A sharp decline in estrogen levels during the postmenopausal period is one of the key pathogenetic factors disrupting the balance of bone metabolism. This article analyzes the mechanisms of the effects of estrogen deficiency on bone tissue, including increased osteoclast activity, relative suppression of osteoblast function, and enhanced bone resorption due to imbalance in the RANK/RANKL/OPG system. In addition, the role of increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α) in amplifying the inflammatory component and its contribution to the development of osteoporosis is examined.  The clinical consequences of postmenopausal osteoporosis are systematically described, including decreased bone mineral density (BMD) and an increased risk of fractures.

estrogen deficiency, postmenopausal osteoporosis, bone remodeling, osteoclast activity, osteoblast function, RANK/RANKL/OPG system, bone mineral density (BMD).

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