhausted. As a result, chronic hyperglycemia, along with pathobiochemical mechanisms such as lipotoxicity and glucotoxicity, further aggravates β-cell dysfunction. An integrative analysis of these two key components is essential for understanding the progression of diabetes and serves as a theoretical basis for developing individualized therapeutic strategies.

The importance of some medicinal plants is great for the stability of the immune system and the effective fight against foreign genes. Modern advances in medicine have made it possible to identify diseases that depend on the quantity and quality of cells of the immune system. In medicine, there are many infectious diseases that the immune system begins to fight when they (the pathogen) enter the body. The effectiveness of the immune system's response largely depends on its condition (immune status). In the treatment of such diseases of the immune system, positive results are obtained from the use of traditional medicine prepared from medicinal plants. The study examined the effect of medicinal plants on phagocytic neutrophil cells of the immune system.

This article analyzes the integration of medical and philosophical sciences, particularly the role of medical ethics and methodology in Ancient Eastern philosophical systems. The research reveals the practical significance of approaching human health not merely as a biological phenomenon, but as a complex socio-philosophical one.

Eastern philosophy represents a diverse and historically rich body of thought that has profoundly influenced social organization, ethical systems, governance, and cultural identity across vast regions of Asia. Traditions such as Confucianism, Daoism, Buddhism, and Islamic philosophy have shaped collective values including harmony, justice, moral responsibility, and social balance. This article examines the philosophical foundations of Eastern thought and analyzes their impact on social development from both historical and contemporary perspectives. Emphasis is placed on how these traditions contribute to social cohesion, governance models, education systems, and moral frameworks. The study demonstrates that Eastern philosophy continues to provide relevant insights for addressing modern global challenges.

The philosophy of history examines the underlying principles, patterns, and meanings of historical processes, while the concepts of civilization and culture provide essential frameworks for understanding human development across time. This article explores the interrelationship between historical philosophy, civilizational dynamics, and cultural evolution from both classical and contemporary perspectives. It analyzes how philosophical interpretations of history influence the understanding of progress, decline, and transformation in societies. Additionally, the study investigates how civilizations emerge, interact, and evolve through cultural exchanges, technological advancements, and ideological shifts. By integrating theoretical and historical approaches, this paper highlights the significance of philosophical inquiry in interpreting global historical development.

 Artificial intelligence (AI) has become one of the most promising areas of development in modern medicine in recent years. The use of machine learning algorithms, neural networks, and big data analysis significantly improves diagnostic accuracy, accelerates the processing of medical information, and selects the most effective treatment methods. AI plays a particularly important role in neurology, where the timely detection of nervous system diseases is crucial for preserving the patient's life and health.

Imagine lying in bed at night, ready to surrender to sleep, only to be met with an unrelenting sensation that your feet are on fire. The sheets feel unbearably hot, the cool air of the room offers no relief, and no position seems to quiet the gnawing heat radiating from the soles upward. For millions of individuals worldwide, this is not a fleeting discomfort but a chronic, often misunderstood reality. This condition—clinically recognized as Burning Feet Syndrome (BFS) or Grierson-Gopalan syndrome—represents one of the most distressing yet underdiagnosed manifestations of peripheral nerve dysfunction .

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) remains a cornerstone in the management of hematologic malignancies, offering curative potential for a wide spectrum of disorders including leukemias, lymphomas, and myelodysplastic syndromes. Over the past decade, significant advances in transplant biology, donor selection, conditioning regimens, and supportive care have substantially improved patient outcomes and expanded transplant eligibility. The emergence of reduced-intensity conditioning has enabled older and comorbid patients to undergo transplantation with acceptable toxicity profiles, while haploidentical transplantation and improved donor registries have increased donor availability worldwide.

Adolescent mental health has deteriorated into a global public health emergency of staggering proportions, with experts characterizing it as a "silent epidemic" that claims no headlines yet erodes the foundation of an entire generation. This narrative article examines the multifaceted crisis affecting adolescents worldwide through the lens of current epidemiological data, neurobiological research, and systemic analysis. Drawing from the World Health Organization, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, and peer-reviewed literature, this study presents a comprehensive portrait of a crisis where 40% of U.S. high school students report persistent sadness or hopelessness, 20% have seriously considered suicide, and 60% of depressed youth receive no treatment. The article traces the convergence of causal forces—including social media saturation, academic pressure, pandemic disruption, and systemic inequality—while examining the neurobiological vulnerabilities of the developing adolescent brain. It documents critical barriers to care, including provider shortages, insurance gaps, and cultural stigma, before presenting evidence-based interventions spanning school-based programs, digital health tools, family approaches, and policy reforms. The narrative framework, anchored by the composite case of Maya Chen, humanizes statistical data while maintaining analytical rigor. The article concludes that this crisis represents not adolescent weakness but systemic adult failure, and that sustainable solutions require immediate investment in prevention, accessible care, and the fundamental reconceptualization of adolescent wellbeing as society's highest priority.

