Background: Obesity among women of reproductive age remains a major public health concern in the United Kingdom, with long-term implications for maternal and child health. Research has largely focused on pregnancy and the early postpartum period, leaving limited understanding of weight management behaviours among mothers of primary school children. This paper addresses this gap by examining knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of weight management within this population.

Methods: A cross-sectional quantitative design was employed using data from 267 mothers residing in Sunderland. A structured questionnaire assessed knowledge, attitude and practice of weight management alongside socio-demographic characteristics. Scores were standardised and categorised using a 70% threshold. Descriptive statistics were used to summarise distributions, while Pearson’s correlation analysis examined relationships between KAP components.

Results: The findings reveal a marked divergence across the three domains. A high proportion of participants (88%) demonstrated good knowledge, with a mean score of 79.71. In contrast, only 43% exhibited a positive attitude, while just 4.2% reported good practice. Correlation analysis showed a weak but significant association between knowledge and attitude (r = 0.21, p < 0.05) and between attitude and practice (r = 0.18, p < 0.05). No significant relationship was observed between knowledge and practice (r = 0.05, p > 0.05).

Conclusion: The findings demonstrate a clear knowledge–behaviour gap, with high levels of awareness failing to translate into effective weight management practices. Attitude plays a partial mediating role but does not fully bridge this gap. These results highlight the need for interventions that extend beyond information provision to address behavioural and contextual factors influencing engagement. Supporting sustained behaviour change among mothers remains essential for improving maternal health outcomes and reducing the long-term burden of obesity.

The phenomenon is not limited to practicing physicians. Medical students, those still in the formative stages of their professional identity, also exhibit smoking rates that rival or even exceed those of the general population in certain regions. This narrative review explores the multifaceted reasons behind this paradoxical behavior, examining the prevalence of tobacco use among doctors and medical students worldwide, the psychological and social forces that drive initiation and maintenance of smoking in these populations, the unique occupational stressors that contribute to tobacco dependence, and the broader implications for public health and medical education.

Cystic formations of the ovaries have become an increasingly common concern in everyday gynecological practice. Their early detection matters a great deal, since not every cyst regresses spontaneously, and those that persist may compromise the functional ovarian tissue and, in turn, the organ itself. The present article summarizes current data on ovarian cysts. Russian-language sources were collected and analyzed through the cyberleninka.ru and eLIBRARY databases, together with international publications indexed in Scopus, for the years 2020–2025.

MINOCA is defined as myocardial infarction with mild or no obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) on angiography. It is a heterogeneous syndrome with multiple underlying causes, including coronary artery spasm (vasospastic angina), coronary embolism, spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD), plaque disruption and coronary microvascular disruption (CMD). Additionally, non-ischemic conditions such as Myocarditis and Takotsubo cardiomyopathy may mimic its presence. It is characterized by evidence of acute myocardial infarction in the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease, conventionally characterized as the presence of coronary stenosis of 50% or greater on Angiography. Epidemiologically, approx 5-15% of all MI cases globally and is more common in younger individuals and females featuring as recurrent adverse cardiovascular events, persistent anginal syndromes and deminished quality of life.

Adolescent suicide refers to the intentional act of self-inflicted death in individuals aged 10–19 years and is a major global public health concern.It is one of the leading causes of death in this age group and is usually caused by a series of bio-psycho-social issues rather than one definitive cause.

Complete edentulism is a complex prosthodontic condition in which successful rehabilitation depends greatly on the accuracy of impression taking. The final impression determines the quality of the denture base, the extension of borders, the distribution of functional pressure, retention, stability, and patient comfort. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of different stages of impression taking in completely edentulous patients and to determine the most frequent difficulties observed during primary and final impression procedures. The study included 58 patients with complete edentulism who were examined and treated at the Department of Orthopedic Dentistry and Orthodontics of Andijan State Medical Institute. All patients underwent clinical examination of the prosthetic field, primary anatomical impressions, fabrication of individual trays, border molding, and final functional impressions. The condition of residual alveolar ridges, oral mucosa, vestibular depth, muscle attachments, saliva, and previous denture experience was assessed before impression procedures. The results showed that the most important factors affecting impression quality were residual ridge atrophy, flabby mucosa, shallow vestibule, high muscle attachments, reduced salivary lubrication, and poor neuromuscular coordination. In 39.7 percent of patients, additional correction of tray borders was required during functional border molding. Selective pressure impression technique was clinically useful in patients with uneven tissue resilience and moderate or severe ridge resorption. The study concludes that impression taking in complete edentulism should not be performed as a mechanical procedure only. It must be based on individual anatomical and functional assessment of the prosthetic field. Proper primary impression, accurately fabricated individual tray, careful border molding, and final functional impression significantly improve retention, stability, and comfort of complete dentures.

Vitamin D, often referred to as the "sunshine vitamin," is a fat-soluble secosteroid that plays a critical role in numerous physiological processes. Unlike most vitamins, the body is capable of synthesizing vitamin D endogenously through sun exposure. Nevertheless, deficiency remains one of the most prevalent nutritional disorders in the modern world.

 Substance abuse among youth continues to rise as a complex and multidimensional issue that affects physical health, mental well-being, and also social stability. This article examines the key factors of substance use, including psychological vulnerability, Social influences and Environmental Conditions. It highlights the physical health effects, psychological effects and challenges faced by the affected individual. This article also give glance about risk factors such as stress, trauma, Low self-esteem, peer pressure and parental neglect which plays a crucial role in initiating and sustaining substance use behaviours. The study also considers the impact of academic pressure, Urbanization, and increased availability of drugs and alcohol. Furthermore, it emphasizes the crucial role of healthcare professionals in early identification, intervention, and health education. Addressing the root causes is essential to reduce the prevalence of substance abuse and support the healthy development of Young individuals. This also covers future challenges, including emerging drug trends and the need for integrated and multidisciplinary strategies to effectively prevent and manage substance abuse among youth.

Substance abuse among youth continues to rise as a complex and multidimensional issue that affects physical health, mental well-being, and also social stability. This article examines the key factors of substance use, including psychological vulnerability, Social influences and Environmental Conditions. It highlights the physical health effects, psychological effects and challenges faced by the affected individual. This article also give glance about risk factors such as stress, trauma, Low self-esteem, peer pressure and parental neglect which plays a crucial role in initiating and sustaining substance use behaviours. The study also considers the impact of academic pressure, Urbanization, and increased availability of drugs and alcohol. Furthermore, it emphasizes the crucial role of healthcare professionals in early identification, intervention, and health education. Addressing the root causes is essential to reduce the prevalence of substance abuse and support the healthy development of Young individuals. This also covers future challenges, including emerging drug trends and the need for integrated and multidisciplinary strategies to effectively prevent and manage substance abuse among youth.

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is temporary and reversible heart condition where heart muscle suddenly become too weak often leading to the dilation of left ventricles into a balloon shape.“Takotsubo” is a Japanese word where tako=octopus and tsubo=pot, a traditional octopus fishing vessel with round bottom and narrow neck resembling enlarged left ventricle with normal upper part of heart. This reviews current understanding of this cardiomyopathy and examines etiology, pathophysiology, case presentation along with discussion, diagnostic criteria, echocardiographic findings, treatment methods and prognosis in the patients. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy highlights upon interaction between emotional stress and heart function. It often goes underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed, continued research is needed for better understanding and treartment.

A Chronic Inflammatory Skin Condition Hidradenitis Suppurativa, or acne inversa, is a chronic recurrent inflammatory disorder of the skin. The condition affects areas of the body where there are apocrine glands – specifically, armpits, groin, and buttocks. It causes painful nodules, abscesses and scarring which may significantly impact the quality of life due to pain, odors caused by fluid drainage from the lesions, and emotions involved. Hidradenitis suppurativa is not contagious. It is also not caused by poor hygiene. It can improve with treatment but without any treatment, it deteriorates over time. Its prevalence is estimated to be 1-4% (Godiwalla et al., 2020; Jafari et al., 2020).

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 3b–4 (eGFR <45 mL/min/1.73 m²) significantly complicate the management of patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD), increasing the risk of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN), bleeding complications, cardiovascular events, and in-hospital mortality. At the same time, there is a high need for invasive assessment of the coronary vasculature and performance of percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) in this patient population.

