Background: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is highly prevalent worldwide and is rarely an isolated condition. Sensitization to inhalant pollen allergens can lead to unexpected clinical consequences beyond the respiratory tract, one of which is pollen-food allergy syndrome (PFAS), also known as oral allergy syndrome. Patients with AR sensitized to birch, ragweed, or grass pollen frequently develop hypersensitivity reactions to a wide range of plant-derived foods.

Objective: This review aims to summarize current knowledge on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management of patients with comorbid allergic rhinitis and pollen-food allergy syndrome.

Methods: A narrative review of the literature was conducted, focusing on recent advances in molecular allergology and clinical management of PFAS.

Results: PFAS occurs in 23–76% of patients with AR, depending on geographic region and pollen sensitization profile. The underlying mechanism is cross-reactivity between heat-labile pollen proteins (e.g., Bet v 1, profilins) and homologous proteins in fresh fruits, vegetables, and nuts. Clinically, PFAS typically presents as oral allergy syndrome (itching, burning, and angioedema of the lips, tongue, and palate) occurring within minutes of consuming raw trigger foods. Importantly, most cross-reactive allergens are heat-labile, allowing patients to tolerate cooked or processed forms of the same foods. Although symptoms are usually mild and confined to the oropharynx, systemic reactions, including anaphylaxis, occur in 1.7–8.7% of cases. Diagnosis is based on a thorough history, skin prick testing, specific IgE measurement, and component-resolved diagnostics to differentiate labile from stable allergens. Management includes control of underlying AR with intranasal corticosteroids and antihistamines, dietary avoidance of raw trigger foods, patient education on recognizing systemic symptoms, and, in selected cases, allergen immunotherapy (AIT) directed against the primary pollen sensitization.

Conclusion: PFAS is a common but underdiagnosed comorbidity of allergic rhinitis. Clinicians should routinely screen AR patients for food-induced oral symptoms. A molecular approach to diagnosis enables accurate risk stratification and personalized dietary advice. Allergen immunotherapy for pollen AR may reduce PFAS symptoms, although further studies are needed.

This article analyzes the dangerous aspects of the wrong approach to varicose veins of the lower legs. The final part of the article provides preventive recommendations for early detection of the disease and prevention of complications using modern phlebology methods.

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 Chronic cerebral ischemia (CCI) is one of the leading causes of cognitive impairment in middle-aged and elderly patients. In recent years, special attention has been paid to non-pharmacological therapies, including transcranial magnetic therapy. This paper presents an analysis of the use of the Diamag device (Almag-03) for cognitive impairment of vascular origin, discussing its mechanisms of action, clinical studies, and potential applications.

This article examines the concept of virtual reality, its fundamental characteristics, types, and technological components. Virtual reality (VR) is defined as an interactive technology that creates the illusion of a user’s presence and movement within a computer-generated environment. The study highlights the theoretical foundations of VR, its evolution, and its role as a modern form of human existence and communication. Special attention is given to VR tools such as Head-Mounted Displays, Motion Parallax 3D displays, CAVE systems, and data gloves. The findings suggest that virtual reality is becoming an essential component of modern information technologies, transforming human perception and interaction with digital environments.

Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality among women worldwide. Despite significant advances in early detection and treatment strategies, clinical outcomes remain highly variable due to tumor heterogeneity and complex tumor–host interactions. In recent years, the tumor microenvironment (TME) has emerged as a central regulator of breast cancer progression, therapeutic response, and patient prognosis. The TME includes immune cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, endothelial cells, pericytes, adipocytes, signaling molecules, and extracellular matrix components, all of which dynamically interact with tumor cells. These interactions influence tumor proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, immune evasion, and resistance to therapy. This study, conducted at the Khorezm regional branch of the Republican specialized scientific and practical medical center of oncology and radiology, evaluates the role of the tumor microenvironment in breast cancer treatment outcomes and prognostic stratification. The findings highlight that TME characteristics, particularly immune infiltration, stromal remodeling, and angiogenic activity, are strongly associated with treatment response and survival outcomes.

Cervical cancer remains one of the most significant public health challenges worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. This article explores the global burden of cervical cancer, its primary causes, risk factors, and the effectiveness of modern prevention strategies. Special attention is given to the role of human papillomavirus (HPV), screening programs, and vaccination in reducing incidence and mortality rates. The study highlights the importance of early detection, public awareness, and healthcare system strengthening in combating this disease.

This study analyzes the impact of the electronic invoice system on the transparency of tax revenues, with particular emphasis on the experience of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The research relies on the provisions of the current tax legislation of Uzbekistan, statistical data, and modern scientific literature on digital tax administration. The findings demonstrate that the implementation of electronic invoices significantly increases transparency in financial transactions, reduces the shadow economy, and strengthens the efficiency of tax administration. At the same time, the study identifies several challenges related to technological integration and data management that may affect the effectiveness of the system.

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the stages of development of the history of medicine and its philosophical foundations. The evolution of medical science from ancient times to modern medicine, the development of scientific thinking, and the ethical and normative aspects of medical practice are examined. In addition, the role of philosophy in medicine, as well as the theoretical foundations of human health and disease concepts, are analyzed.

Хроническая болезнь почек (ХБП) выявляется более чем у 50% пациентов с ХСН, тогда как традиционный маркер — сывороточный креатинин — существенно зависит от мышечной массы, гидратации и катаболического состояния, что снижает его диагностическую ценность при ХОБЛ+ХСН. Цистатин-С, как маркер, независимый от мышечной массы и диеты, способен обеспечить раннее выявление почечной дисфункции у данной категории пациентов. Взаимосвязь между стадией ХОБЛ, уровнем цистатина-С и маркерами нефросклероза при коморбидности с ХСН в центральноазиатской популяции ранее не изучалась. 

Clinical phenotypes of COPD — bronchitic, emphysematous and mixed — differ in their pathophysiological mechanisms and may demonstrate distinct haemodynamic patterns. The relationship between COPD phenotype and circadian blood pressure regulation in patients with comorbid arterial hypertension has not been adequately characterised. 

Коморбидность ХОБЛ и ХСН сопровождается однолетней летальностью свыше 50% и прогрессирующим полиорганным поражением — лёгочным, кардиальным, почечным и эндотелиальным. Ингибиторы SGLT2 продемонстрировали кардио- и нефропротективные эффекты при ХСН и хронической болезни почек, однако их комплексное влияние на все перечисленные системы у пациентов с ХОБЛ+ХСН проспективно не оценивалось. 

Коморбидность ХОБЛ и ХСН сопровождается однолетней летальностью свыше 50%, в основе которой лежат общие патофизиологические механизмы: системное воспаление, эндотелиальная дисфункция и ремоделирование миокарда. E-селектин как маркер активации эндотелия и NT-proBNP как маркер желудочкового стресса способны отражать эти процессы, однако их совместная динамика в зависимости от стадии ХОБЛ при коморбидности с ХСН остаётся недостаточно изученной. 

Коморбидное течение ХОБЛ и ХСН ассоциировано с однолетней летальностью свыше 50%, тогда как нераспознанная сердечная дисфункция при ХОБЛ выявляется у 10–20% пациентов. Взаимосвязь ОФВ₁ и ФВЛЖ при различных стадиях и фенотипах ХОБЛ в узбекской популяции ранее не изучалась. 