The gut-brain axis represents one of the most intricate and rapidly evolving frontiers in modern medicine, bridging gastrointestinal physiology with neuroscience, immunology, and behavioral science. Irritable bowel syndrome, conceptualized within the paradigm of disorders of gut-brain interaction, exemplifies the profound clinical consequences when this bidirectional communication network becomes dysregulated. This narrative review examines the multidimensional mechanisms through which psychological stress disrupts gut-brain homeostasis, focusing on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, altered neurotransmitter signaling, visceral hypersensitivity, and gut microbiome perturbations. We explore how chronic psychological stress precipitates and perpetuates IBS symptomatology through immune activation, increased intestinal permeability, and aberrant processing of visceral afferent signals. Furthermore, this review synthesizes current evidence supporting integrated therapeutic approaches that target both psychological and gastrointestinal dimensions, including brain-gut psychotherapies, dietary modifications, pharmacological agents, and microbiome-targeted interventions. Understanding these interconnected pathways is essential for developing personalized treatment strategies that acknowledge the inseparable unity of mind and gut in health and disease.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly reshaping clinical decision-making in healthcare by enhancing diagnostic precision, improving treatment strategies, and boosting overall efficiency. Tools powered by AI, such as machine learning and predictive models, assist healthcare professionals in interpreting complex data and providing more individualized patient care. Despite these advantages, the adoption of AI brings significant ethical concerns. The use of large volumes of sensitive patient data raises issues related to privacy and data protection. Bias within algorithms may result in unequal treatment outcomes, especially for marginalized groups. Furthermore, unclear lines of accountability make it difficult to determine responsibility when AI influences clinical decisions or contributes to errors. To ensure the responsible use of AI in healthcare, it is crucial to implement strong regulations, maintain transparency, and uphold ethical standards.

Thrее-dimеnsional (3D) printing has еmеrgеd as a transformativе tool in prеopеrativе planning for complеx cardiac surgеriеs, offеring patiеnt-spеcific anatomical modеls that еnhancе surgical prеcision and clinical outcomеs. This articlе еxplorеs thе еxpanding rolе of 3D printing tеchnologiеs in thе managеmеnt of intricatе congеnital and acquirеd hеart disеasеs, whеrе convеntional imaging modalitiеs such as еchocardiography, computеd tomography (CT), and magnеtic rеsonancе imaging (MRI) may providе limitеd spatial undеrstanding.

Thе study rеviеws currеnt mеthodologiеs for gеnеrating accuratе 3D cardiac modеls, including imagе acquisition, sеgmеntation, digital rеconstruction, and additivе manufacturing procеssеs. Spеcial attеntion is givеn to thе intеgration of advancеd imaging data with computеr-aidеd dеsign (CAD) softwarе, еnabling thе crеation of highly dеtailеd and tactilе rеplicas of patiеnt anatomy. Thеsе modеls allow surgеons to visualizе complеx spatial rеlationships, simulatе surgical procеdurеs, and anticipatе potеntial intraopеrativе challеngеs.

Clinical applications discussеd in this papеr includе prеopеrativе planning for congеnital hеart dеfеcts such as Tеtralogy of Fallot, doublе outlеt right vеntriclе, and transposition of thе grеat artеriеs, as wеll as structural intеrvеntions likе valvе rеpair and rеplacеmеnt. Thе usе of 3D printеd modеls has bееn shown to improvе surgical dеcision-making, rеducе opеrativе timе, and еnhancе communication among multidisciplinary tеams. Furthеrmorе, thеsе modеls sеrvе as valuablе еducational tools for mеdical trainееs and as еffеctivе aids in patiеnt and family counsеling.

Dеspitе its advantagеs, thе implеmеntation of 3D printing in clinical practicе facеs sеvеral challеngеs, including high costs, timе constraints, variability in modеl accuracy, and lack of standardizеd protocols. This articlе also highlights еmеrging trеnds such as bioprinting, multi-matеrial printing, and thе intеgration of virtual and augmеntеd rеality tеchnologiеs, which arе еxpеctеd to furthеr еxpand thе capabilitiеs of pеrsonalizеd cardiac carе.

In conclusion, 3D printing rеprеsеnts a significant advancеmеnt in thе fiеld of cardiac surgеry, particularly for complеx casеs rеquiring mеticulous prеopеrativе planning. Continuеd tеchnological innovation and clinical validation arе еssеntial to fully rеalizе its potеntial and еnsurе widеsprеad adoption in routinе surgical workflows.

This article examines renal drug elimination as a critical determinant of pharmacokinetic safety. It reviews glomerular filtration, tubular secretion, tubular reabsorption, renal clearance, estimation of kidney function and nephrotoxicity risk. Results show that renal impairment changes both drug exposure and adverse effect risk. The article argues that dose individualization must be understood as a safety framework rather than a mechanical arithmetic procedure.

The philosophy of logic is a central branch of philosophy that investigates the nature, scope, and foundations of logical systems and reasoning. It addresses fundamental questions about truth, validity, inference, and the structure of arguments, as well as the relationship between logic, language, and reality. This article explores classical and modern approaches to logic, including formal logic, symbolic logic, and non-classical systems such as modal and fuzzy logic. It also examines key philosophical debates concerning logical pluralism, the nature of logical laws, and the role of logic in scientific and everyday reasoning. By integrating historical perspectives with contemporary developments, the study demonstrates that logic is not merely a technical discipline but a foundational framework for rational thought and knowledge production.

Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) models have emerged as a pivotal instrument in the field of macroeconomic analysis, providing a structured framework through which economists can explore the complexities of economic interactions over time. The significance of these models lies not only in their theoretical foundations but also in their practical applications, showcasing how they can inform monetary and fiscal policies. As evidenced by recent efforts to apply DSGE models to specific economies, such as the Brazilian case outlined in the literature, these frameworks have been tailored to reflect unique economic conditions, illustrating their adaptability and robustness in analysis  (Carmargo B et al., 2016) . 