The aim of this article is to summarize the key principles of preparation and management of patients with CKD stages 3B–4 who are scheduled for coronary angiography (CAG) and PCI, with an emphasis on minimizing renal and hemorrhagic risks.

Tuberculosis is one of the most widespread infectious diseases in human history and remains a major global public health problem. The main etiological agent of this disease is Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This article analyzes the biological characteristics of the tuberculosis pathogen, the structure of its cell wall, and its pathogenicity factors. Particular attention is also given to the interaction of the bacterium with the immune system, the mechanisms of disease development in the human body, diagnostic methods, treatment principles, and preventive measures.

Approximately 8 million new cases of tuberculosis are reported worldwide each year. Over the past decade, a deterioration in the epidemiological situation of tuberculosis has been observed. Due to the reduction in preventive fluorographic examinations among the population, more than 50% of tuberculosis cases are now detected in general medical institutions based on patient referrals.

Mycobacteria are more resistant than many other microorganisms. They can survive for a long time under various environmental conditions: up to 10 days in street dust, up to 150 days in running water, and even in a frozen or dried state. The cell wall of mycobacteria is rich in lipids and wax-like substances, which makes them resistant to disinfectants and many drugs. These bacteria can remain in a latent (“dormant”) state in the human body for years and become active when the immune system weakens.

Objective: To evaluate the content and effectiveness of institutional transformation at the National Children's Medical Center during 2021–2025 through integration of Joint Commission International (JCI) standards, high-technology medical care, patient safety infrastructure, and scientific-educational capacity. Materials and Methods: A retrospective descriptive-analytical study was conducted using institutional annual reports for 2021–2025, JCI accreditation documentation, RIQAS external laboratory quality assessment data, and research performance metrics. Results: In 2025, the Center delivered 94,383 outpatient consultations and performed 6,404 surgical procedures, with more than 70% classified as high-technology interventions. Programs in bone marrow transplantation, kidney and liver transplantation, and congenital cardiac surgery demonstrated substantial expansion. JCI accreditation obtained in 2024 facilitated systematic implementation of the International Patient Safety Goals and strengthened clinical governance frameworks. Scientific productivity increased, with 18 publications indexed in Scopus and Web of Science databases during the first 11 months of 2025. Conclusion: The Center demonstrates a scalable institutional model for modernization of tertiary pediatric services in Uzbekistan.

This research paper aims to scientifically and theoretically analyze the pathophysiological mechanisms of stressor agents on the human organism, specifically the morphofunctional transformations occurring in the neuroendocrine regulation, cardiovascular, and immune systems. The article elucidates the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis during acute and chronic stress, as well as the destructive effects of catecholamine and glucocorticoid secretion on organ tissues within the framework of modern clinical and histological approaches. The research findings serve to understand the etiology of psychosomatic diseases, optimize the diagnostic process, and enhance the effectiveness of rehabilitative measures in preventive medicine.

Relevance. Arterial hypertension (AH) is a leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity, while target organ damage largely determines its prognosis. Homocysteine is considered a potential marker of vascular injury; however, its role in clinical risk stratification in AH remains insufficiently studied.

Aim. To evaluate the association between homocysteine levels and target organ damage in arterial hypertension, as well as its relationship with metabolic, inflammatory, and coagulation parameters.

Materials and Methods. A prospective cohort study was conducted involving 111 participants (60 patients with AH and 51 without AH). Serum homocysteine levels, inflammatory markers, lipid profile parameters, oxidative stress indicators, and indices of vascular damage were assessed. Statistical analysis included Pearson correlation with adjustment for confounders.

Results. Homocysteine levels were significantly higher in patients with AH. Significant correlations were found between homocysteine and hs-CRP (r = 0.70; p < 0.01), total cholesterol (r = 0.58; p < 0.01), LDL cholesterol (r = 0.46; p < 0.01), triglycerides (r = 0.33; p < 0.05), atherogenic index (r = 0.50; p < 0.01), fibrinogen (r = 0.49; p < 0.01), and glucose (r = 0.30; p < 0.05), as well as a negative correlation with the ankle–brachial index (r = –0.52; p < 0.01). These associations remained significant after multivariate adjustment.

Conclusion. Homocysteine is associated with a spectrum of metabolic, inflammatory, and vascular alterations in arterial hypertension and may serve as a potential biomarker of target organ damage and cardiovascular risk stratification.

This study evaluates the pathogenesis, risk factors, diagnostic frameworks, and management strategies for endocrine complications following endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery (ETS) for pituitary macroadenomas. We analyze the disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, mechanisms of hormonal imbalance, and the clinical significance of advanced postoperative monitoring. The objective is to optimize surgical outcomes and preventive measures by integrating molecular insights and updated classification systems, such as the modified Knosp scale.

Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of mortality and disability in the adult population. Coronary calcification (CC) is considered an important marker of coronary atherosclerotic disease. The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence and severity of CC in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and obesity. The study included 134 patients aged 45–74 years (78 men and 56 women). Multislice computed tomography with Agatston scoring was used for the diagnosis and quantitative assessment of coronary calcification. Coronary calcification was detected in 91.7% of examined patients. A higher prevalence of CC was observed in men compared to women. The frequency of calcification increased with age in both groups; however, no statistically significant gender differences or correlation with age were found. Women more often demonstrated minimal calcification, whereas men showed moderate forms more frequently.

It was found that coronary calcification has a dual role: it may stabilize atherosclerotic plaques but also increases the risk of plaque rupture. Even minimal calcification is associated with an unfavorable prognosis and increased risk of cardiovascular events.

This article examines the use of interactive methods in foreign language lessons. In the context of globalization and the rapid development of the information space, proficiency in foreign languages ​​is becoming a significant factor in both professional and personal growth. Strengthening international ties, rapid technological advances, and transformations in the educational sector necessitate new, more modern approaches to language teaching. Therefore, interactive methods are considered an effective tool for improving the quality of foreign language instruction.

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of tobacco products, their chemical composition, and the deleterious physiological impacts resulting from their consumption.

There is a complex relationship between modern technologies and the development of myopia, and a sharp increase in myopia cases has been observed worldwide in recent decades. This has become a global health problem, attracting the attention of many scientists and specialists.  Many factors influence the development of myopia, including environmental factors and lifestyle.  However, there is a growing assumption that the widespread adoption of modern technologies and the increase in their use may be directly related to the increase in myopia.

Arterial hypertension (AH) is one of the most pressing problems in modern medicine, serving as a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and mortality rates. This scientific article aims to analyze the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension and the impairment of physiological regulatory mechanisms that control blood pressure (sympathetic nervous system, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, kidneys, and endothelial function). The elevation of blood pressure is a multifactorial process resulting from sequential and interconnected dysfunctions within the homeostatic system.

This article analyzes the system of values in Uzbekistan, its main types (national, religious, spiritual and moral, social, cultural, and universal values), and their role in the development of society. Furthermore, the historical evolution of adherence to values—from ancient times to the conditions of globalization—is illuminated on a scientific-analytical basis. The article reveals the significance of values in the formation of nationality, spirituality, morality, and national pride. In modern society, ensuring mutual harmony between traditional and global values is considered an urgent scientific problem. The research results substantiate the crucial role of values in social stability and the education of youth.

Vocal fold nodules (VFN) represent the primary organic cause of pediatric dysphonia, traditionally attributed to chronic mechanical phonotrauma. However, recent clinical evidence suggests that the pediatric larynx does not exist in isolation; its health is inextricably linked to the upper aerodigestive tract. This thesis explores the complex etiopathogenetic synergy between VFN and chronic pharyngeal diseases, such as chronic tonsillitis and pharyngitis. It posits that chronic pharyngeal inflammation serves as a "pro-inflammatory substrate" that lowers the threshold for mechanical injury, stabilizes the presence of nodules, and prevents spontaneous regression. By synthesizing statistical data, acoustic analysis, and histological markers, this work argues for a holistic diagnostic paradigm in pediatric laryngology.

 This article examines the role of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) in the lifecycle of highways, their effectiveness in ensuring road safety, and reducing congestion. It emphasizes the importance of a systems approach and digital twin technology in infrastructure design. The study’s results demonstrate the potential for achieving cost efficiency and reducing road accidents through the implementation of ITS components.

