This study evaluates the pathogenesis, risk factors, diagnostic frameworks, and management strategies for endocrine complications following endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery (ETS) for pituitary macroadenomas. We analyze the disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, mechanisms of hormonal imbalance, and the clinical significance of advanced postoperative monitoring. The objective is to optimize surgical outcomes and preventive measures by integrating molecular insights and updated classification systems, such as the modified Knosp scale.

Pituitary macroadenoma, endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery, endocrine complications, hormonal imbalance, pathogenesis, ACTH, cortisol, hypopituitarism, postoperative monitoring, hypothalamic-pituitary axis.

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