This article examines the ethical aspects of relationships between physicians, patients, and their families in modern medical practice. The study analyzes the theoretical foundations of these interactions and highlights the role of ethical principles in ensuring effective and patient-centered care. Particular attention is given to the application of Bioethics principles, including autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice, within clinical settings. The research also explores the increasing involvement of family members in medical decision-making and the ethical challenges that may arise, such as conflicts between patient autonomy and family interests, issues of confidentiality, and informed consent. Furthermore, the article discusses strategies for improving communication and strengthening trust among all parties involved. The findings emphasize the importance of ethical awareness, professional responsibility, and culturally sensitive approaches in enhancing the quality of healthcare services. The study concludes that the integration of ethical principles into medical practice is essential for achieving optimal patient outcomes and maintaining trust in the healthcare system.

Philosophy in medicine is a critical interdisciplinary field that examines the conceptual, ethical, and epistemological foundations of medical theory and practice. It explores fundamental questions about the nature of health and disease, the justification of medical knowledge, and the moral responsibilities of healthcare professionals. This article analyzes key philosophical dimensions in medicine, including bioethics, clinical decision-making, patient autonomy, and the role of evidence-based practice. Drawing on both classical philosophical traditions and contemporary debates, the study demonstrates that medicine is not merely a technical discipline but also a value-laden practice shaped by ethical principles and humanistic concerns. Understanding the philosophical underpinnings of medicine enhances clinical judgment, improves patient care, and supports the development of equitable and compassionate healthcare systems in an increasingly complex global context.

 Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) has become a recognized immunoablative therapy for severe, treatment-refractory autoimmune diseases (ADs), including multiple sclerosis (MS), systemic sclerosis (SSc), and other conditions. The agranulocytosis (profound neutropenia) phase after high-dose conditioning chemotherapy remains the period of highest risk for life-threatening complications, primarily infections and regimen-related toxicities. This expanded narrative review synthesizes current evidence on the incidence, risk factors, diagnosis, and intensive care management of complications during this critical window (typically days 0–14 post-infusion). A comprehensive literature search (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and EBMT guidelines, 2010–2026) identified key data from cohort studies, registries, and expert recommendations. Major complications include febrile neutropenia (>80% incidence), bacterial sepsis (20–40%), invasive fungal infections (5–15% in prolonged neutropenia), engraftment syndrome (10–41% in SSc cohorts), diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, acute kidney injury (up to 30%), and severe mucositis. ICU admission occurs in 8–15% of cases, with leading indications being respiratory failure and septic shock. Modern supportive strategies—rapid empiric antimicrobials, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), hemodynamic monitoring, organ support, and multidisciplinary care—have reduced treatment-related mortality during this phase to <2% in experienced centers (compared with historical rates >5–10%). Optimized intensive care protocols, early recognition of complications, and adherence to EBMT recommendations are essential to further improve safety and support broader application of AHSCT in carefully selected AD patients.

This article explores the multifaceted interplay between pedagogical strategies and psychological mechanisms in the cognitive development of preschool children (ages 2–7). Recognizing this period as a critical phase for the emergence of symbolic thinking, executive functions, and social understanding, the study examines how external educational "architecture"—such as play-based learning, environmental scaffolding, and the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)—synergizes with internal cognitive drivers like curiosity, motivation, and nascent metacognition. By synthesizing Vygotskian social mediation with Piagetian developmental stages, the analysis highlights that cognitive growth is not a linear process of information absorption but a bidirectional transformation. The paper further discusses the impact of social-emotional stability and cultural contexts (e.g., collectivist versus individualistic approaches) on learning efficiency. The findings emphasize that optimal cognitive outcomes are achieved when pedagogical interventions are precisely calibrated to a child's internal psychological readiness, whereas a mismatch, such as rigid rote learning, can lead to cognitive friction and developmental stagnation.

Graves' disease represents the most prevalent cause of hyperthyroidism worldwide, affecting approximately 0.5% of the global population. This autoimmune disorder is characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibodies (TRAb) that stimulate excessive thyroid hormone synthesis. Current therapeutic approaches include antithyroid medications, radioactive iodine therapy, and surgical intervention, each presenting distinct advantages and limitations. This comprehensive narrative review examines the pharmacological management landscape of Graves' disease, synthesizing evidence from contemporary clinical studies and treatment guidelines. We explore the mechanisms of action, clinical efficacy, and safety profiles of established treatments including thionamides, beta-adrenergic blockers, and radioiodine. Furthermore, we analyze emerging therapeutic targets such as teprotumumab, rituximab, tocilizumab, TSH receptor-blocking monoclonal antibodies, and small-molecule antagonists that may transform the treatment paradigm. Special considerations for pregnancy, thyroid storm, and refractory cases are also discussed. Understanding these evolving treatment options enables clinicians to deliver individualized, evidence-based care while minimizing adverse outcomes.

Military personnel are exposed to extreme physical exertion and sustained psycho-emotional stress, which collectively influence systemic and oral health. This study aims to analyze the etiological and pathogenetic factors contributing to the formation of dental diseases in soldiers under conditions of high operational load. A theoretical and analytical approach was employed, integrating findings from contemporary scientific literature, epidemiological surveys, and clinical observations reported in peer-reviewed research and doctoral dissertations. The synthesis demonstrates that the prevalence of dental pathologies among military populations remains significantly high, with periodontal diseases affecting up to 70–85% of personnel in active service, while dental caries incidence ranges from 60% to 90% depending on deployment conditions. Key contributing factors include chronic stress-induced immunosuppression, salivary dysfunction, altered oral microbiota, and behavioral changes such as irregular hygiene practices and increased consumption of carbohydrate-rich rations. Additionally, environmental factors such as dehydration, temperature extremes, and limited access to preventive dental care exacerbate disease progression. The findings highlight a multifactorial etiology where systemic physiological adaptations to stress interact with local oral conditions, accelerating pathological processes. The study emphasizes the necessity of integrated preventive strategies, including stress management, nutritional optimization, and targeted dental surveillance programs.