Parkinson's disease is a neurological illness that mostly limits mobility. The brain's dopamine-producing neurones die. This essay discusses the causes, symptoms, and treatments for Parkinson's disease. Identification of indications such as tremors, rigidity, and delayed activity is crucial for quick attention. Despite the fact that there is no cure, medications and lifestyle changes can significantly enhance patients' quality of life.

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) represent a revolutionary shift in transportation technology. However, ensuring their technical safety and algorithmic reliability remains a key challenge. This paper analyzes the architecture of autonomous driving systems, focusing on sensor fusion, AI decision-making algorithms, and safety validation frameworks.

Helminthiases represent a significant global health threat as widely prevalent parasitic diseases. This article examines the primary species of helminths inhabiting the human body, focusing on their morphological characteristics and pathogenic impact. A comprehensive understanding of the complex life cycles of each helminth is crucial for identifying infection sources and regulating transmission mechanisms. Furthermore, the study provides a detailed analysis of effective preventive measures aimed at mitigating helminthiases, including personal hygiene practices, sanitary-epidemiological surveillance, and the promotion of healthy lifestyles among the population.

Formation of the primitive heart tube it starts from week 3 of gestation period. It's origin is from splanchnic mesoderm where the two endocardial tube fuse together to form a single primitive heart tube.There are 5 segments which is from cranial to caudal : Truncus arteriosus,bulbus cordis,primitive ventricle,primitive atrium,sinus venosus.If any deviation occurs in these segments it can lead to complex congenital heart disease (CHD).

Type one diabetes is a chronic  disease that causes a lack of insulin, an essential hormone.it requires daily management with insulin injection and glucose monitoring.both children and adult can be diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. Type one diabetes is a lifelong autoimmune disease that prevents your pancreas from making insulin, a hormone. T1D  previously known as juvenile or   Insulin independent-diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is one of the most common chronic disease that affects children in U.S. But adults can develop it too. in the U.S.,over 1,.7 million people live with it. If you Don’t have enough insulin, too much sugar bills up in your blood, causing hyperglycaemia ( High blood sugar ). lead to serious health  or even  it’s not treated . Into the simple words, diabetes is a condition in which body can’t make enough insulin, or can’t use insulin normally . Type 1 Is an auto immune Disorder. Body’s Immune system damages the cells in the pancreas that make insulin dirt insulin is a hormone.it helps sugar in the blood get into cells of the body to use as fuel.when glucose can’t enter the cells, it builds up in the blood.this is called high blood sugar. Blood Sugar can cause problems  body.it can damage blood vessels and .it can harm the eyes, kidneys, and heart.it can also cause symptoms such as tiredness .

Depression among students has emerged as a critical public health crisis, characterized by rising prevalence and complex, multifaceted risk factors. This paper investigates the prevalence of youth depression and proposes a comprehensive analytical framework to identify and quantify its associated socio-demographic and behavioral risk factors. By synthesizing advanced machine learning techniques with robust statistical modeling, we aim to overcome the limitations of traditional diagnostic and analytical methods. The proposed methodology outlines a pipeline for leveraging structured survey data to yield actionable insights for early detection. Ultimately, this research provides a scalable foundation for developing targeted, culturally sensitive mental health interventions in educational settings.

This article provides a detailed overview of the anatomical structure and physiological functions of the kidneys. The kidneys play a crucial role in excreting metabolic waste products, maintaining water-electrolyte balance, and ensuring homeostasis. The paper discusses the structure of the nephron, the process of urine formation (filtration, reabsorption, and secretion), as well as the endocrine functions of the kidneys. Additionally, the impact of kidney dysfunction on the human body is analyzed.

The stomach is one of the main organs of the digestive system, responsible for temporary storage of food, its mechanical and chemical processing, chyme formation, and preparation of nutrients for further digestion. This article comprehensively covers the anatomical structure of the stomach (regions: cardia, fundus, body, antrum, and pylorus; wall layers, glandular epithelium, and specialized cells), its physiological features (gastric juice secretion, motility, hormonal and neural regulation), and its role in the digestive process. The article serves as a useful resource for medical students, professionals, and anyone interested in the physiology of the digestive system.

This article examines how artificial intelligence can improve management in tax authorities under conditions of digital transformation. Recent international evidence shows that tax administrations are moving beyond basic e-services toward data-driven compliance management, digital identities, advanced analytics, and AI-supported taxpayer services. OECD materials report that 29 of 38 OECD members in the 2024 Inventory of Tax Technology Initiatives reported using AI in tax administration, with the main areas of application being the detection of tax evasion and fraud, decision-making assistance, and the improvement of tax services.

 IMF and World Bank publications likewise present AI as a strategic instrument for tax and revenue administrations, while emphasizing that its effectiveness depends on governance, skills, legality, and institutional readiness. On that basis, the article argues that AI can strengthen management mechanisms in tax authorities most effectively when it is integrated into a broader digital-transformation architecture built on interoperable data, accountable decision-making, taxpayer-rights protection, and continuous monitoring.

Cough is one of the most frequent clinical manifestations that are observed in every day medical practice and is an important protective reflex of the respiratory system. It is important in clearing the airway of mucus, airway irritants, and foreign particles, hence, normal respiratory functioning. Despite the fact that cough is often related to minor conditions like a viral infection, cough can also be a symptom of serious sicknesses such as asthma, pneumonia, tuberculosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A good explanation of the underlying mechanisms, types, causes, and clinical approach to cough is the key to making accurate diagnosis and effective management. This article presents a clear and simple overview of cough focusing on its correlation, physiology, classification, differential diagnosis, red flag signs, investigation and treatment principles in a simple and clinically relevant manner to medical students.

The rapid proliferation of digital technology has fundamentally transformed the domestic environment, introducing new variables into the complex equation of child-rearing. Among these variables, parental mobile phone addiction—often characterized by continuous partial attention and digital distraction—poses a significant risk to the quality of parent-child interactions. These interactions are foundational for healthy cognitive and socio-emotional maturation. Traditional observational methods in developmental psychology struggle to capture the real-time nuances of this digital interference and face severe ethical limitations when attempting to study the long-term impacts of neglectful behaviors. This paper proposes a novel computational framework that leverages large language models (LLMs) and advanced text mining techniques to safely simulate, quantify, and analyze the developmental consequences of parental mobile phone addiction. By decoupling conversational intent from attentional capacity, the proposed pipeline allows researchers to map simulated digital distraction to predicted developmental trajectories, offering a scalable, ethically sound approach to understanding modern family dynamics in the artificial intelligence era.

The rapid evolution of messenger RNA (mRNA) technology has opened unprecedented avenues in modern pharmacology, extending far beyond prophylactic vaccines into the realm of acute therapeutic intervention. In the highly volatile environment of the intensive care unit (ICU), acute organ failure—such as acute kidney injury, hepatic failure, and acute respiratory distress syndrome—carries a persistently high mortality rate. Transient mRNA therapeutics offer a paradigm-shifting approach by temporarily reprogramming cellular machinery to produce therapeutic proteins, thereby providing acute organ support without the risks of permanent genomic alteration. However, deploying these potent biological agents in critically ill patients requires precise dynamic dosing and rigorous real-time monitoring to prevent adverse hyper-responses. This paper proposes a novel translational medicine framework that integrates hypothetical transient mRNA therapeutic regimens with advanced artificial intelligence, specifically reinforcement learning and time-series foundation models, to optimize individualized dosing strategies. By synthesizing current biological capabilities with state-of-the-art computational critical care techniques, we present an end-to-end conceptual pipeline for the adaptive administration of mRNA therapies. Through a rigorously structured discussion on methodological design, evaluation planning, and ethical deployment, this work aims to bridge the gap between molecular innovation and algorithmic clinical decision support, ultimately paving the way toward a new era of precision critical care medicine.