The coexistence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and arterial hypertension (AH) substantially increases cardiovascular risk and creates mutual aggravation of both conditions. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) allows characterisation of circadian haemodynamic profiles, yet its patterns across COPD severity stages in comorbidity with AH remain insufficiently studied. Keywords: COPD; arterial hypertension; ambulatory blood pressure monitoring; circadian profile; night-peaker; nocturnal hypertension; comorbidity.

The quality of drinking and natural waters directly affects human health and environmental safety. In this context, the radioactive state of water is of particular importance, which includes radionuclides originating not only from natural sources, but also from anthropogenic factors. The main radionuclides found in drinking and natural waters include uranium, thorium, radon and their decay products. The presence of these substances can pose a long-term threat to aquatic ecosystems and human health.

Hypoglycemia remains one of the most common causes of altered mental status encountered by prehospital providers and represents a significant proportion of emergency medical services (EMS) activations and refusals of transport. While rapid correction of hypoglycemia is often achievable in the field, the decision to transport or release patients after treatment remains controversial and varies across jurisdictions. This review synthesizes epidemiological data, pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus, types of therapeutic interventions, and evidence-based criteria guiding EMS treat-and-release protocols. Studies indicate that although many patients with corrected hypoglycemia may be safely managed without transport, a subset remains at risk for adverse outcomes, including hospital admission. Standardized clinical criteria and adherence to regional protocols are essential to ensure patient safety while reducing unnecessary healthcare utilization.

The administration of enemas and rectal tubes is a fundamental component of nursing practice, widely utilized in the management of gastrointestinal conditions across diverse clinical settings. These procedures play a crucial role in relieving constipation, reducing abdominal distension, facilitating bowel evacuation, and preparing patients for diagnostic and surgical interventions. Despite their routine nature, enemas and rectal tube insertions require a high level of clinical competence, adherence to aseptic techniques, and a patient-centered approach to ensure safety and effectiveness.

In Uzbekistan, breast cancer ranks first among oncological diseases with an incidence of 4454 cases per 100,000 people in 2022, which is 24.9% of the total number of cancer cases. One of the most aggressive variants of breast cancer is its infiltrative form (OIF BC), which is characterized by rapid tumor growth, early development of metastases and poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to develop and implement a management plan for patients with primary and secondary OIF BC. Materials and methods. We reviewed the medical records of 60 patients with an immunohistochemical diagnosis of primary and secondary OIF BC. Results: In patients with stage 2 PEV complicated by mammary gland edema, all patients treated with the complex regimen had a higher mean response rate (OV = 36 ± 8.5) than those treated with the combination regimen (OV = 31 ± 5.9). In patients with PEV 3 skin lesions, the highest efficacy was observed with combination therapy (PEV = 36±5.9), while combination therapy with surgery (27±5.6) showed lower results. Conclusions: Studies of patients with infiltrative breast cancer, focusing on the area with a known cosmetic benefit and the peripheral edema zone (PEV), suggest an important assumption regarding the primary skin lesion site. Therefore, the primary lesion site requires careful study, distinguishing between primary and secondary forms, as was done in this study.

Urinary disorders are highly prevalent in patients with neurological and urological diseases and significantly reduce quality of life. The process of micturition is regulated by complex interactions between the central and peripheral nervous systems. Disruption of these pathways can lead to conditions such as neurogenic bladder, functional bladder outlet obstruction, or lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS).

Background:
Urolithiasis is a common urinary tract disease with a lifetime prevalence of 10–15%, characterized by the formation of calculi in the kidneys and urinary system. The increasing incidence, particularly among women, is associated with lifestyle changes, obesity, and dietary habits. Nutrition plays a crucial role in modulating urinary composition and influencing stone formation risk.

Objective:
To analyze the role of dietary factors in the prevention of urolithiasis and to develop evidence-based nutritional recommendations for reducing the risk of stone formation and recurrence.

Methods:
This study is based on a narrative and systematic review of literature published between 2000 and 2025. Data were obtained from international and national peer-reviewed journals and clinical guidelines from the European Association of Urology and the American Urological Association. Comparative and analytical methods were used to evaluate the impact of fluid intake, dietary salt, protein consumption, oxalate-rich foods, vitamins, and micronutrients on urolithiasis risk.

Results:
Adequate fluid intake (2–2.5 L/day) significantly reduces urinary supersaturation and prevents crystallization. High salt intake increases urinary calcium excretion, while excessive animal protein consumption promotes acidification of urine and uric acid formation. Oxalate-rich foods contribute to calcium oxalate stone formation but can be mitigated by adequate calcium intake. Fruits, vegetables, and dietary fiber increase urinary citrate levels and promote alkalization. Magnesium, potassium, and citrate inhibit crystallization, whereas excessive intake of vitamin C and vitamin D may increase stone risk.

Conclusion:
Dietary modification is a key strategy in the prevention of urolithiasis. Adequate hydration, reduced salt intake, moderate consumption of animal protein, controlled intake of oxalate-rich foods, and a balanced intake of micronutrients significantly reduce the risk of stone formation and recurrence. Nutritional interventions should be considered an essential component of comprehensive preventive care.

This article analyzes the scientific and methodological foundations for training computer technology education teachers in higher education institutions. It reveals the importance of ongoing changes in the modern education system, competency-based approaches, and the integration of pedagogical and technical knowledge. As a result of the research, innovative approaches aimed at developing the professional competence of future teachers are substantiated.

 This article discusses in detail the crucial role of Helicobacter pylori infection in the etiology and pathogenesis of chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. The adaptation of the microorganism to the acidic environment of the stomach (in particular, protection by the urease enzyme), the mechanisms of adhesion to epithelial cells, the release of cytotoxic factors and the activation of the local immune-inflammatory response are analyzed on a scientific basis. Also, the increased acid production as a result of increased gastrin secretion by the bacteria, the disruption of the protective barrier systems of the mucous membrane and, as a result, the formation of erosion and ulcer defects are explained step by step. The article reviews the morphological changes associated with H. pylori - lymphocytic and neutrophilic infiltration, glandular atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, destructive lesions of the mucous membrane - and their clinical manifestations in their interrelation. In addition, the practical importance of modern diagnostic methods (breath test, endoscopic biopsy, serological and fecal antigen tests) and the principles of eradication treatment are highlighted. The article substantiates the possibility of reducing the recurrence of chronic gastritis and ulcer disease and preventing complications through early detection and targeted treatment of H. pylori infection

The cyclical surge of influenza and acute respiratory viral infections during the autumn and winter months represents a critical and continuous challenge for global public health systems. This extensive scientific article investigates the efficacy and implementation of modern prophylactic approaches designed to mitigate the transmission and clinical severity of these seasonal respiratory pathogens. Traditional preventative measures are increasingly being augmented by advanced biomedical innovations, digital epidemiology, and optimized environmental controls. The study evaluates the transition from conventional egg-based vaccines to modern cell-cultured and recombinant protein technologies, assessing their impact on reducing vaccine mismatch and improving immunological responses. A comprehensive mixed-methods approach was utilized, combining a retrospective analysis of epidemiological data with an evaluation of clinical practices across multiple healthcare networks during recent high-incidence seasons. The findings demonstrate a statistically significant enhancement in public health outcomes when modernized vaccination strategies are integrated with proactive digital surveillance and targeted non-pharmaceutical interventions. The analysis reveals that the implementation of real-time predictive modeling allows healthcare facilities to optimize resource allocation weeks before peak outbreak periods. Furthermore, the study highlights the critical importance of improving indoor air quality and ventilation standards as a primary structural defense against aerosolized viral transmission. The discussion addresses the ongoing challenges of vaccine hesitancy, the phenomenon of pandemic fatigue, and the socioeconomic disparities in accessing advanced prophylactic technologies. The article concludes that successfully managing autumn and winter respiratory surges requires a highly integrated, multidisciplinary strategy that combines cutting-edge virological science with behavioral health economics and robust primary care infrastructure.