Periodontal diseases in school-aged children represent a significant and often underestimated public health concern, affecting both oral and systemic health outcomes. The prevalence of gingival and periodontal conditions in this population varies widely across regions, with epidemiological data indicating that up to 70–90% of children exhibit signs of gingival inflammation, while more severe forms of periodontitis, though less common, demonstrate increasing incidence with age and inadequate oral hygiene. The multifactorial etiology of periodontal diseases involves microbial biofilm accumulation, host immune response, genetic predisposition, hormonal fluctuations, nutritional deficiencies, and environmental influences. The pathogenesis is characterized by a complex interaction between pathogenic microorganisms and the host’s immune-inflammatory response, leading to progressive destruction of periodontal tissues. Clinical manifestations range from reversible gingivitis to aggressive forms of periodontitis associated with rapid attachment loss and alveolar bone destruction. Early diagnosis remains critical, as pediatric periodontal conditions often present with subtle clinical signs but may progress rapidly without intervention. Modern treatment approaches emphasize a comprehensive strategy integrating preventive, therapeutic, and educational components. These include mechanical plaque control, antimicrobial therapy, host modulation, minimally invasive procedures, and the application of advanced technologies such as laser therapy and regenerative techniques. Preventive programs focusing on oral hygiene education and regular dental check-ups play a pivotal role in reducing disease burden.

Periodontal tissue inflammation, encompassing acute and chronic periodontitis, represents a multifactorial pathological process affecting the supporting structures of teeth. This condition is primarily initiated by microbial biofilm accumulation; however, its progression is strongly influenced by host immune response, genetic predisposition, and systemic health conditions. The present review aims to critically analyze the etiological factors of periodontitis and explore its bidirectional relationship with systemic diseases. Epidemiological data indicate that periodontitis affects approximately 45–50% of the global adult population, with severe forms observed in nearly 10–15% of cases. Acute periodontitis is characterized by rapid tissue destruction, pain, and inflammatory exudation, whereas chronic periodontitis progresses slowly, often remaining asymptomatic until advanced stages of bone resorption occur. Recent studies highlight a strong association between periodontal inflammation and systemic conditions such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. The underlying mechanism involves systemic dissemination of inflammatory mediators including interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and C-reactive protein. Furthermore, periodontal pathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis have been detected in atherosclerotic plaques, suggesting microbial translocation.

This article analyzes the role of psychological and pedagogical factors in ensuring the physical, mental, and social health of youth, particularly students in higher education institutions. It highlights the importance of the educational environment, mentor-student traditions, stress management, and bioethical values in shaping a healthy lifestyle.

This article analyzes the main methods and means of educational influence used in shaping a child's personality within the family environment. The study examines the psychological and pedagogical approaches of parents in the upbringing process, as well as the impact of traditional and modern means on the child's emotional and intellectual development.

This article analyzes the relationship between age-related and individual-typological characteristics in human ontogenesis based on modern psychological research. The aim of the study is to systematize the connection between universal age patterns observed in the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral spheres and the unique individual characteristics of a person. The article is written based on the IMRAD (Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion) structure, and the resulting conclusions serve the personalization of educational and correctional processes in pedagogical and medical psychology practice.

This article analyzes modern trends in psychology, particularly the role of cognitive psychology and cyberpsychology in the medical education process. The psychological impact of using information and communication technologies in students' mastery of complex subjects (including the morphology and physiology of internal organs) was studied. The research covers issues of optimizing the educational process and stabilizing the psycho-emotional state of future doctors.

The article investigates both theoretical and practical problems which arise during the histological evaluation of stem cell niches and their microenvironment in the field of regenerative medicine. The research evaluates current methods of transferring morphological data between classical histology and bioengineering while recognizing fundamental differences in metalinguistic understanding. The research results show that effective tissue evaluation needs more than cellular counting because it demands complete comprehension of fundamental theoretical frameworks together with flexible analysis methods that maintain concept integrity while handling different biological systems. 

This article analyzes the anatomical, topographic, and morphological characteristics of cervical cancer, with a particular focus on its mechanisms of spread and clinical implications. The study aims to evaluate the correlation between histological features, tumor growth forms, and regional metastasis to optimize oncosurgical approaches.

A retrospective clinical and morphological analysis was conducted on surgical materials from patients diagnosed with cervical cancer. Standard histological examinations were used to assess the depth of stromal invasion, cellular differentiation, and lymphovascular involvement. Data systematization, statistical analysis, and visual assessment were performed utilizing modern medical information technologies, specifically Microsoft Excel.

The findings indicate that the exophytic growth form is the most prevalent (65-70%), followed by the endophytic form (20-25%). Histologically, squamous cell carcinoma originating from the transformation zone accounted for 80-85% of cases, while adenocarcinomas constituted 10-15%. A strong direct correlation was established between the depth of tumor invasion into the stroma and the frequency of lymphogenic metastasis to the obturator, internal iliac, and external iliac lymph nodes.

 The local spread and regional lymphatic metastasis of cervical cancer are strictly dictated by the tumor's macroscopic form, histological differentiation, and the complex vascular-lymphatic anatomy of the pelvic cavity. The study highlights the critical necessity of integrating digital technologies, statistical visualization, and principles of clinical bioethics (such as nerve-sparing surgery) into both modern clinical practice and the pedagogical processes of higher medical education.

The article investigates both theoretical and practical problems which arise during the histological evaluation of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) niches and their microenvironment in the field of regenerative hematology. The research evaluates current methods of transferring morphological data between classical hematology and bioengineering while recognizing fundamental differences in metalinguistic understanding. The research results show that effective tissue evaluation needs more than cellular counting because it demands complete comprehension of fundamental theoretical frameworks together with flexible analysis methods that maintain concept integrity while handling different biological systems.