The endocrine system is a network of glands without excretory ducts that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream and regulate metabolism, growth, reproduction, and homeostasis.The endocrine system includes the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas,and sex glands (gonads), as well as specialized tissues of complex organs that perform other function.For example,the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas, ovarian egg cells, and Leydig cells of the testes also produce hormones.There is also the APUD system,which unites endocrine cells of neuroectodermal origin that produce hormones of polypeptide or protein nature. These include the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans that produce glucagon, the beta cells that produce insulin, and the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland that produce calcitonin.Pathological changes are most often manifested as a result of autoimmune processes,neoplasms (tumors), or developmental defects, leading to excessive or insufficient hormone production.Morphological changes of the endocrine glands include atrophy, hyperplasia, hypertrophy, neoplastic nodules, inflammatory infiltration, as well as conditions such as fibrosis and necrosis.Endocrine changes play an important role in human pathology.They may be associated with primary damage to the endocrine glands or may occur in tumors developing outside the endocrine system.Endocrine changes that is ,endocrineopathy phenomena,when associated with tumors,are considered paraneoplastic syndromes.

The purpose of this article is to study and analyze the pathomorphological changes that occur as a result of the functions and pathological alterations of the endocrine glands.

Long-term observations and literature data on the influence of acclimatization and introduction of wild ungulates on the territorial helminth-faunistic complex are summarized. It is shown that in some cases imported wild ungulates can lose their specific parasites, but acquire local parasites and can support foci of local parasitic diseases.

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is one of the most severe forms of myocardial disease and occurs at any age, including in infants. The course and prognosis of  DCM in children are characterized by significant variability. In most cases, however, outcomes are unfavorable due to the progression of treatment-resistant chronic heart failure and severe arrhythmias leading to death [1,4,6].

The factors determining the course of the disease remain unclear. To date, it is not fully understood why DCM follows different patterns: in some patients, the condition may regress during treatment, even leading to complete recovery, whereas in others it progresses steadily. It is possible that the mechanisms and causes of myocardial injury differ, which determines the variability in prognosis [2,10].

Isolated atrial septal defect (ASD) is one of the most common forms of congenital septal heart anomalies. The key factors determining the clinical course and hemodynamic disturbances in ASD are a persistent left-to-right shunt, which leads to pulmonary overcirculation and pulmonary hypertension (PH), as well as dysfunction of the pulmonary vasculature, resulting in the development of heart failure.

The relevance of noncompaction cardiomyopathy (NCCM) in children is обусловed by a number of clinical, diagnostic, and prognostic factors that have increasingly attracted the attention of pediatricians and pediatric cardiologists in recent years [3,5]. Noncompaction cardiomyopathy is a rare but potentially life-threatening form of cardiomyopathy characterized by impaired normal embryonic myocardial compaction, resulting in prominent trabeculation and deep intertrabecular recesses. Despite its relative rarity, this condition is being diagnosed more frequently due to the widespread use of modern imaging techniques such as echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging [1,6,9].

NCCM is of particular significance in the pediatric population, as its clinical manifestations are highly variable, ranging from an asymptomatic course to severe heart failure, life-threatening arrhythmias, and thromboembolic complications. In children, the disease often presents at an early age and may lead to disability or death [2,5,7].

Recent studies, including those by the authors of this article (2022; 2026), emphasize that the clinical course of noncompaction myocardium in children is characterized by marked polymorphism of symptoms and varying degrees of hemodynamic impairment, which complicates early diagnosis and necessitates in-depth clinical and instrumental evaluation. Their findings indicate that left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC) is often detected incidentally or at the stage of already established heart failure, underscoring the need for more detailed investigation of the clinical aspects of this condition [1,4,7].

The absence of specific clinical signs in the early stages makes timely diagnosis difficult, thereby increasing the risk of an unfavorable prognosis [2,8,10].

Diagnostic challenges in NCCM are also associated with the lack of universally accepted criteria, especially in pediatric practice. Different echocardiographic and MRI criteria may yield inconsistent results, leading to both overdiagnosis and underestimation of the true prevalence of the disease. This highlights the need to improve diagnostic approaches and develop clear clinical guidelines [1,3,6].

Thus, noncompaction cardiomyopathy in children represents a relevant medical problem requiring further investigation. The need for early diagnosis, clarification of pathogenetic mechanisms, development of unified diagnostic criteria, and optimization of treatment strategies determines the importance of conducting scientific research in this field and implementing its results into clinical practice.

Objective. To evaluate and analyze the clinical manifestations of left ventricular noncompaction in children.

This article presents the findings of a comprehensive pathomorphological and hygienic study regarding the impact of volatile polymer degradation products (styrene, formaldehyde, phenol) on the "mother–placenta–fetus" system. It was established that chronic intoxication leads to destructive alterations in the chorionic villi, a reduction in placental blood flow intensity, and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). The authors propose and substantiate a methodology for nutritive correction based on the administration of an antioxidant complex and a specialized diet, which resulted in a 24.5% decrease in the incidence of placental morphological anomalies.

This study investigates the synergistic impact of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) derived from polymer synthesis on the structural organization of the myocardium and Peyer's patches of the small intestine. Based on experimental and histological data, it is demonstrated that chronic intoxication triggers the development of toxic myocardial dystrophy and the suppression of the intestinal lymphoid apparatus. The authors identified a significant correlation between the destruction of the myocardial endothelial barrier and the involution of germinal centers within lymphoid nodules. These findings substantiate the necessity of a systemic approach toward the prevention of occupational diseases.

This article presents the results of a comparative analysis between high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data and traditional pathohistological examination of the endometrium. For the first time within the context of the Republic of Uzbekistan, a "virtual histology" protocol has been piloted, enabling a non-invasive assessment of uterine mucosal receptivity and structural alterations. Significant correlations were established between MR signal intensity and the expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors.

This review was written to provide a thorough, critically reasoned synthesis of where the field stands. We begin by mapping the epidemiological footprint of resistance across world regions and healthcare contexts, then proceed to a detailed molecular examination of the biological mechanisms through which bacteria thwart antimicrobial agents — from the catalytic destruction of drug molecules to the architectural remodelling of target proteins, from the molecular pumps that purge drugs before they can act to the dormant cell populations that simply wait out antibiotic storms. Particular attention is given to the genomic infrastructure — plasmids, integrons, and transposable elements — that allows resistance traits to cross species lines with startling speed.

Against this mechanistic backdrop, we survey the most promising therapeutic directions that researchers and clinicians are now pursuing: reformulated and structurally novel antibiotics, combination regimens built around adjuvant compounds that neutralise resistance machinery, nanoparticle delivery platforms that ferry drugs past biofilm barriers, bacteriophage-based treatments that exploit viruses as precision bacterial predators, membrane-disrupting antimicrobial peptides, CRISPR nuclease systems repurposed as sequence-directed antibacterials, and the rapidly maturing contribution of machine-learning algorithms to drug identification and resistance forecasting. We conclude by addressing the systemic obstacles — economic, regulatory, and political — that continue to slow progress, and we outline the coordinated, cross-disciplinary response that the magnitude of this challenge demands.

This article examines the significance of psychotropic substances in forensic medicine, their effects on the human body, their role in the assessment of death and bodily injuries, and methods for their detection during forensic examinations. It also considers the diagnostic challenges encountered in cases involving psychotropic substances and explores potential solutions.

This article or research paper is dedicated to studying the relationship between personal qualities and bioethics in the field of medicine. The research shows that the personal qualities of medical professionals—such as responsibility, patience, empathy, stress resilience, honesty, and communication etiquette—are crucial for effective patient interaction and adherence to professional ethical principles. The paper analyzes the integration of personal qualities with bioethical principles, including: respect for human dignity, the principle of "do good, do no harm," ensuring the confidentiality of personal data, and obtaining the patient's informed consent. The research findings indicate that medical professionals with well-developed personal qualities are significantly more effective in making sound bioethical decisions and ensuring patient safety. This topic provides foundational scientific and practical recommendations for improving modern medical practice, medical education, and professional ethics training.

The article presents the results of an experimental forensic medical study of the formation mechanisms and morphological features of injuries to the scalp caused by sharp and blunt objects. Experimental modeling was conducted using a Charpy pendulum impact tester at standardized values of kinetic energy. The study examined the features of wound formation, the properties of their edges, ends, and walls, as well as morphological changes in the hair and hair follicles. It was established that the morphology of injuries depends on the magnitude of the kinetic energy, the degree of blade sharpness, and the characteristics of the trace contact between the traumatizing object and the barrier. The results obtained are of great importance for the forensic medical diagnosis of the injury mechanism and the identification of the injuring weapon.

