Periodontal diseases in school-aged children represent a significant and often underestimated public health concern, affecting both oral and systemic health outcomes. The prevalence of gingival and periodontal conditions in this population varies widely across regions, with epidemiological data indicating that up to 70–90% of children exhibit signs of gingival inflammation, while more severe forms of periodontitis, though less common, demonstrate increasing incidence with age and inadequate oral hygiene. The multifactorial etiology of periodontal diseases involves microbial biofilm accumulation, host immune response, genetic predisposition, hormonal fluctuations, nutritional deficiencies, and environmental influences. The pathogenesis is characterized by a complex interaction between pathogenic microorganisms and the host’s immune-inflammatory response, leading to progressive destruction of periodontal tissues. Clinical manifestations range from reversible gingivitis to aggressive forms of periodontitis associated with rapid attachment loss and alveolar bone destruction. Early diagnosis remains critical, as pediatric periodontal conditions often present with subtle clinical signs but may progress rapidly without intervention. Modern treatment approaches emphasize a comprehensive strategy integrating preventive, therapeutic, and educational components. These include mechanical plaque control, antimicrobial therapy, host modulation, minimally invasive procedures, and the application of advanced technologies such as laser therapy and regenerative techniques. Preventive programs focusing on oral hygiene education and regular dental check-ups play a pivotal role in reducing disease burden.

Periodontal diseases, children, gingivitis, periodontitis, etiology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, oral microbiota, inflammation.

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