Cultural adaptation in English Language Teaching (ELT) materials has become an essential component of modern pedagogy in multilingual and multicultural contexts. Teaching English effectively involves more than grammar and vocabulary; it requires the integration of cultural awareness, pragmatic competence, and intercultural sensitivity. This article explores the concept of cultural adaptation in ELT materials, focusing on the need to balance global and local perspectives to ensure relevance, inclusivity, and engagement. It examines how culture influences language acquisition, how textbooks reflect cultural norms and ideologies, and how teachers can adapt materials to meet the sociocultural realities of learners. The study also discusses strategies for developing culturally responsive materials that promote cross-cultural communication, critical thinking, and global citizenship among English learners.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists were initially created to reduce blood glucose in type 2 diabetes (T2D). In the last ten years, there has been clear evidence of their effectiveness beyond glucose-lowering and weight loss. This review consolidates the emerging evidence on the pleiotropic actions of GLP-1 receptor agonists in cardiovascular, renal, liver, brain, and inflammation. Pioneering cardiovascular outcomes studies (LEADER, SUSTAIN-6, REWIND, and SELECT) have shown marked improvement in major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), hospitalizations for heart failure, and cardiovascular death. Growing evidence suggests renoprotective effects beyond glucose lowering, and preclinical and early clinical data show promise in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), neurodegenerative diseases, and addiction. These results suggest that GLP-1 receptor agonists are a game-changing drug class with a wide range of potential applications beyond metabolic disease.

This article analyzes the dangerous aspects of the wrong approach to varicose veins of the lower legs. The final part of the article provides preventive recommendations for early detection of the disease and prevention of complications using modern phlebology methods.

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 Chronic cerebral ischemia (CCI) is one of the leading causes of cognitive impairment in middle-aged and elderly patients. In recent years, special attention has been paid to non-pharmacological therapies, including transcranial magnetic therapy. This paper presents an analysis of the use of the Diamag device (Almag-03) for cognitive impairment of vascular origin, discussing its mechanisms of action, clinical studies, and potential applications.

This article examines the concept of virtual reality, its fundamental characteristics, types, and technological components. Virtual reality (VR) is defined as an interactive technology that creates the illusion of a user’s presence and movement within a computer-generated environment. The study highlights the theoretical foundations of VR, its evolution, and its role as a modern form of human existence and communication. Special attention is given to VR tools such as Head-Mounted Displays, Motion Parallax 3D displays, CAVE systems, and data gloves. The findings suggest that virtual reality is becoming an essential component of modern information technologies, transforming human perception and interaction with digital environments.

Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality among women worldwide. Despite significant advances in early detection and treatment strategies, clinical outcomes remain highly variable due to tumor heterogeneity and complex tumor–host interactions. In recent years, the tumor microenvironment (TME) has emerged as a central regulator of breast cancer progression, therapeutic response, and patient prognosis. The TME includes immune cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, endothelial cells, pericytes, adipocytes, signaling molecules, and extracellular matrix components, all of which dynamically interact with tumor cells. These interactions influence tumor proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, immune evasion, and resistance to therapy. This study, conducted at the Khorezm regional branch of the Republican specialized scientific and practical medical center of oncology and radiology, evaluates the role of the tumor microenvironment in breast cancer treatment outcomes and prognostic stratification. The findings highlight that TME characteristics, particularly immune infiltration, stromal remodeling, and angiogenic activity, are strongly associated with treatment response and survival outcomes.

Cervical cancer remains one of the most significant public health challenges worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. This article explores the global burden of cervical cancer, its primary causes, risk factors, and the effectiveness of modern prevention strategies. Special attention is given to the role of human papillomavirus (HPV), screening programs, and vaccination in reducing incidence and mortality rates. The study highlights the importance of early detection, public awareness, and healthcare system strengthening in combating this disease.

This study analyzes the impact of the electronic invoice system on the transparency of tax revenues, with particular emphasis on the experience of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The research relies on the provisions of the current tax legislation of Uzbekistan, statistical data, and modern scientific literature on digital tax administration. The findings demonstrate that the implementation of electronic invoices significantly increases transparency in financial transactions, reduces the shadow economy, and strengthens the efficiency of tax administration. At the same time, the study identifies several challenges related to technological integration and data management that may affect the effectiveness of the system.

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the stages of development of the history of medicine and its philosophical foundations. The evolution of medical science from ancient times to modern medicine, the development of scientific thinking, and the ethical and normative aspects of medical practice are examined. In addition, the role of philosophy in medicine, as well as the theoretical foundations of human health and disease concepts, are analyzed.

Хроническая болезнь почек (ХБП) выявляется более чем у 50% пациентов с ХСН, тогда как традиционный маркер — сывороточный креатинин — существенно зависит от мышечной массы, гидратации и катаболического состояния, что снижает его диагностическую ценность при ХОБЛ+ХСН. Цистатин-С, как маркер, независимый от мышечной массы и диеты, способен обеспечить раннее выявление почечной дисфункции у данной категории пациентов. Взаимосвязь между стадией ХОБЛ, уровнем цистатина-С и маркерами нефросклероза при коморбидности с ХСН в центральноазиатской популяции ранее не изучалась. 

Clinical phenotypes of COPD — bronchitic, emphysematous and mixed — differ in their pathophysiological mechanisms and may demonstrate distinct haemodynamic patterns. The relationship between COPD phenotype and circadian blood pressure regulation in patients with comorbid arterial hypertension has not been adequately characterised. 