 Tuberculosis remains one of the most significant infectious diseases worldwide and continues to pose a serious medical, social, and economic burden, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Although specific chemotherapy and vaccination play a decisive role in controlling the disease, growing attention is being paid to host-related factors that influence susceptibility, progression, and outcomes of tuberculosis. Among these factors, nutrition occupies a central place. Malnutrition weakens natural and acquired immunity, contributes to the reactivation of latent tuberculosis infection, worsens clinical manifestations, and delays recovery. At the same time, tuberculosis itself aggravates nutritional deficiency by reducing appetite, increasing metabolic demands, and causing protein-energy depletion. Thus, a vicious circle is formed in which inadequate nutrition and tuberculosis mutually reinforce one another. This article examines the importance of proper nutrition and immune strengthening in the prevention of tuberculosis. Special attention is given to the role of proteins, vitamins, minerals, and general dietary balance in supporting the immune system. The article also analyzes anemia and hypovitaminosis as important risk factors that increase vulnerability to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and contribute to a more severe disease course. The relationship between cellular and humoral immunity and nutritional status is discussed in detail, with emphasis on the protective functions of macrophages, T-lymphocytes, and immunoglobulin synthesis. The article concludes that tuberculosis prevention should not be limited to sanitary-hygienic measures, early diagnosis, and vaccination alone. Improving the nutritional culture of the population, ensuring adequate intake of essential nutrients, and timely correction of anemia and micronutrient deficiencies are all important components of comprehensive tuberculosis prevention strategies. Nutritional support should be recognized not merely as an auxiliary measure but as a fundamental public health tool in reducing the burden of tuberculosis.

This article examines how vaccination promotion can be strengthened in the prevention of measles and influenza. The topic remains highly relevant because both infections continue to create avoidable morbidity, mortality, service burden, and social disruption when vaccination coverage falls or risk perception weakens. The aim of the article was to identify practical and evidence informed directions for improving public communication, community engagement, and health worker counselling related to measles and influenza vaccines. A narrative analytical review was carried out using recent documents from the World Health Organization, UNICEF, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, together with peer reviewed review articles published mainly from 2023 to 2025. The analysis shows that effective promotion depends not only on message accuracy but also on trust, convenience, local adaptation, and the ability of health workers to respond respectfully to questions and misinformation. The most promising strategies include strong provider recommendation, interactive and face to face communication, reminder systems, community based outreach, practical reduction of access barriers, and audience specific messaging. The findings also show that measles requires urgent catch up communication because even small immunity gaps can trigger outbreaks, while influenza promotion must address annual vaccination fatigue and low perceived severity in some risk groups. The article concludes that vaccination promotion should move from one way persuasion to a continuous system of trust building, behavioural insight, and locally tailored action integrated into routine primary care and public health practice.

 The prevention and control of seasonal infectious diseases remain paramount challenges for global public health systems. This comprehensive scientific article explores the fundamental role of primary healthcare facilities in mitigating the spread of seasonal infections. Primary healthcare serves as the first point of contact for patients and acts as the cornerstone of community health management. The study investigates how interventions at the primary care level, including timely vaccination, health education, and early diagnostics, reduce the burden on secondary and tertiary medical institutions. A cross-sectional observational methodology was utilized to analyze the practices of general practitioners and family doctors across various urban and rural polyclinics. Data collected from medical practitioners and patients were analyzed to determine the correlation between proactive primary care engagement and the incidence rates of influenza, acute respiratory viral infections, and seasonal gastrointestinal diseases. The findings indicate a statistically significant reduction in hospitalization rates and severe complications in communities with highly active primary healthcare interventions. Furthermore, patient health literacy regarding seasonal risks was notably higher when family doctors engaged in continuous prophylactic counseling. The discussion highlights the economic and clinical benefits of shifting the focus from hospital-based treatment to community-based prevention. The article concludes that strengthening the capacity of the primary healthcare tier through better funding, continuous medical education, and modern diagnostic tools is essential for building a resilient health system capable of managing seasonal epidemiological fluctuations.

Chronic carbon monoxide (CO) exposure remains an underrecognized cause of long-term hypoxic injury to the gastrointestinal tract, while esophageal morphological alterations and potential phytotherapeutic correction are insufficiently explored. To investigate structural and morphometric alterations of the esophagus induced by chronic CO exposure and to evaluate the corrective efficacy of Silybum marianum and Carthamus tinctorius extracts. An experimental study was conducted on 250 white outbred rats aged 3 and 9 months. Chronic CO exposure was modeled at 200–300 mg/m³. Animals were assigned to five groups: control, CO exposure, CO + Silybum marianum, CO + Carthamus tinctorius, and CO + combined phytocorrection. Histological, morphometric, and immunohistochemical analyses were performed, followed by statistical evaluation. Chronic CO exposure induced marked epithelial atrophy, interstitial edema, microcirculatory disturbances, and inflammatory infiltration of the esophageal wall, with more pronounced changes in older animals. Phytocorrection significantly attenuated inflammatory and dystrophic alterations and promoted tissue regeneration. Silybum marianum demonstrated superior anti-inflammatory and regenerative effects compared to Carthamus tinctorius, particularly in younger animals. Chronic CO exposure causes persistent hypoxia-driven esophageal injury. Phytocorrection, especially with Silybum marianum, effectively restores esophageal morphology and mitigates inflammation, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic strategy for hypoxia-induced esophageal damage. 

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most widespread chronic endocrine diseases and represents a serious medical, social, and economic problem worldwide. In recent years, particular attention has been paid to bioactive compounds of natural origin that exhibit hypoglycemic, antioxidant, and metabolic effects. Among such compounds are oligopeptides derived from Bombyx mori (silkworm). This literature review is devoted to the analysis of current data on the hypoglycemic activity of compounds included in oligopeptides from Bombyx mori, their possible mechanisms of action, pharmacological potential, and prospects for application in diabetes mellitus. It has been shown that these compounds are capable of improving glucose tolerance, increasing insulin sensitivity, reducing oxidative stress, and inhibiting key enzymes such as α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and DPP-4. Despite significant preclinical progress, further toxicological, pharmacokinetic, and clinical studies are required for the introduction of these biomolecules into clinical practice.

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most widespread chronic endocrine diseases and represents a serious medical, social, and economic problem worldwide. In recent years, particular attention has been paid to bioactive compounds of natural origin that exhibit hypoglycemic, antioxidant, and metabolic effects. Among such compounds are oligopeptides derived from Bombyx mori (silkworm). This literature review is devoted to the analysis of current data on the hypoglycemic activity of compounds included in oligopeptides from Bombyx mori, their possible mechanisms of action, pharmacological potential, and prospects for application in diabetes mellitus. It has been shown that these compounds are capable of improving glucose tolerance, increasing insulin sensitivity, reducing oxidative stress, and inhibiting key enzymes such as α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and DPP-4. Despite significant preclinical progress, further toxicological, pharmacokinetic, and clinical studies are required for the introduction of these biomolecules into clinical practice.