This article analyzes the stages of formation of pharmacoeconomics, its emergence as a scientific direction, and its role in the healthcare system. Pharmacoeconomics is defined as a science aimed at the rational use of medical resources, the economic assessment of the effectiveness and safety of medicines, as well as the harmonization of clinical and economic indicators in the choice of treatment methods. The article highlights the main stages of pharmacoeconomics development - the emergence of clinical and economic analysis, the formation of "cost-effectiveness," "cost-benefit," and "cost-benefit" analysis methods, as well as their integration with evidence-based medicine. It also reveals the importance of pharmacoeconomic assessment in the processes of drug policy, medical insurance, regulation of the pharmaceutical market and public procurement in the modern healthcare system. The research results indicate that pharmacoeconomics plays a crucial role in ensuring financial stability within the healthcare system, improving the quality of medical services for the population, and ensuring the fair distribution of resources. The development of this direction serves to scientifically substantiate the medical decision-making process and is an important factor in improving healthcare policy.

 This article comprehensively discusses the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical forms, modern treatment methods, and microbiological foundations of diabetes mellitus. Today, diabetes mellitus is considered one of the chronic metabolic diseases posing a serious threat to the health of the global population. The disease occurs as a result of insulin deficiency or decreased tissue sensitivity to insulin and is characterized by hyperglycemia. The article scientifically analyzes the mechanisms of development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, the role of hereditary and external factors, intestinal microbiota, and the significance of microorganisms in the development of diabetes. In addition, streptococcal infections occurring in diabetes, impaired wound healing, diabetic foot syndrome, and changes in the immune system are also examined. Modern treatment methods, insulin therapy, glucose-lowering medications, diet therapy, physical activity, and preventive measures are described in detail. The article highlights the importance of a healthy lifestyle and regular medical supervision in preventing diabetes and reducing its complications.

This article extensively covers the theoretical and practical aspects of providing first aid in emergency situations. It analyzes the concept of first aid, its main goals and tasks, as well as general principles of assistance in various emergency situations (injuries, bleeding, burns, fainting, poisoning, and others). The article substantiates that timely and correct first aid is an important factor in saving human life, preventing severe complications, and positively influencing the patient’s further treatment process.

It is also emphasized that improving the population’s medical literacy, popularizing first aid skills, and forming a culture of proper behavior in emergency situations are highly relevant. This article serves as a useful resource for the general public, students, and those interested in the medical field.

 This article provides a broader coverage of the modern problems of clinical pharmacology and their role in medical practice. It analyzes the effectiveness, safety, and side effects of drugs, as well as the issues of drug–drug interactions. The increasing antibiotic resistance, the growing incidence of polypharmacy, and the necessity of an individual approach to patients are considered important issues.

At the same time, the difficulties in the development and clinical testing of new drugs and the role of modern digital technologies in clinical pharmacology are discussed. In particular, the importance of improving pharmacovigilance systems, strengthening the quality control of medicinal products, and preventing counterfeit drugs is emphasized. It is also noted that the implementation of scientific approaches is essential to ensure patient safety and improve treatment effectiveness.

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) remains one of the most widespread hematological disorders worldwide and represents a major public health concern affecting children, women of reproductive age, pregnant women, and elderly populations. According to the World Health Organization, iron deficiency accounts for nearly 50% of all anemia cases globally [1]. The modern approach to the treatment of IDA involves the use of highly bioavailable ferropreparations with improved tolerability and pharmacokinetic properties. This article analyzes the effectiveness of contemporary oral and parenteral iron preparations, including ferrous sulfate, ferrous fumarate, ferric polymaltose complex, iron sucrose, ferric carboxymaltose, and iron isomaltoside. The study evaluates therapeutic efficacy, safety profile, gastrointestinal tolerance, absorption characteristics, hemoglobin recovery rate, and ferritin restoration. Clinical studies demonstrate that modern ferropreparations significantly improve hematological indicators while reducing adverse reactions and improving patient compliance. Intravenous preparations exhibit rapid correction of severe anemia and iron stores in patients with chronic diseases, inflammatory bowel disease, chronic kidney disease, and pregnancy-associated anemia. The article highlights evidence-based recommendations for selecting appropriate ferrotherapy depending on patient characteristics and severity of iron deficiency.

This article examines the influence of emotional stress on the development and progression of psychosomatic diseases. Modern scientific studies confirm that chronic emotional stress affects the nervous, endocrine, immune, and cardiovascular systems, thereby contributing to the emergence of psychosomatic disorders. The article analyzes the physiological mechanisms of stress, the role of cortisol and catecholamines, and the relationship between psychological factors and somatic pathology. Particular attention is paid to diseases such as hypertension, bronchial asthma, peptic ulcer disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and dermatological disorders. The paper also discusses diagnostic approaches, preventive strategies, and psychotherapeutic interventions aimed at reducing psychosomatic manifestations. The study is based on evidence from international scientific literature and clinical observations.

Objective: This review summarizes the morphology, structural features, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and laboratory diagnosis of Leptospira spp.

Methods: A narrative literature review was conducted using international scientific databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect, as well as guidelines and reports from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Relevant review articles, clinical studies, and diagnostic guidelines were selected based on scientific relevance and methodological quality. [1-4]

Results: Leptospira spp. are thin, motile spirochetes that survive well in moist environments. Their spiral morphology and periplasmic flagella contribute to tissue invasion and environmental persistence. Leptospirosis is a globally distributed zoonotic infection maintained in nature by animal reservoirs, especially rodents and livestock, and transmitted to humans mainly through contact with contaminated water, soil, or animal fluids. The clinical spectrum ranges from mild self-limited febrile illness to severe multisystem disease involving the liver, kidneys, lungs, and central nervous system. Laboratory diagnosis is highly stage-dependent. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is most useful during the early septicemic phase, whereas serological methods, especially the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and IgM-based assays, are more informative in the later phase. Culture and direct microscopy have limited routine diagnostic value because of slow growth and low sensitivity. [5-11]

Conclusion: Accurate diagnosis of leptospirosis requires an integrated approach combining clinical suspicion, epidemiological history, and stage-appropriate laboratory testing. Early recognition and timely treatment are essential to reduce complications and improve clinical outcomes. [1,5,9-11]

The rapid development of digital technologies has significantly increased the visual load on the human eye. Prolonged use of computers, smartphones, tablets, and other electronic devices contributes to visual fatigue, dry eye syndrome, decreased visual acuity, and disorders of accommodation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the physiological changes of the visual organ associated with prolonged exposure to digital devices. A total of 113 patients participated in the study. Clinical and functional methods of ophthalmological examination were used, including visual acuity assessment, Schirmer test, accommodation evaluation, and questionnaire analysis. The study revealed that prolonged screen exposure negatively affects the physiological functions of the eye, especially among students and office workers. The obtained results emphasize the importance of preventive measures and rational use of digital technologies.

Adolescence is a crucial phase marked by rapid physical, emotional, and social changes. During this period, individuals often face academic pressure, identity struggles, and relationship challenges. These stressors can sometimes lead to mental health problems, making adolescents vulnerable to suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Suicide has become a significant public health concern worldwide, highlighting the importance of early risk assessment and intervention.

Respiratory infections hit kids hard all over the world. They are one of those things that send children to the doctor a lot, or even to the hospital sometimes. Schools miss out too because kids stay home sick. These can be simple colds that go away on their own, but then there are scarier ones down in the lungs like pneumonia or bronchiolitis that might need real help.

What makes children so open to this stuff? Their immune systems are still growing, not like adults where everything is set. Airways in kids are tiny, so even a little swelling blocks them up fast. Plus, being around other kids in school or daycare spreads germs quick. Hygiene is not always great, and if nutrition is off, that weakens things more. It seems like everything lines up to make them vulnerable.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of global morbidity and

mortality, with inflammation playing a crucial role in its pathogenesis. Chronic low

-grade   inflammation   contributes    to   endothelial   dysfunction,   initiation   of

atherosclerosis, and progression of plaque formation. Inflammatory cells such as

macrophages and T-lymphocytes, along with cytokines including interleukin-6 (IL-

6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), drive vascular injury and plaque

instability. C-reactive protein (CRP), particularly high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP), has

emerged   as   an   important   biomarker   for   cardiovascular   risk  assessment.