Коморбидность ХОБЛ и ХСН сопровождается однолетней летальностью свыше 50% и прогрессирующим полиорганным поражением — лёгочным, кардиальным, почечным и эндотелиальным. Ингибиторы SGLT2 продемонстрировали кардио- и нефропротективные эффекты при ХСН и хронической болезни почек, однако их комплексное влияние на все перечисленные системы у пациентов с ХОБЛ+ХСН проспективно не оценивалось. 

Коморбидность ХОБЛ и ХСН сопровождается однолетней летальностью свыше 50%, в основе которой лежат общие патофизиологические механизмы: системное воспаление, эндотелиальная дисфункция и ремоделирование миокарда. E-селектин как маркер активации эндотелия и NT-proBNP как маркер желудочкового стресса способны отражать эти процессы, однако их совместная динамика в зависимости от стадии ХОБЛ при коморбидности с ХСН остаётся недостаточно изученной. 

Коморбидное течение ХОБЛ и ХСН ассоциировано с однолетней летальностью свыше 50%, тогда как нераспознанная сердечная дисфункция при ХОБЛ выявляется у 10–20% пациентов. Взаимосвязь ОФВ₁ и ФВЛЖ при различных стадиях и фенотипах ХОБЛ в узбекской популяции ранее не изучалась. 

The coexistence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and arterial hypertension (AH) substantially increases cardiovascular risk and creates mutual aggravation of both conditions. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) allows characterisation of circadian haemodynamic profiles, yet its patterns across COPD severity stages in comorbidity with AH remain insufficiently studied. Keywords: COPD; arterial hypertension; ambulatory blood pressure monitoring; circadian profile; night-peaker; nocturnal hypertension; comorbidity.

The quality of drinking and natural waters directly affects human health and environmental safety. In this context, the radioactive state of water is of particular importance, which includes radionuclides originating not only from natural sources, but also from anthropogenic factors. The main radionuclides found in drinking and natural waters include uranium, thorium, radon and their decay products. The presence of these substances can pose a long-term threat to aquatic ecosystems and human health.

Hypoglycemia remains one of the most common causes of altered mental status encountered by prehospital providers and represents a significant proportion of emergency medical services (EMS) activations and refusals of transport. While rapid correction of hypoglycemia is often achievable in the field, the decision to transport or release patients after treatment remains controversial and varies across jurisdictions. This review synthesizes epidemiological data, pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus, types of therapeutic interventions, and evidence-based criteria guiding EMS treat-and-release protocols. Studies indicate that although many patients with corrected hypoglycemia may be safely managed without transport, a subset remains at risk for adverse outcomes, including hospital admission. Standardized clinical criteria and adherence to regional protocols are essential to ensure patient safety while reducing unnecessary healthcare utilization.

The administration of enemas and rectal tubes is a fundamental component of nursing practice, widely utilized in the management of gastrointestinal conditions across diverse clinical settings. These procedures play a crucial role in relieving constipation, reducing abdominal distension, facilitating bowel evacuation, and preparing patients for diagnostic and surgical interventions. Despite their routine nature, enemas and rectal tube insertions require a high level of clinical competence, adherence to aseptic techniques, and a patient-centered approach to ensure safety and effectiveness.

In Uzbekistan, breast cancer ranks first among oncological diseases with an incidence of 4454 cases per 100,000 people in 2022, which is 24.9% of the total number of cancer cases. One of the most aggressive variants of breast cancer is its infiltrative form (OIF BC), which is characterized by rapid tumor growth, early development of metastases and poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to develop and implement a management plan for patients with primary and secondary OIF BC. Materials and methods. We reviewed the medical records of 60 patients with an immunohistochemical diagnosis of primary and secondary OIF BC. Results: In patients with stage 2 PEV complicated by mammary gland edema, all patients treated with the complex regimen had a higher mean response rate (OV = 36 ± 8.5) than those treated with the combination regimen (OV = 31 ± 5.9). In patients with PEV 3 skin lesions, the highest efficacy was observed with combination therapy (PEV = 36±5.9), while combination therapy with surgery (27±5.6) showed lower results. Conclusions: Studies of patients with infiltrative breast cancer, focusing on the area with a known cosmetic benefit and the peripheral edema zone (PEV), suggest an important assumption regarding the primary skin lesion site. Therefore, the primary lesion site requires careful study, distinguishing between primary and secondary forms, as was done in this study.

Urinary disorders are highly prevalent in patients with neurological and urological diseases and significantly reduce quality of life. The process of micturition is regulated by complex interactions between the central and peripheral nervous systems. Disruption of these pathways can lead to conditions such as neurogenic bladder, functional bladder outlet obstruction, or lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS).

Background:
Urolithiasis is a common urinary tract disease with a lifetime prevalence of 10–15%, characterized by the formation of calculi in the kidneys and urinary system. The increasing incidence, particularly among women, is associated with lifestyle changes, obesity, and dietary habits. Nutrition plays a crucial role in modulating urinary composition and influencing stone formation risk.

Objective:
To analyze the role of dietary factors in the prevention of urolithiasis and to develop evidence-based nutritional recommendations for reducing the risk of stone formation and recurrence.

Methods:
This study is based on a narrative and systematic review of literature published between 2000 and 2025. Data were obtained from international and national peer-reviewed journals and clinical guidelines from the European Association of Urology and the American Urological Association. Comparative and analytical methods were used to evaluate the impact of fluid intake, dietary salt, protein consumption, oxalate-rich foods, vitamins, and micronutrients on urolithiasis risk.