The article presents a detailed epidemiological characterization of viral hepatitis A (VHA) in the Republic of Karakalpakstan for the 2017–2024. A retrospective analysis of morbidity dynamics by age groups was conducted. A wave-like pattern of the epidemic process was established, with a decrease in incidence rates in 2020–2021 and the formation of a new rise in 2023–2024. It was revealed that the main proportion of cases occurs among children aged 1–5 and 6–14 years. The obtained results indicate the need to strengthen preventive and sanitary-hygienic measures.

This study provides a retrospective epidemiological assessment of lung cancer cases registered in the Khorezm region. The main objective of the research was to examine long-term patterns of morbidity, evaluate incidence trends, and analyze age-, gender-, and territory-related characteristics of disease distribution. The results of the study may serve as an important scientific basis for improving preventive strategies, strengthening epidemiological surveillance, and enhancing public health interventions aimed at controlling lung cancer in the region.

 This article analyzes the use of fig fruit in nutrition and medicine. It examines the chemical composition of figs, their beneficial properties, and their positive effects on human health. The study also considers the role of figs in the food industry, their application in the production of various products, and their significance in traditional medicine. The research substantiates that figs are a natural product with medicinal properties and high nutritional value.

This article examines the anatomical structure of the human respiratory system and the functional mechanisms of the lungs. It analyzes the respiratory tract, alveolar structure, gas exchange processes, and lung ventilation. Special attention is given to the interaction between external and internal respiration and their importance for maintaining physiological balance in the human body.

 This article examines the comparative cost of generic medicines and their impact on healthcare expenditures. An analysis of the economic efficiency of generic drugs compared with original (brand-name) medicines was conducted. Particular attention is given to the factors influencing the formation of drug prices and the economic accessibility of medicines for the population.

The study highlights the advantages of using generic medicines as an important tool for reducing pharmacotherapy costs. The analysis demonstrates that generic medicines, having proven bioequivalence to original drugs, can provide a similar therapeutic effect at a significantly lower cost. This contributes to the optimization of financial resources within the healthcare system and improves the accessibility of medical treatment for a wider population.

 The results of the study confirm that the rational use of generic medicines is an important direction for improving the economic efficiency of pharmaceutical provision. The broader use of generic medicines helps reduce healthcare expenditures and ensures more efficient allocation of budgetary resources without compromising the quality of medical care.

 This study examines the vegetation period of Isatis tinctoria L. under the environmental conditions of the Surkhandarya region and identifies the key agroecological factors regulating its growth and development. The research focuses on major phenological stages, including germination, vegetative growth, flowering, and seed formation. Particular attention is given to the effects of temperature, soil moisture, light intensity, and soil composition on plant development. The findings indicate that under optimal agroecological conditions, the vegetation period of Isatis tinctoria L. is reduced, while the accumulation of biologically active compounds is significantly enhanced. These results provide a scientific basis for improving cultivation strategies and sustainable management of this plant species in regional agroecosystems.

This article analyzes the fundamental differences between a living and a dead organism from the perspective of biochemical processes, cellular metabolism, and the cessation of physiological functions. The study examines the disruption of homeostasis and the main stages of postmortem destructive changes.

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of modern diagnostic methods of hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism is characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, leading to a slowdown of metabolic processes in the body. The study examines clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnostic methods including the measurement of thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyroxine, and triiodothyronine levels, as well as instrumental approaches such as ultrasound examination. Particular attention is given to the importance of early diagnosis and the advantages of modern diagnostic strategies in improving patient outcomes.

This article analyzes the anatomical structure and functional mechanisms of the human heart as a vital organ responsible for blood circulation. The study focuses on the main components of the heart, including atria, ventricles, heart valves, and the conduction system. Particular attention is given to the cardiac cycle, mechanisms of myocardial contraction, and the role of the heart in systemic and pulmonary circulation. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of cardiovascular physiology and its biological significance.

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the effects of iodine deficiency on the human body, with a particular focus on the endocrine system. Iodine is an essential micronutrient required for the synthesis of thyroid hormones — thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), and its deficiency leads to hormonal imbalance. The study examines the negative impact of iodine deficiency on growth and development, including growth retardation, metabolic disturbances, and weight gain. In addition, particular attention is given to reproductive health disorders in women, hormonal dysfunction, and delayed fetal development. The article also analyzes the main causes of iodine deficiency, such as insufficient dietary intake and environmental factors, and highlights effective preventive measures.

This article examines the formation of 1000-seed weight in dye-yielding plants under the ecological conditions of the Surkhandarya region and analyzes the influence of physiological and biochemical factors. The study evaluates the effects of temperature, soil moisture, photosynthetic activity, and metabolic processes on seed development. The results indicate that optimal environmental conditions significantly increase seed weight and positively affect overall plant productivity.

This article examines the human brain as the main control center of the body and analyzes its functional capabilities. The brain, as a central part of the nervous system, regulates movement, sensory perception, cognition, and coordination. The study focuses on brain structure, neuronal activity, and its complex functional potential.

Parasitic infections of the central nervous system (CNS) represent a critical challenge in modern neurology and global public health. This article provides a high-level analysis of the most prevalent neuroparasitic conditions, including neurocysticercosis, cerebral toxoplasmosis, and hydatid disease. By examining the transition from latent infection to symptomatic neurological crisis, the study highlights the importance of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and the host’s immunological response. The article evaluates current neuroimaging modalities and pharmacological regimens, advocating for a risk-stratified approach to treatment that balances antiparasitic efficacy with the management of secondary inflammatory cerebral edema.

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common chronic diseases, associated with multiple complications, including urinary tract dysfunction. This paper examines the characteristics of kidney damage and changes in urine formation in patients aged 40–50 years. Based on a study of 110 patients, the key clinical and physiological patterns of urinary tract dysfunction were identified, including microalbuminuria, decreased glomerular filtration, and electrolyte imbalances. The findings highlight the need for early diagnosis and correction of these disorders.

This article provides a detailed analysis of the botanical characteristics, geographical distribution, chemical composition, and practical significance of the plant Ferula foetida. The role of the plant in folk medicine, its use in modern pharmaceuticals and the food industry have been thoroughly studied, and its main bioactive compounds and therapeutic properties have been elucidated based on scientific sources. The ecological and economic importance of the Ferula foetida plant, as well as the problems of preserving and rationally using its resources, were also comprehensively considered. The results of the study will serve to provide practical recommendations for the effective use of this plant in various fields and its conservation in the future.

The immune system of children and adolescents is characterized by dynamic development, reflecting the body's growth and hormonal changes. Between the ages of 10 and 18, significant changes occur in the functioning of the innate and adaptive immune systems, influencing susceptibility to infections, the formation of immunological memory, and the development of immune responses. This paper examines age-related characteristics of immunophysiology, analyzes the immune system in 110 adolescent patients, and identifies key patterns of its functioning.