Inflammation also promotes plaque rupture and thrombosis, leading to acute

cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction and stroke. Recent advances

highlight the potential of anti-inflammatory therapies in reducing cardiovascular

risk  beyond  traditional  lipid-lowering  strategies. Understanding   the   role  of

inflammation in CVD provides new insights into disease mechanisms and opens

avenues for improved prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.

Medical gaslighting—the systematic dismissal, minimization, or psychologization of women's physical symptoms within healthcare settings—represents one of the most insidious forms of gender inequality in modern medicine. While women globally demonstrate a survival advantage over men in overall life expectancy, this metric masks a devastating paradox: women spend significantly more years living with chronic illness, disability, and undiagnosed disease. This narrative review examines the empirical evidence linking gender bias in clinical diagnosis and treatment to delayed care, misdiagnosis, and excess mortality among female patients. Drawing upon recent survey data, peer-reviewed literature, and epidemiological analyses, we demonstrate that women face disproportionate rates of diagnostic delay across more than 700 pathologies, experience longer wait times for pain management, and receive less aggressive intervention for cardiovascular events. The article traces the historical roots of medical gaslighting from the legacy of "hysteria" to contemporary clinical practice, analyzes the mortality implications of delayed diagnosis in cardiology, autoimmune disease, and chronic pain, and examines how the underrepresentation of women in medical research perpetuates these disparities. We argue that medical gaslighting is not merely a communication failure but a structural determinant of premature mortality. The review concludes with evidence-based recommendations for systemic reform, including sex-specific diagnostic protocols, implicit bias training, and mandatory sex-disaggregated outcome reporting. Addressing these inequities is essential not only for ethical clinical practice but for reducing preventable deaths among female patients worldwide.

Bacterial conjunctivitis occupies a significant place among infectious diseases of the anterior segment of the eye, and within its etiological spectrum, Staphylococcus aureus is recognized as a particularly relevant pathogen, especially in adults, elderly individuals, and patients with compromised ocular surface defense mechanisms. Contemporary literature indicates that the pathogenicity of this microorganism is not limited to superficial colonization but is mediated through a complex, multi-component virulence system. The adhesion of S. aureus to the conjunctival surface is facilitated by fibronectin-binding proteins, extracellular adherence protein, and clumping factors; subsequently, biofilm formation, tissue invasion, toxin secretion, and immune evasion mechanisms contribute to the persistence and recurrence of the disease. In particular, alpha-toxin, gamma-toxin, Panton–Valentine leukocidin, and enterotoxins enhance epithelial cell damage, promote the release of inflammatory mediators, and intensify local tissue destruction. Molecular studies have demonstrated a high prevalence of genes associated with adhesion, invasion, and immune evasion in ocular S. aureus strains; in certain clinical series, the hld and hlg genes were detected significantly more frequently in infectious strains compared to non-infectious isolates. Recent observations indicate that the proportion of staphylococci in bacterial conjunctivitis and the issue of methicillin-resistant strains remain persistent, thereby limiting the effectiveness of empirical therapy. Thus, the pathogenesis of S. aureus-associated bacterial conjunctivitis should be considered as an integrated system involving adhesion, biofilm formation, toxic injury, induction of inflammation, and antibiotic resistance.

Hepatitis B is a serious public health concern and one of the most prevalent infectious diseases in Nepal. It spreads when tainted blood or other bodily fluids come into touch with mucous membranes or torn skin. Dentists and junior physicians are especially vulnerable to hepatitis B contamination. The purpose of this study is to determine dentistry students' understanding of hepatitis B transmission and prevention. Additionally, new medical professionals in Nepal lack knowledge about hepatitis B infection transmission, prevention, and post-exposure prophylaxis. This increases the risk of chronic hepatitis B infection for both patients and practitioners, which is needless given that low-cost and simple preventive measures can almost completely eliminate the danger. Given that dentistry students are more likely to contract Hepatitis B, it is crucial to prevent the infection from spreading in dental settings. The hazards associated with performing dental treatments should be understood by the dental students, and they should take the necessary precautions to stop the disease from spreading. Planning preventative health education programs benefits from knowledge and awareness of the various ways this disease is transmitted. This will aid in the management of this illness through preventive measures. Patients and dentists will be shielded against the unintentional spread of this illness by dental education that places a strong focus on infection control procedures. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the dental students' knowledge, opinions, and preventive practices regarding the safety measures used in daily practice to prevent the spread of Hepatitis B infection in India. This was done because there was little literature available to assess the knowledge and opinions of Indian dental students towards preventive strategies to control infectious diseases. The knowledge, opinion, and preventive practice scores were also examined for potential correlations.

Gallstone disease, or cholelithiasis, is currently considered one of the most widespread diseases worldwide. This disease is characterized by the formation of stones of various sizes and shapes in the gallbladder or bile ducts. Despite the development of modern medicine, the problems associated with gallstone disease remain relevant. The development of gallstone disease depends on many factors, the main ones being the following: Firstly, metabolic disorders play an important role. In particular, as a result of impaired cholesterol metabolism in the body, the amount of cholesterol in the bile increases, which leads to the formation of crystals. Secondly, unhealthy eating habits are also among the main causes of the disease. Frequent consumption of fatty, fried, and fast foods changes the composition of bile and increases the risk of stone formation. Thirdly, a sedentary lifestyle also contributes to the development of the disease. Lack of physical activity leads to bile stagnation, which creates favorable conditions for the formation of stones. Fourthly, hereditary factors are also important. If this disease has been observed in a family, the likelihood of its occurrence in future generations also increases.

Avian influenza is currently considered one of the major epidemiological and biological threats to global public health. Highly pathogenic strains such as H5N1 and H7N9 are of particular concern due to their zoonotic nature, high mortality rate, and pandemic potential. This article analyzes the virological characteristics, immunopathogenesis, and modern laboratory diagnostic methods of H5N1 and H7N9 viruses. The role of the segmented RNA genome of Influenza A virus, as well as hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins in viral virulence, is discussed. In addition, the mechanisms of innate and adaptive immune responses, cytokine storm development, and lung tissue damage are scientifically described. The diagnostic significance of RT-PCR, ELISA, serological, and virological methods is also reviewed. The findings indicate that early detection of H5N1 and H7N9 viruses, detailed investigation of immunopathological processes, and development of effective preventive measures remain among the priority areas of modern medicine.

The use of regional anesthesia techniques in patients with certain conditions, such as anticoagulation therapy or preexisting comorbidities, raises concerns about safety and efficacy; current guidelines addressing these issues are fragmented, requiring comprehensive, evidence-based recommendations. Regional anesthesia techniques have become an essential part of modern perioperative care, offering improved pain management and recovery outcomes. However, their use in individuals with certain conditions—like anticoagulant therapy or preexisting comorbidities—raises questions about their efficacy and safety. The fragmented nature of the current guidelines addressing these concerns calls for thorough, evidence-based recommendations. The key blocks for upper extremity surgeries include interscalene, supraclavicular, infraclavicular, axillary, and intercostobrachial blocks; for lower extremity surgeries, these techniques include femoral, adductor canal, sciatic, popliteal, and lumbar plexus blocks; advances in ultrasound guidance have improved the safety and efficacy of these techniques, making them indispensable for modern anesthesiology practice; by mastering these approaches, providers can improve perioperative care in orthopedic surgery. While femoral, adductor canal, sciatic, popliteal, and lumbar plexus blocks are used in lower extremity procedures, interscalene, supraclavicular, infraclavicular, axillary, and intercostobrachial blocks are important blocks for upper extremity surgery. The safety and effectiveness of these methods have been improved by developments in ultrasound guidance, making them essential for contemporary anesthesiology practice. By becoming proficient in these methods, healthcare professionals can improve patient outcomes, broaden their skill set, and help improve perioperative care in orthopedic surgery.

This article analyzes the functional characteristics of the microcirculation system from the perspective of normal physiology and its changes in various pathological conditions (inflammation, hypoxia, ischemia). The main objective of the study is to reveal the mechanisms of blood circulation disorders at the tissue level and their role in the pathogenesis of diseases. Based on the analysis of theoretical and practical data obtained through laser Doppler flowmetry and capillaroscopy methods, the impact of endothelial dysfunction and changes in blood rheological properties on the microcirculatory bed was evaluated. The results show that increased capillary permeability and microthrombosis form the basis of various systemic pathologies. The article serves as an important resource for medical institution students and young researchers in the in-depth study of the physiology and pathology of blood circulation.

