This scientific study provides a comprehensive analysis of the mechanisms of development, clinical course, stages, and effects of diabetic retinopathy on the visual system in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. It was observed that the frequency of retinopathy increases progressively with the duration of the disease. Initially, retinopathy is asymptomatic and is often detected incidentally during routine ophthalmological examinations. In later stages, a decrease in visual acuity, microaneurysms in the fundus, dot and blot hemorrhages, exudates, macular edema, and signs of neovascularization were identified. Certain differences in the course of retinopathy between males and females were also observed. In females, earlier onset of the disease was associated with pregnancy, hormonal changes, and metabolic disturbances, whereas in males, retinopathy was more commonly associated with long-standing diabetes, harmful habits, and elevated arterial blood pressure.

The study results demonstrated that maintaining strict glycemic control, keeping glycated hemoglobin levels within normal limits, stabilizing blood pressure, and regulating lipid metabolism significantly reduce the risk of developing diabetic retinopathy. Regular ophthalmological examinations enable early detection and timely treatment, which are crucial for preserving vision.

Based on the findings, practical recommendations were proposed for early diagnosis, prevention, and individualized treatment strategies for diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR), Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), Optical coherence tomography (OCT), Diabetic macular edema (DME), Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), Ophthalmoscopy (fundus examination), Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), Vitrectomy

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