Results:
Adequate fluid intake (2–2.5 L/day) significantly reduces urinary supersaturation and prevents crystallization. High salt intake increases urinary calcium excretion, while excessive animal protein consumption promotes acidification of urine and uric acid formation. Oxalate-rich foods contribute to calcium oxalate stone formation but can be mitigated by adequate calcium intake. Fruits, vegetables, and dietary fiber increase urinary citrate levels and promote alkalization. Magnesium, potassium, and citrate inhibit crystallization, whereas excessive intake of vitamin C and vitamin D may increase stone risk.

Conclusion:
Dietary modification is a key strategy in the prevention of urolithiasis. Adequate hydration, reduced salt intake, moderate consumption of animal protein, controlled intake of oxalate-rich foods, and a balanced intake of micronutrients significantly reduce the risk of stone formation and recurrence. Nutritional interventions should be considered an essential component of comprehensive preventive care.

This article analyzes the scientific and methodological foundations for training computer technology education teachers in higher education institutions. It reveals the importance of ongoing changes in the modern education system, competency-based approaches, and the integration of pedagogical and technical knowledge. As a result of the research, innovative approaches aimed at developing the professional competence of future teachers are substantiated.

 This article discusses in detail the crucial role of Helicobacter pylori infection in the etiology and pathogenesis of chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. The adaptation of the microorganism to the acidic environment of the stomach (in particular, protection by the urease enzyme), the mechanisms of adhesion to epithelial cells, the release of cytotoxic factors and the activation of the local immune-inflammatory response are analyzed on a scientific basis. Also, the increased acid production as a result of increased gastrin secretion by the bacteria, the disruption of the protective barrier systems of the mucous membrane and, as a result, the formation of erosion and ulcer defects are explained step by step. The article reviews the morphological changes associated with H. pylori - lymphocytic and neutrophilic infiltration, glandular atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, destructive lesions of the mucous membrane - and their clinical manifestations in their interrelation. In addition, the practical importance of modern diagnostic methods (breath test, endoscopic biopsy, serological and fecal antigen tests) and the principles of eradication treatment are highlighted. The article substantiates the possibility of reducing the recurrence of chronic gastritis and ulcer disease and preventing complications through early detection and targeted treatment of H. pylori infection

The cyclical surge of influenza and acute respiratory viral infections during the autumn and winter months represents a critical and continuous challenge for global public health systems. This extensive scientific article investigates the efficacy and implementation of modern prophylactic approaches designed to mitigate the transmission and clinical severity of these seasonal respiratory pathogens. Traditional preventative measures are increasingly being augmented by advanced biomedical innovations, digital epidemiology, and optimized environmental controls. The study evaluates the transition from conventional egg-based vaccines to modern cell-cultured and recombinant protein technologies, assessing their impact on reducing vaccine mismatch and improving immunological responses. A comprehensive mixed-methods approach was utilized, combining a retrospective analysis of epidemiological data with an evaluation of clinical practices across multiple healthcare networks during recent high-incidence seasons. The findings demonstrate a statistically significant enhancement in public health outcomes when modernized vaccination strategies are integrated with proactive digital surveillance and targeted non-pharmaceutical interventions. The analysis reveals that the implementation of real-time predictive modeling allows healthcare facilities to optimize resource allocation weeks before peak outbreak periods. Furthermore, the study highlights the critical importance of improving indoor air quality and ventilation standards as a primary structural defense against aerosolized viral transmission. The discussion addresses the ongoing challenges of vaccine hesitancy, the phenomenon of pandemic fatigue, and the socioeconomic disparities in accessing advanced prophylactic technologies. The article concludes that successfully managing autumn and winter respiratory surges requires a highly integrated, multidisciplinary strategy that combines cutting-edge virological science with behavioral health economics and robust primary care infrastructure.

 Tuberculosis remains one of the most significant infectious diseases worldwide and continues to pose a serious medical, social, and economic burden, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Although specific chemotherapy and vaccination play a decisive role in controlling the disease, growing attention is being paid to host-related factors that influence susceptibility, progression, and outcomes of tuberculosis. Among these factors, nutrition occupies a central place. Malnutrition weakens natural and acquired immunity, contributes to the reactivation of latent tuberculosis infection, worsens clinical manifestations, and delays recovery. At the same time, tuberculosis itself aggravates nutritional deficiency by reducing appetite, increasing metabolic demands, and causing protein-energy depletion. Thus, a vicious circle is formed in which inadequate nutrition and tuberculosis mutually reinforce one another. This article examines the importance of proper nutrition and immune strengthening in the prevention of tuberculosis. Special attention is given to the role of proteins, vitamins, minerals, and general dietary balance in supporting the immune system. The article also analyzes anemia and hypovitaminosis as important risk factors that increase vulnerability to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and contribute to a more severe disease course. The relationship between cellular and humoral immunity and nutritional status is discussed in detail, with emphasis on the protective functions of macrophages, T-lymphocytes, and immunoglobulin synthesis. The article concludes that tuberculosis prevention should not be limited to sanitary-hygienic measures, early diagnosis, and vaccination alone. Improving the nutritional culture of the population, ensuring adequate intake of essential nutrients, and timely correction of anemia and micronutrient deficiencies are all important components of comprehensive tuberculosis prevention strategies. Nutritional support should be recognized not merely as an auxiliary measure but as a fundamental public health tool in reducing the burden of tuberculosis.