A sharp decline in estrogen levels during the postmenopausal period is one of the key pathogenetic factors disrupting the balance of bone metabolism. This article analyzes the mechanisms of the effects of estrogen deficiency on bone tissue, including increased osteoclast activity, relative suppression of osteoblast function, and enhanced bone resorption due to imbalance in the RANK/RANKL/OPG system. In addition, the role of increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α) in amplifying the inflammatory component and its contribution to the development of osteoporosis is examined.  The clinical consequences of postmenopausal osteoporosis are systematically described, including decreased bone mineral density (BMD) and an increased risk of fractures.

The article examines the types and processes of practical training in middle distance running by the type of athletics. The processes of practical training of middle distance runners and the forms of organizing practical classes are, analyzed. Discussions were, also held on the methods and principles of improving technical and tactical skills, the development of physical qualities, which are the main goals and objectives of practical training of middle-distance runners.

This article examines the etiology of purulent inflammatory diseases and the classical and modern bacteriological methods used for their detection. During the study, clinical samples were analyzed using microscopic, bacteriological, and molecular techniques. The results showed that, alongside traditional culture methods, molecular diagnostics provide high accuracy and improve treatment efficacy.

This article analyzes the diagnostic significance of transvaginal ultrasound examination (TVUS) in the early detection of ovarian cancer, as well as the advantages, limitations, and potential for combining this method with modern diagnostic approaches. Ovarian cancer is one of the most dangerous pathologies in gynecological oncology. Due to its prolonged asymptomatic course and detection at late stages, mortality rates remain high. According to WHO data, over 300,000 new cases are registered worldwide annually. In Uzbekistan, 70–80% of cases are diagnosed at stages III–IV due to insufficient screening programs. TVUS is considered a first-line screening method due to its non-invasiveness, cost-effectiveness, and real-time results. Using the IOTA Simple Rules and the IOTA ADNEX model, the accuracy of distinguishing benign from malignant tumors reaches 94–96%. Color Doppler imaging additionally allows assessment of blood flow parameters (resistance index <0.4, pulsatility index <1.0). Combining TVUS with the CA-125 tumor marker and the ROMA index increases diagnostic accuracy to 96–97%. The integration of artificial intelligence technologies (AI transformer models) enables ovarian cancer diagnosis with 92–98% accuracy and reduces diagnostic errors by up to 30%. Meanwhile, limitations of the method include dependence on operator experience (error rate 20–30%), reduced sensitivity (70–75%) in stage I, and false-positive results (up to 30%). In conclusion, TVUS is a primary diagnostic tool in ovarian cancer screening; combining it with biomarkers and artificial intelligence can significantly improve early diagnosis and survival rates. In Uzbekistan, expanding screening coverage in rural areas and improving specialist training remain urgent priorities.

 This article analyzes the epidemiological aspects and modern pathogenetic mechanisms of the development of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The main objective of the study is to determine the prevalence of DPN and to assess the role of metabolic syndrome components in its development. The article substantiates that the development of DPN is associated not only with chronic hyperglycemia, but also closely linked with metabolic factors such as abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, and arterial hypertension. In addition, the role of oxidative stress, inflammatory processes, and mitochondrial dysfunction in damaging nerve fibers is highlighted. The study results indicate that glycemic control alone is not sufficient for the prevention and treatment of DPN; rather, comprehensive metabolic correction and early screening are essential for improving patients’ quality of life and reducing the risk of severe complications (amputation, disability).

This article examines the histological structure of the respiratory epithelium and its role in protecting the organism from harmful environmental factors. The types of epithelial cells, their functional characteristics, and the mucociliary clearance mechanism are analyzed on a scientific basis. In addition, pathological conditions associated with the impairment of respiratory defense mechanisms are discussed.

Salivary gland involvement in viral infections represents an important clinical manifestation that often reflects systemic disease processes. Viruses such as mumps virus, cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), and more recently SARS-CoV-2 demonstrate tropism for salivary gland tissue, leading to inflammation, dysfunction, and characteristic clinical symptoms. This study aims to analyze the clinical features of salivary gland diseases associated with viral infections through a comprehensive clinical and analytical approach. A mixed-methods study involving 98 patients diagnosed with viral-associated salivary gland disorders between 2020 and 2025 was conducted. Quantitative analysis included symptom prevalence, duration, and complication rates, while qualitative assessment focused on clinical presentation patterns and patient-reported experiences. The results indicate that acute viral sialadenitis is characterized by rapid onset, glandular swelling, pain, and systemic symptoms, while chronic or latent viral infections may lead to persistent dysfunction and xerostomia. The study highlights the importance of early recognition and differential diagnosis to prevent complications and optimize patient care in viral salivary gland pathology.

The educational process in medical schools of many countries, including Uzbekistan, including Zarmed University, requires the integration of extensive knowledge from various disciplines, such as pathophysiology, pharmacology, and clinical medicine, where students encounter complex mechanisms of diseases. Traditional methods of lectures and tests are often insufficient for deep assimilation of the material, for the most part they focus on memorizing facts, but do not promote the establishment of associative links, especially for understanding complex interactions between symptoms, diagnoses, and treatment.  Associative learning, which is based on classical theories of associationism and modern cognitive approaches, allows new knowledge to be linked to existing knowledge using visualization and interactivity (Khaydarova, 2020).

Aortic stenosis (AS) is the most prevalent valvular heart disease globally. For decades, Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement (SAVR) was the only treatment option. However, the emergence of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR) has fundamentally shifted this paradigm.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) and its most severe manifestation, myocardial infarction (MI), remain the leading causes of global mortality. While traditional risk factors (hypertension, smoking, diabetes) are well-known, they do not fully explain why some individuals with "ideal" profiles suffer premature MI.

Stress-induced cardiomyopathy (SIC), widely known as Takotsubo Syndrome (TTS), has evolved from a perceived benign condition into a complex acute cardiac syndrome with significant morbidity and mortality. Characterized by transient left ventricular apical ballooning, its clinical presentation frequently mimics acute myocardial infarction (AMI). In the last decade, and particularly in the post-pandemic era (2020–2026), the global incidence of TTS has seen a documented surge, necessitating a deeper understanding of the neuro-cardiac axis.

This article highlights the importance of a healthy lifestyle in human life. It scientifically analyzes the concept of a healthy lifestyle, its essence, and its main components. Specifically, the impact of proper and balanced nutrition, regular physical activity, personal hygiene, avoidance of harmful habits, and adequate rest on human health is described in detail.

This article provides a detailed overview of the immune system, a vital defenсe mechanism of the human body, highlighting its components and principles of functioning. It also analyzes the main factors that lead to a weakened immune system, including poor nutrition, lack of physical activity, chronic stress, sleep deprivation, and environmental issues. The article presents effective methods to strengthen immunity, emphasizing the importance of a balanced diet rich in vitamins and minerals, regular physical exercise and quality sleep. Additionally, it highlights the role of vitamins (especially vitamins C and D), trace elements, and preventive measures in enhancing the body’s ability to fight infections.

This article is intended for a wide audience, particularly students in the field of medicine, and focuses on boosting immunity to prevent diseases, promote a healthy lifestyle, and improve overall human health.

This article discusses the importance of the rational use of antibiotics and their role in modern medicine. Antibiotics are widely used to treat bacterial infections; however, their misuse and overuse have become a serious global health problem. The paper analyzes the main causes of improper antibiotic use, including self-medication, incorrect dosage, and unnecessary prescriptions. Special attention is given to the consequences of antibiotic misuse, particularly the development of antibiotic resistance, which reduces the effectiveness of treatment and increases the risk of complications and mortality. The article also highlights the importance of following medical guidelines, completing prescribed courses, and avoiding the use of antibiotics without professional consultation.

