Graves' disease represents the most prevalent cause of hyperthyroidism worldwide, affecting approximately 0.5% of the global population. This autoimmune disorder is characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibodies (TRAb) that stimulate excessive thyroid hormone synthesis. Current therapeutic approaches include antithyroid medications, radioactive iodine therapy, and surgical intervention, each presenting distinct advantages and limitations. This comprehensive narrative review examines the pharmacological management landscape of Graves' disease, synthesizing evidence from contemporary clinical studies and treatment guidelines. We explore the mechanisms of action, clinical efficacy, and safety profiles of established treatments including thionamides, beta-adrenergic blockers, and radioiodine. Furthermore, we analyze emerging therapeutic targets such as teprotumumab, rituximab, tocilizumab, TSH receptor-blocking monoclonal antibodies, and small-molecule antagonists that may transform the treatment paradigm. Special considerations for pregnancy, thyroid storm, and refractory cases are also discussed. Understanding these evolving treatment options enables clinicians to deliver individualized, evidence-based care while minimizing adverse outcomes.

Graves' disease, hyperthyroidism, antithyroid drugs, methimazole, radioiodine therapy, teprotumumab, TSH receptor, emerging therapies, thyroid eye disease

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