This article examines how vaccination promotion can be strengthened in the prevention of measles and influenza. The topic remains highly relevant because both infections continue to create avoidable morbidity, mortality, service burden, and social disruption when vaccination coverage falls or risk perception weakens. The aim of the article was to identify practical and evidence informed directions for improving public communication, community engagement, and health worker counselling related to measles and influenza vaccines. A narrative analytical review was carried out using recent documents from the World Health Organization, UNICEF, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, together with peer reviewed review articles published mainly from 2023 to 2025. The analysis shows that effective promotion depends not only on message accuracy but also on trust, convenience, local adaptation, and the ability of health workers to respond respectfully to questions and misinformation. The most promising strategies include strong provider recommendation, interactive and face to face communication, reminder systems, community based outreach, practical reduction of access barriers, and audience specific messaging. The findings also show that measles requires urgent catch up communication because even small immunity gaps can trigger outbreaks, while influenza promotion must address annual vaccination fatigue and low perceived severity in some risk groups. The article concludes that vaccination promotion should move from one way persuasion to a continuous system of trust building, behavioural insight, and locally tailored action integrated into routine primary care and public health practice.

 The prevention and control of seasonal infectious diseases remain paramount challenges for global public health systems. This comprehensive scientific article explores the fundamental role of primary healthcare facilities in mitigating the spread of seasonal infections. Primary healthcare serves as the first point of contact for patients and acts as the cornerstone of community health management. The study investigates how interventions at the primary care level, including timely vaccination, health education, and early diagnostics, reduce the burden on secondary and tertiary medical institutions. A cross-sectional observational methodology was utilized to analyze the practices of general practitioners and family doctors across various urban and rural polyclinics. Data collected from medical practitioners and patients were analyzed to determine the correlation between proactive primary care engagement and the incidence rates of influenza, acute respiratory viral infections, and seasonal gastrointestinal diseases. The findings indicate a statistically significant reduction in hospitalization rates and severe complications in communities with highly active primary healthcare interventions. Furthermore, patient health literacy regarding seasonal risks was notably higher when family doctors engaged in continuous prophylactic counseling. The discussion highlights the economic and clinical benefits of shifting the focus from hospital-based treatment to community-based prevention. The article concludes that strengthening the capacity of the primary healthcare tier through better funding, continuous medical education, and modern diagnostic tools is essential for building a resilient health system capable of managing seasonal epidemiological fluctuations.

Chronic carbon monoxide (CO) exposure remains an underrecognized cause of long-term hypoxic injury to the gastrointestinal tract, while esophageal morphological alterations and potential phytotherapeutic correction are insufficiently explored. To investigate structural and morphometric alterations of the esophagus induced by chronic CO exposure and to evaluate the corrective efficacy of Silybum marianum and Carthamus tinctorius extracts. An experimental study was conducted on 250 white outbred rats aged 3 and 9 months. Chronic CO exposure was modeled at 200–300 mg/m³. Animals were assigned to five groups: control, CO exposure, CO + Silybum marianum, CO + Carthamus tinctorius, and CO + combined phytocorrection. Histological, morphometric, and immunohistochemical analyses were performed, followed by statistical evaluation. Chronic CO exposure induced marked epithelial atrophy, interstitial edema, microcirculatory disturbances, and inflammatory infiltration of the esophageal wall, with more pronounced changes in older animals. Phytocorrection significantly attenuated inflammatory and dystrophic alterations and promoted tissue regeneration. Silybum marianum demonstrated superior anti-inflammatory and regenerative effects compared to Carthamus tinctorius, particularly in younger animals. Chronic CO exposure causes persistent hypoxia-driven esophageal injury. Phytocorrection, especially with Silybum marianum, effectively restores esophageal morphology and mitigates inflammation, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic strategy for hypoxia-induced esophageal damage. 

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most widespread chronic endocrine diseases and represents a serious medical, social, and economic problem worldwide. In recent years, particular attention has been paid to bioactive compounds of natural origin that exhibit hypoglycemic, antioxidant, and metabolic effects. Among such compounds are oligopeptides derived from Bombyx mori (silkworm). This literature review is devoted to the analysis of current data on the hypoglycemic activity of compounds included in oligopeptides from Bombyx mori, their possible mechanisms of action, pharmacological potential, and prospects for application in diabetes mellitus. It has been shown that these compounds are capable of improving glucose tolerance, increasing insulin sensitivity, reducing oxidative stress, and inhibiting key enzymes such as α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and DPP-4. Despite significant preclinical progress, further toxicological, pharmacokinetic, and clinical studies are required for the introduction of these biomolecules into clinical practice.

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most widespread chronic endocrine diseases and represents a serious medical, social, and economic problem worldwide. In recent years, particular attention has been paid to bioactive compounds of natural origin that exhibit hypoglycemic, antioxidant, and metabolic effects. Among such compounds are oligopeptides derived from Bombyx mori (silkworm). This literature review is devoted to the analysis of current data on the hypoglycemic activity of compounds included in oligopeptides from Bombyx mori, their possible mechanisms of action, pharmacological potential, and prospects for application in diabetes mellitus. It has been shown that these compounds are capable of improving glucose tolerance, increasing insulin sensitivity, reducing oxidative stress, and inhibiting key enzymes such as α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and DPP-4. Despite significant preclinical progress, further toxicological, pharmacokinetic, and clinical studies are required for the introduction of these biomolecules into clinical practice.

The article presents a detailed epidemiological characterization of viral hepatitis A (VHA) in the Republic of Karakalpakstan for the 2017–2024. A retrospective analysis of morbidity dynamics by age groups was conducted. A wave-like pattern of the epidemic process was established, with a decrease in incidence rates in 2020–2021 and the formation of a new rise in 2023–2024. It was revealed that the main proportion of cases occurs among children aged 1–5 and 6–14 years. The obtained results indicate the need to strengthen preventive and sanitary-hygienic measures.