Furthermore, effective strategies for the rational use of antibiotics are discussed, such as public awareness, proper diagnosis, and adherence to clinical protocols. This article is intended for medical students and general readers, emphasizing the importance of responsible antibiotic use in protecting public health.

The long-term success of endodontic treatment depends on complete elimination of microorganisms and three-dimensional obturation of the root canal system. Conventional obturation methods such as warm vertical compaction of gutta-percha remain widely used, but limitations including shrinkage, void formation, and incomplete adaptation to canal irregularities have been reported. Recently, bioceramic sealers such as Endoseal combined with ultrasonic activation have been introduced to improve obturation quality. The aim of this study was to comparatively evaluate the effectiveness of ultrasonic-assisted Endoseal obturation and warm vertical compaction of gutta-percha. Forty extracted single-rooted teeth were prepared using rotary NiTi instruments and divided into two groups: Group I – ultrasonic-assisted Endoseal obturation, Group II – warm vertical compaction of gutta-percha. The specimens were evaluated for void formation, sealer penetration, adaptation to canal walls, and apical sealing ability using stereomicroscopy and radiographic analysis. The ultrasonic-assisted Endoseal technique demonstrated improved sealer distribution, deeper dentinal tubule penetration, and reduced void formation compared with vertical compaction. The warm vertical compaction technique showed dense filling but increased risk of shrinkage-related gaps. Ultrasonic activation significantly enhanced sealing ability and adaptation of the bioceramic sealer. Ultrasonic-assisted Endoseal obturation may be considered a reliable alternative to traditional vertical compaction techniques for root canal filling.

Breast cancer remains one of the most prevalent oncological diseases worldwide and continues to be a leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women. Among its molecular subtypes, luminal B breast cancer is distinguished by higher proliferative activity, partial resistance to endocrine therapy, and a more aggressive clinical course compared to luminal A subtype. The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of modern multimodal treatment strategies in patients with luminal B breast cancer. A comprehensive clinical and immunohistochemical analysis was performed, and treatment outcomes were assessed using survival indicators and response criteria. The results demonstrated that combined therapy, including endocrine therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy, significantly improves treatment response, reduces recurrence rates, and prolongs survival. These findings confirm the importance of individualized treatment strategies based on tumor biology and molecular characteristics.

Epileptic encephalopathies are severe neurodevelopmental disorders in the pathogenesis of which genetic factors play a key role, in particular mutations in the genes of voltage-gated sodium channels. This paper discusses the functional aspects of loss - of - function (LOF) and gain - of - function (GOF) mutations in the SCN family of genes (SCN 1 A, SCN 2 A, SCN 3 A, SCN 8 A) and their contribution to the development of epileptic encephalopathies. An analysis of current literature data on the molecular mechanisms of neuronal excitability disorders and their clinical manifestations is conducted. Particular attention is paid to the genotype-function-phenotype relationship and its significance for personalized therapy. It is shown that the functional characterization of mutations is important for the selection of an effective treatment strategy and disease prognosis.

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a rare, progressive, and invariably fatal neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system caused by persistent infection with a defective measles virus. The disease predominantly affects children and adolescents, manifesting years after an initial measles infection, typically acquired in early childhood. In pediatric patients, clinical-neurological progression is characterized by an insidious onset with behavioral and cognitive changes, followed by prominent myoclonic jerks, motor deterioration, extrapyramidal and pyramidal signs, visual impairment, seizures, and eventual progression to akinetic mutism, decerebrate rigidity, and death. The course in children shows variability depending on age at onset, with more fulminant forms in younger patients (under 6 years) featuring rapid involvement of seizures and cortical blindness, while school-aged children exhibit a more classical stepwise progression over 1–3 years. Early subtle psychiatric symptoms often delay diagnosis, emphasizing the need for high clinical suspicion in unvaccinated or measles-exposed children.

 This article discusses the pathogenesis of typhoid fever, including the mechanisms of its development in the human body, as well as its main clinical manifestations and stages. The processes of entry of Salmonella typhi into the body, its spread through the intestinal lymphatic system, and the development of bacteremia are analyzed. The clinical features during different stages of the disease—incubation period, initial stage, peak stage, and recovery period—are described in detail. This article is important for early diagnosis and effective treatment of typhoid fever.

 Cancer cells exhibit a peculiar metabolic phenotype known as aerobic glycolysis or the Warburg effect, where they preferentially convert glucose to lactate even in the presence of sufficient oxygen. This review outlines the biochemical foundations of this phenomenon, contrasting it with normal oxidative phosphorylation. We discuss the key enzymatic shifts (e.g., increased hexokinase 2, pyruvate kinase M2, and LDHA), the role of oncogenes (c-Myc, HIF-1α) and tumor suppressors (p53), and the resulting metabolic advantage for rapid proliferation. Finally, we highlight potential therapeutic strategies targeting this pathway.

 The study of altered bone and muscle tissue plays an essential role in forensic medicine, particularly in the determination of trauma mechanisms, postmortem interval, and causes of death. This article reviews the forensic significance of pathological and traumatic changes in skeletal and muscular structures. Special emphasis is placed on morphological alterations, histological findings, and their diagnostic value in forensic investigations. The analysis demonstrates that bone and muscle tissue alterations serve as critical evidence for reconstructing the circumstances of injury and evaluating the vitality of lesions.

 This article analyzes the potential and effectiveness of artificial intelligence technologies in histological diagnostics. In modern medicine, histological examinations are essential for identifying diseases, particularly oncological pathologies. However, traditional diagnostic methods are often limited by their labor-intensive nature, dependence on human error, and the potential for error. Therefore, the implementation of artificial intelligence-based algorithms is a pressing issue. This article discusses methods for automatic analysis of histological images using deep learning and convolutional neural networks (CNN). The results of the study demonstrate that artificial intelligence systems can improve diagnostic accuracy, reduce analysis time, and optimize physician workflow. The advantages and limitations of this technology are also discussed.

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical features of vitiligo, as well as modern therapeutic approaches developed in recent years. Particular attention is given to advanced treatment strategies, including Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors (ruxolitinib, baricitinib, povorcitinib), narrowband UVB phototherapy, cellular transplantation using the RECELL system, and gene therapy. The review also evaluates the efficacy and safety of these interventions based on recent global clinical trials involving patients with vitiligo. The advantages and limitations of emerging therapeutic modalities are discussed, and their role in contemporary clinical practice is critically assessed. This work serves as a relevant source of information for specialists in dermatology and immunology, as well as for researchers engaged in scientific investigations in this field. In addition, current developments in diagnostic and therapeutic strategies are highlighted, including phototherapy (PUVA and narrowband UVB), novel treatment approaches developed in South Korea (JAK inhibitors), regenerative and transplantation techniques (RECELL), immunotherapy, and melanocyte stimulation methods.