This section of the scientific article provides an in-depth analysis of the mechanisms underlying antibiotic resistance as a complex biological and genetic process that enables microorganisms to survive under antimicrobial pressure. Antibiotic resistance is considered an adaptive response driven by selective pressure, resulting in the emergence and spread of resistant bacterial strains.

The study examines key molecular mechanisms of resistance, including genetic mutations that alter antibiotic target sites, thereby reducing drug effectiveness. It also highlights the role of horizontal gene transfer, involving plasmids, transposons, and bacteriophages, which facilitates the rapid dissemination of resistance genes among bacterial populations.

Particular emphasis is placed on enzymatic inactivation of antibiotics, especially through the production of beta-lactamases that degrade antibiotic molecules and render them ineffective. Additionally, the article discusses mechanisms that reduce membrane permeability, limiting antibiotic entry into the bacterial cell, as well as efflux pump systems that actively expel antibiotics, lowering their intracellular concentration.

Furthermore, structural modifications of target sites, such as ribosomes and enzymes, are analyzed as critical factors that prevent effective antibiotic binding. These combined mechanisms illustrate the multifaceted nature of antibiotic resistance and underscore its significance as a major challenge in modern medicine.

The adrenal glands are vital endocrine organs situated superior to the kidneys, playing a crucial role in regulating various physiological processes. They are composed of two distinct regions, the cortex and the medulla, each responsible for synthesizing and secreting a unique set of hormones. The adrenal cortex produces steroid hormones like glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens, essential for metabolism, electrolyte balance, and stress response. Concurrently, the adrenal medulla secretes catecholamines, primarily epinephrine and norepinephrine, which mediate the body's "fight or flight" response. Dysregulation of adrenal function can lead to significant endocrine disorders, highlighting their critical importance in maintaining homeostasis.

This article delineates the findings of a comprehensive study investigating molecular-genetic and biochemical predictors of metabolic dysregulation among employees in the polymer-manufacturing sector. A significant correlative relationship was established between the duration of occupational exposure to styrene and acrylonitrile and the genetic polymorphism of the detoxification system (GSTM1, GSTT1). Furthermore, the study identified specific alterations in the lipid profile and oxidative stress markers, facilitating the diagnosis of premorbid conditions at their nascent stages. Based on these findings, evidence-based recommendations for the nutritional correction of the identified metabolic imbalances were developed.

 This article discusses in detail the crucial role of Helicobacter pylori infection in the etiology and pathogenesis of chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. The adaptation of the microorganism to the acidic environment of the stomach (in particular, protection by the urease enzyme), the mechanisms of adhesion to epithelial cells, the release of cytotoxic factors and the activation of the local immune-inflammatory response are analyzed on a scientific basis. Also, the increased acid production as a result of increased gastrin secretion by the bacteria, the disruption of the protective barrier systems of the mucous membrane and, as a result, the formation of erosion and ulcer defects are explained step by step. The article reviews the morphological changes associated with H. pylori - lymphocytic and neutrophilic infiltration, glandular atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, destructive lesions of the mucous membrane - and their clinical manifestations in their interrelation. In addition, the practical importance of modern diagnostic methods (breath test, endoscopic biopsy, serological and fecal antigen tests) and the principles of eradication treatment are highlighted. The article substantiates the possibility of reducing the recurrence of chronic gastritis and ulcer disease and preventing complications through early detection and targeted treatment of H. pylori infection

 Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel is considered a valuable bioactive by-product generated in the agricultural industry. Recent studies have demonstrated that it contains high amounts of polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids, vitamins, and mineral elements. These compounds provide strong antioxidant, antimicrobial, and pharmacological properties. This article analyzes the chemical composition, biological activity, and potential applications of pomegranate peel in the food, pharmaceutical, and agricultural industries. The results demonstrated that pomegranate peel possesses high antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP) and has promising potential as a natural preservative.

This work discusses the epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases, their main risk factors, clinical diagnostic methods, as well as modern treatment and prevention strategies. The study particularly analyzes the role of a healthy lifestyle in preventing cardiovascular system diseases. It also highlights the impact of unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, harmful habits, and stress on the development of these diseases. Modern diagnostic approaches and treatment methods are reviewed as well. The results emphasize the importance of preventive measures in reducing the burden of cardiovascular diseases.

Esophageal cancer is one of the malignant neoplastic diseases characterized by a high mortality rate, late detection, and biologically aggressive course. Tobacco products, alcohol, very hot beverages, a diet rich in nitrosamines, chronic gastroesophageal reflux, Barrett’s esophagus, obesity, micronutrient deficiency, and disturbances in the general culture of nutrition play an important role in its development. In traditional medicine, views on cancer prevention are often associated with the use of natural foods, vegetables, greens, spices, and plants. A modern scientific approach evaluates such remedies not as substitutes for treatment, but as an additional direction of a healthy lifestyle, rational nutrition, and reduction of risk factors. Cruciferous vegetables such as cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, turnip, radish, garden radish, and arugula are attracting particular attention because they are rich in glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, indole compounds, sulforaphane, phenolic substances, vitamin C, folates, and dietary fiber. This review-analytical article highlights the elements of traditional medicine in the prevention of esophageal cancer and the possible molecular mechanisms of action of cruciferous vegetables. The analysis of available literature shows that cruciferous vegetables should not be interpreted as agents that directly treat cancer; however, through carcinogen detoxification, reduction of oxidative stress, lowering of inflammatory mediators, apoptosis, and control of the cell cycle, they may occupy an important place in the model of primary preventive nutrition.

This article evaluates the economic efficiency of the combined supplementation of broiler chicken diets with chitosan and whey powder. The experiment was conducted on 120 one-day-old Cobb-500 broilers, divided into four groups (control, chitosan, whey, and combination) for a period of 42 days. Throughout the experiment, zootechnical indicators such as live weight, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, carcass yield, and livability were monitored, alongside calculations of production costs and revenue. The results indicated that supplementation, both individually and especially in combination (2% chitosan + 5% whey), accelerated chicken growth, improved feed conversion efficiency by 8.9%, and increased livability. Economic calculations revealed that in the combination group, the feed cost per kg of weight gain decreased by 15.2%, while the cost per tonne of live weight was reduced by 14.3%. Consequently, the net profit per tonne increased by 66.7%, and the profitability margin rose to 25.0%. It was concluded that the combination of chitosan and whey powder not only enhances the biological efficiency of broiler meat production but also delivers high economic returns, making it a viable strategy for the industry.

This study investigated the effect of dietary supplementation with 2% chitosan and 5% whey on protein metabolism indicators in the blood plasma of broiler chickens, namely the levels of total protein and globulin fractions (alpha, beta, and gamma). The study was conducted on 60 one-day-old Cobb-500 hybrid broiler chickens over a period of 42 days. The chickens were divided into three groups: Group 1 (control) received a standard basal diet, Group 2's diet was supplemented with 2% chitosan, and Group 3's diet was supplemented with 5% whey. Biochemical indicators in the blood plasma were determined on day 42 of the experiment using the ELISA method. The results showed that in both experimental groups, the levels of total protein and all globulin fractions were significantly higher (p < 0.05) compared to the control group. The group supplemented with whey showed the highest values for these indicators. In conclusion, natural nutritional supplements such as chitosan and whey effectively strengthen the protein synthesis function of the liver in broilers and activate humoral immunity, thereby proving to be effective means for enhancing their immunological resistance.

Tissue regeneration is a complex biological process that requires coordinated cellular activity, appropriate biochemical signals, and supportive structural matrices. In recent years, biodegradable hydrogel systems based on natural polymers have gained considerable attention in regenerative medicine and wound therapy. Among them, collagen-based hydrogels are particularly promising due to their excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, and structural similarity to the natural extracellular matrix of living tissues. Incorporating biologically active compounds into such hydrogel matrices may significantly enhance their regenerative potential.

6-Aminopurine, a purine derivative structurally related to adenine, is known to participate in nucleic acid metabolism and cellular proliferation processes. Its incorporation into biodegradable collagen hydrogels may stimulate fibroblast growth, accelerate extracellular matrix formation, and promote tissue regeneration.

