This article examines the role of atherosclerosis in the cardiovascular system and analyzes its major complications from a modern clinical and pathophysiological perspective. Atherosclerosis is recognized as a chronic, progressive inflammatory disease characterized by lipid accumulation, endothelial dysfunction, and plaque formation within arterial walls. The study highlights the multifactorial nature of atherosclerosis development, including genetic predisposition, dyslipidemia, hypertension, smoking, diabetes mellitus, and sedentary lifestyle. Special attention is given to the pathological mechanisms leading to reduced vascular elasticity, impaired blood flow, and the development of life-threatening complications such as myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and peripheral arterial disease. Furthermore, the article discusses current approaches to diagnosis, prevention, and treatment, emphasizing the importance of early detection and risk factor modification. The findings suggest that a comprehensive understanding of atherosclerosis is essential for reducing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide.

atherosclerosis, cardiovascular system, arterial plaque, endothelial dysfunction, lipid metabolism, myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, risk factors, inflammation, vascular disease, prevention, complications

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