This scientific study provides a comprehensive analysis of the mechanisms of development, clinical course, stages, and effects of diabetic retinopathy on the visual system in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. It was observed that the frequency of retinopathy increases progressively with the duration of the disease. Initially, retinopathy is asymptomatic and is often detected incidentally during routine ophthalmological examinations. In later stages, a decrease in visual acuity, microaneurysms in the fundus, dot and blot hemorrhages, exudates, macular edema, and signs of neovascularization were identified. Certain differences in the course of retinopathy between males and females were also observed. In females, earlier onset of the disease was associated with pregnancy, hormonal changes, and metabolic disturbances, whereas in males, retinopathy was more commonly associated with long-standing diabetes, harmful habits, and elevated arterial blood pressure.

The study results demonstrated that maintaining strict glycemic control, keeping glycated hemoglobin levels within normal limits, stabilizing blood pressure, and regulating lipid metabolism significantly reduce the risk of developing diabetic retinopathy. Regular ophthalmological examinations enable early detection and timely treatment, which are crucial for preserving vision.

Based on the findings, practical recommendations were proposed for early diagnosis, prevention, and individualized treatment strategies for diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

This article analyzes the transformation of key paradigms in the modern philosophy of medicine. Within the IMRAD framework, it explores the transition from the traditional biomedical model to the biopsychosocial model, as well as the impact of digital medicine and artificial intelligence on medical ethics and epistemology. The article reveals new philosophical models of the "doctor-patient" relationship and the existential aspects of personalized medicine.

This article analyzes the impact of modern technologies on the system of philosophical sciences, specifically focusing on epistemology (theory of knowledge) and ontology. Within the framework of IMRAD requirements, the study highlights how technological phenomena such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Big Data, and Virtual Reality (VR) are reshaping human consciousness and the methods of perceiving reality. The article uncovers the crisis-driven and transformational aspects of the modern cognitive process through concepts such as "post-truth," "filter bubbles," and "algorithmic epistemology." The research findings serve to philosophically address the preservation of the human subject and the challenges of digital ethics amidst rapid technological progress.

The DMED (Digital Medicine) system is a comprehensive software solution designed for the digitalization of medical institutions, management of patient data, and automation of administrative processes. This article analyzes the implementation, functions, and advantages of the DMED system, as well as its impact on clinical and administrative efficiency. The study examines key modules such as electronic medical records (EMR), online appointment scheduling, automated reporting, laboratory and pharmacy management, and artificial intelligence-assisted decision-making. Results indicate that the DMED system enhances transparency, reduces bureaucracy, increases service delivery speed, and improves clinical outcomes.

This article analyzes the role and significance of axiology as a philosophical discipline. The study elucidates the nature of values, their classification, and their functional role in social life based on the IMRAD structure. Dialectical connections between traditional and modern values in the era of globalization and digital technologies, the crisis of values, and the mechanisms for preserving them are scientifically substantiated.

This article explores the personality of Sahibqiran Amir Timur, focusing on his state-building activities, military art, and substantial contribution to the development of global civilization. It provides an analysis of his early life, his role as a political unifier, the formation of a centralized state, as well as his military strategies and governing principles. The study further examines the phenomenon of the Second Renaissance during the Timurid period, highlighting the flourishing of science, literature, art, and architecture through specific examples. Special attention is given to the intellectual and cultural heritage of prominent figures including Mirzo Ulughbek, Alisher Navoi, Babur, Jami, Qazizoda Rumi, Ghiyath al-Din Kashi, and Ali Qushchi. Additionally, the article discusses the importance of Tuzuk-i Timur as a foundational text of governance and considers the relevance of Amir Timur’s legacy in the present day.

This article examines the life of Mirzo Ulugbek, his scientific and political activities, and his substantial contribution to the development of human civilization. The author analyzes Mirzo Ulugbek’s scientific achievements in the fields of astronomy and mathematics, particularly elucidating the content and significance of the work Zij-i Sultani. Furthermore, the article presents scholarly information on the scientific school he established in Samarkand, his observatory, and the scholars who conducted research there.

Тhis study highlights the role of nurses in effectively organizing dispensary monitoring of patients with chronic gastritis in outpatient (polyclinic) settings, their interaction with patients, and their importance in implementing preventive measures. Dispensary observation in outpatient settings plays a crucial role in patient registration, disease control, and prevention. Regular monitoring, patient education, and counseling provided by nurses contribute to improved health outcomes and reduction of complications. The results of the study provide practical recommendations for physicians and nurses on effective patient monitoring and engagement in treatment processes.

bilirubin metabolism is one of the important stages of heme metabolism in the human body. Bilirubin is mainly formed as e result of the breakdown of erythrocytes, and it’s subsequent biochemical transformations are closely related to liver function. Under normal conditions, bilirubin is processed in the liver and excreted from the body through bile. Any disturbance occurring at any stage of this complex process leads to an increase in bilirubin levels in the body, that is, hyperbilirubinemia. Disorders of bilirubin metabolism have a direct impact on the structural and functional state of the hepatobiliary system – the liver and bile ducts. As a result, various pathomorphological changes are observed in this system, including damage to hepatocytes, bile stasis ( cholestasis), and occumulation of pigments in tissues. These changes lead not only to impairment of liver function but also to disruption of metabolic processes throughout the body.

The aim of this article is to study and analyze the pathomorphological changes occurring in the hepatobiliary system as aresult of disorders in bilirubin metabolism

This article analyzes the etiological factors, clinical manifestations, and modern treatment methods of deforming osteoarthrosis (DOA) based on scientific sources. The results of the study indicate that osteoarthrosis is a multifactorial degenerative disease, in the development of which age, mechanical load, and metabolic disorders play a significant role. Early diagnosis of the disease and комплекс treatment play an important role in reducing its complications.

Relevance. Periodontal disease is a widespread oral pathology that affects the supporting tissues of the tooth. Drug and surgical treatment do not always provide stable results without correcting lifestyle factors, among which nutrition plays a central role. Objective – to assess the possibility of increasing the effectiveness of periodontal disease treatment through targeted dietary changes and to develop specific nutritional recommendations. Materials and methods. An analysis of open data on the influence of macro- and micronutrients on the condition of the periodontium was carried out, using a method of comparative assessment of clinical outcomes under different dietary patterns. Results. It has been shown that increasing the proportion of plant fiber, polyunsaturated fatty acids, antioxidant vitamins and probiotics in the diet helps reduce the depth of periodontal pockets, decrease gum bleeding and slow down bone resorption. Conclusion. The introduction of evidence-based diet therapy into the comprehensive management of patients with periodontal disease can increase treatment effectiveness by at least 30% and reduce the frequency of relapses.

This article examines the role of atherosclerosis in the cardiovascular system and analyzes its major complications from a modern clinical and pathophysiological perspective. Atherosclerosis is recognized as a chronic, progressive inflammatory disease characterized by lipid accumulation, endothelial dysfunction, and plaque formation within arterial walls. The study highlights the multifactorial nature of atherosclerosis development, including genetic predisposition, dyslipidemia, hypertension, smoking, diabetes mellitus, and sedentary lifestyle. Special attention is given to the pathological mechanisms leading to reduced vascular elasticity, impaired blood flow, and the development of life-threatening complications such as myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and peripheral arterial disease. Furthermore, the article discusses current approaches to diagnosis, prevention, and treatment, emphasizing the importance of early detection and risk factor modification. The findings suggest that a comprehensive understanding of atherosclerosis is essential for reducing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide.

This article provides a biological analysis of the bioecological diversity of organisms belonging to the roundworm (Nematoda) phylum, detailing their role in nature and human health. The research is focused on highlighting the morphophysiological adaptations of free-living and parasitic nematodes, their significance in ecosystems, and their impact within the medical and veterinary fields.

This article highlights the histological structure of blood vessels (arteries, veins, and the microcirculatory bed) and their morphofunctional characteristics. The changes in the vessel wall layers (intima, media, adventitia) depending on hemodynamic parameters, as well as the histophysiological significance of endothelial cells, are analyzed. The obtained data serve to understand the mechanisms of vascular pathologies (atherosclerosis, hypertension) and to strengthen the fundamental basis in modern medicine.

This article analyzes the histogenesis of the cardiovascular system, as well as the microscopic and ultramicroscopic structure of various types of blood vessels and the heart wall. During the research, the histological differences between the layers of arteries, veins, and microcirculatory bed vessels, alongside the functional classification of cardiomyocytes, are highlighted. The obtained results are of great importance in understanding the histophysiology of the heart and blood vessels, as well as in studying the morphological foundations of various pathological processes.

This study morphologically evaluated the immunohistochemical (IHC) changes in proliferation (Ki-67), apoptosis (p53), and angiogenesis (VEGF, CD31) processes during the development of cervical epithelial neoplasias (CIN I, II, III) and squamous cell carcinoma, using the population of the Surkhandarya region as an example. The results showed that as the degree of dysplasia increases, Ki-67 expression and microvessel density (MVD) reliably increase, while the accumulation of the p53 protein indicates a disruption of the apoptosis process. This complex of markers is of great importance for the early detection and prognostic assessment of at-risk patients in regional conditions.

This article analyzes the application of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) technologies in modern oncology, and their role in early diagnosis, treatment planning, and personalized medicine. The efficiency of processing radiological and histological images using AI algorithms, analyzing genomic data, and determining disease prognosis is examined. The findings indicate that AI technologies optimize the decision-making process of physicians and significantly increase the survival rates of oncological patients.

 This article analyzes the influence of ancient Greek and Roman philosophical schools (including the Milesian and Eleatic schools, Pythagoras, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, and Democritus) on medical science, the etiology of diseases, and medical ethics (deontology) based on the IMRAD structure. Through historical-logical analysis and comparative study, the conceptual connection between ancient philosophical ideas and modern medical concepts such as humoral theory, homeostasis, psychosomatics, biometry, and molecular pharmacology is revealed. In conclusion, it is scientifically substantiated that the study of ancient Western philosophy shapes comprehensive clinical and analytical thinking in medical practitioners, allowing them to approach the patient as a biopsychosocial entity.

Maxillofacial reconstruction represents one of the most complex areas of modern surgery due to the functional and aesthetic importance of facial structures. Conventional reconstructive techniques, although effective, are often limited by donor site morbidity, insufficient tissue compatibility, and incomplete functional restoration. Regenerative medicine and tissue engineering have emerged as innovative approaches aimed at restoring damaged tissues through biological regeneration rather than replacement. This study aims to analyze the role of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering in maxillofacial reconstruction and evaluate their clinical applications and future potential. A review of recent literature and clinical studies (2015-2025) was conducted. The findings demonstrate that stem cell therapy, biomaterials, 3D bioprinting, and growth factor-based approaches significantly enhance bone and soft tissue regeneration. The integration of these technologies into clinical practice offers promising results in restoring facial structure and function. The study emphasizes the transformative potential of regenerative strategies in maxillofacial surgery.

The purpose of this work is to study the extracted formation of Calanhoe Daigremontiana, to establish their flavonoid formation, to determine the physicochemical characteristics and wound-healing activity. The experimental object of the study: in order to study pharmacological activity, Calanhoe Degremontiana plant was used, collected during the winter period in January 2026 on the territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan (Tashkent). Flavonoid composition was determined by using High Performance Liquid Chromatography – Diode Array Detector (HPLC-DAD). The molecular docking method was used to examine the active components based on their ability to interface with the target protein.

 This study examines the anatomical structure of the heart, its conduction system, and coronary blood supply. The paper highlights the functional significance of cardiac chambers, myocardial layers, and valves in maintaining effective blood circulation. Special attention is given to the cardiac conduction system, including the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, Bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers, which ensure rhythmic and coordinated contractions. In addition, the role of coronary arteries in supplying oxygen and nutrients to the myocardium is analyzed. The study emphasizes that the integrity of these systems is essential for normal cardiac function, and their impairment may lead to serious cardiovascular diseases.

This article broadly covers the essence of Eastern philosophy, its historical roots, and its influence on the development of society. Eastern thought interprets harmony between man and nature, moral perfection, spiritual purification, and a just social order as the main values. The ideas of morality, enlightenment, patience, respect, and social responsibility are analyzed using the example of the heritage of ancient Chinese, Indian, and Central Asian philosophical schools. In particular, the teachings of Confucius and Laozi address the issues of social order and harmony with nature, and the views of Central Asian thinkers Abu Nasr Al-Farabi, Abu Rayhan Al-Biruni, Ibn Sina, and Alisher Navoi address the issues of a perfect person, science, enlightenment, and just governance. The article scientifically analyzes the main idea of Eastern philosophy - the development of society, first of all, its connection with the spiritual development of man. The relevance of these philosophical views in today's globalization environment, their role in preventing spiritual crises and restoring moral values ​​is also substantiated.

The article presents a philosophical analysis of the key ethical problems of the 21st century in the context of globalization, digital transformation, and the development of biotechnologies. The thesis regarding the transition from classical normative models of morality to the paradigm of global responsibility is substantiated. The work examines bioethical dilemmas, digital and algorithmic responsibility, environmental issues, transhumanism, and the crisis of universalism. It concludes that a new configuration of moral consciousness is forming, oriented toward an intergenerational perspective and the management of civilizational risks.  

This article analyzes Abu Ali ibn Sina’s views in the fields of medicine and philosophy, especially his humanistic ideas. Ibn Sina was not only a great physician, but also a thinker who linked human health with the development of society. In his works, medical ethics, compassion for patients, and the psychological and physical factors of illness are deeply discussed. The study comparatively examines Ibn Sina’s medical-philosophical heritage alongside modern medical ethics.

This article analyzes the philosophical interpretation of the problem of life and death in medicine. As modern medicine has developed and the possibilities of artificially prolonging life have expanded, this issue has become increasingly relevant. The article examines the concepts of life and death based on bioethics, medical ethics, and philosophical perspectives. In addition, issues such as euthanasia, resuscitation, and transplantation are analyzed from an ethical point of view. The research results show that life and death are not only biological but also deeply philosophical and moral concepts.

The human respiratory system is a highly specialized and integrated biological system responsible for maintaining gas exchange and homeostasis. This paper presents a comprehensive academic analysis of the anatomical structures, physiological mechanisms, regulatory processes, and pathological conditions associated with the respiratory system. Emphasis is placed on cellular-level gas exchange, neural and chemical regulation of respiration, and contemporary research developments in respiratory medicine. The study also explores emerging technologies and global health challenges related to respiratory diseases.

Referred pain is a condition in which pain is felt in a location different from its actual source due to the complex functioning of the nervous system. This occurs when nerve pathways overlap, causing the brain to misinterpret pain signals.

This article explains the mechanisms of referred pain, its main types (visceral and somatic), and common clinical examples. Understanding this phenomenon is important for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment in medical practice.