The present study investigates the regeneration-activating role of 6-aminopurine encapsulated in a biodegradable collagen hydrogel system. The hydrogel matrix was designed to provide a moist microenvironment and sustained release of the active compound at the site of tissue damage. Experimental observations demonstrated that the collagen-hydrogel system containing 6-aminopurine significantly improved cellular proliferation, granulation tissue formation, and epithelialization compared with untreated controls. The results indicate that collagen-based hydrogel systems incorporating purine derivatives represent a promising approach for advanced wound healing and regenerative medicine applications.

This article analyzes the role and importance of information and communication technologies (ICT) in the modern healthcare system. It highlights the impact of ICT on diagnostics, treatment, monitoring, management, and medical education processes. In addition, the advantages of electronic healthcare systems, electronic medical records, and e-prescription systems, as well as their role in ensuring patient safety, are examined. The article substantiates that the implementation of ICT leads to improved quality of medical services, reduction of clinical errors, and increased efficiency of healthcare professionals’ activities.

Abstract: Uterine cancer is one of the most significant gynecologic oncological problems, the relevance of which is increasing against the backdrop of an aging population, obesity, metabolic disorders, and molecular heterogeneity of tumors. This literature review evaluates the potential of sweet clover, or Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pall., and corn silk, known in pharmacognosy as Stigma maydis of the plant Zea mays L., as adjuvant phytotherapeutic agents for uterine cancer. The analysis shows that coumarins, flavonoids, and phenolic acids of sweet clover, as well as polyphenols, flavonoids, minerals, and polysaccharide fractions of corn silk have the potential to influence inflammation, oxidative stress, microcirculation, and metabolic disorders. However, the available data are insufficient to consider these plants as independent anticancer treatments. Their possible use should be considered only as a scientifically substantiated direction of maintenance therapy under the supervision of an oncologist and taking into account the risk of drug interactions.

This article analyzes the role and significance of information and communication technologies (ICT) in modern medicine. The integration of digital technologies such as computer tomography, dental radiography, online registration systems, and telemedicine tools into healthcare is comprehensively investigated. The paper discusses the transition from paper-based bureaucracy to electronic health records (EHR), emphasizing the optimization of physicians' workflow and the improvement of medical service quality. Furthermore, the psychological and social aspects of patient behavior, particularly the impact of online queue management systems on reducing medical misinformation among patients, are evaluated. The study concludes that digitalization does not replace medical professionals but rather serves as an essential tool to enhance diagnostic accuracy and clinical efficiency.

It is well known that the socio-economic development of any society is determined by human thinking, intellectual potential, spirituality, and culture. These attributes are directly formed and nurtured within educational institutions. Therefore, educating the younger generation, developing their intellectual capacities and thinking, and providing them with continuous support are considered vital social needs. This issue stands as one of the primary tasks facing the continuous education system of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

 This article discusses the influence of external factors on the embryonic development of the aorta and the main congenital defects of the aorta. The negative effects of maternal infections, harmful habits, medications, environmental factors, and metabolic disorders on fetal aortic formation are analyzed. In addition, the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic methods of major congenital anomalies such as aortic coarctation, aortic stenosis, and aortic arch abnormalities are described. The importance of early diagnosis and prevention of congenital cardiovascular defects is emphasized.

 Хронический синусит является одним из наиболее распространённых заболеваний ЛОР-органов и сопровождается длительным воспалением околоносовых пазух, нарушением носового дыхания, гипоксией тканей и снижением качества жизни пациентов. В последние годы отмечается рост числа пациентов с хроническими воспалительными заболеваниями верхних дыхательных путей, что связано с ухудшением экологической обстановки, увеличением резистентности микроорганизмов к антибиотикам и снижением иммунологической реактивности организма. Целью настоящего исследования явилось изучение клинико-микробиологических особенностей хронического синусита и определение роли воспалительных изменений в прогрессировании заболевания.

The study also analyzes interpretation as a product of understanding literary content and creative engagement, highlighting characteristic features of perceiving artistic expression. It argues that interpretation serves to understand the writer’s concept, is a theory of textual meaning-making, and that interpretation is an inseparable phenomenon connected with the creative author.

Brain-computer interface (BCI) technology represents a transformative advance in modern neurorehabilitation, offering new opportunities for restoring function in individuals affected by paralysis. This narrative review examines BCI approaches applied to patients with spinal cord injury, stroke, and neurodegenerative disorders. Invasive, non-invasive, and minimally invasive methodologies are discussed, with evaluation of their utility in motor recovery, assistive device operation, and communication restoration. A comprehensive 2025 meta-analysis demonstrated significant improvements of 3.26 points on the Fugl-Meyer Assessment for Upper Extremity favoring BCI interventions over conventional therapy. The expanding global BCI market, valued at USD 3.07 billion in 2025 with projections reaching USD 13.32 billion by 2035, underscores growing commercial and clinical investment. While substantial technical and regulatory challenges persist, BCI systems hold considerable promise for enhancing rehabilitation outcomes and restoring autonomy.

Brain-computer interface (BCI) technology represents a transformative advance in modern neurorehabilitation, offering new opportunities for restoring function in individuals affected by paralysis. This narrative review examines BCI approaches applied to patients with spinal cord injury, stroke, and neurodegenerative disorders. Invasive, non-invasive, and minimally invasive methodologies are discussed, with evaluation of their utility in motor recovery, assistive device operation, and communication restoration. A comprehensive 2025 meta-analysis demonstrated significant improvements of 3.26 points on the Fugl-Meyer Assessment for Upper Extremity favoring BCI interventions over conventional therapy. The expanding global BCI market, valued at USD 3.07 billion in 2025 with projections reaching USD 13.32 billion by 2035, underscores growing commercial and clinical investment. While substantial technical and regulatory challenges persist, BCI systems hold considerable promise for enhancing rehabilitation outcomes and restoring autonomy.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains one of the most lethal malignancies worldwide, characterized by late-stage diagnosis, aggressive progression, and limited therapeutic efficacy. With an overall five-year survival rate of merely 10% globally and approximately 510,922 new cases and 467,409 deaths reported in 2022, pancreatic cancer represents a formidable public health challenge . The convergence of artificial intelligence (AI) and nanomedicine heralds a transformative paradigm in oncology—termed“Smart Cancer Care”—that promises to revolutionize early detection, precise diagnosis, targeted drug delivery, and personalized treatment strategies. This narrative review examines the synergistic integration of AI-driven diagnostic platforms and nano-based therapeutic systems in the management of pancreatic cancer, exploring current advancements, clinical applications, and future trajectories toward precision oncology.

The female genitourinary tract represents a complex ecosystem where microbial communities, hormonal influences, and anatomical integrity converge to maintain homeostasis. In recent years, the emergence of microbiome science has fundamentally transformed our understanding of three prevalent and often coexisting conditions: recurrent urinary tract infections (rUTIs), vaginal dysbiosis, and urinary incontinence (UI). Once viewed as isolated clinical entities, these disorders are now recognized as deeply interconnected manifestations of microbial and epithelial dysfunction. This narrative review explores the tripartite relationship between these conditions, examining how vaginal dysbiosis creates a permissive environment for uropathogen colonization, how urinary incontinence alters the bladder milieu to facilitate persistent infection, and how recurrent infections further disrupt microbial communities to create a self-perpetuating cycle of genitourinary morbidity. By synthesizing current evidence from microbiome research, clinical epidemiology, and therapeutic trials, we present an integrated framework for understanding, diagnosing, and managing what has become one of the most challenging clinical constellations in women’s health.

Respiration is the rhythmic (uniform) expansion and contraction process of the pulmonary alveoli, which ensures the interaction of atmospheric air with the blood in the capillaries of the alveolar walls of the lungs. The respiratory system consists of air-conducting pathways including the nasal cavity, larynx, trachea and bronchi, as well as respiratory sections consisting of pulmonary vesicles – alveoli. In the airways, the air is humidified, warmed, and cleaned from various dust particles. In the respiratory sections, gas exchange occurs between the blood and the alveoli. In the nasal cavity, the vestibule and respiratory parts are distinguished. The vestibule is covered with stratified squamous epithelium, which is a continuation of the skin epithelium. Under the epithelium are sebaceous glands and hair roots. Many hairs located here retain dust particles from the inhaled air. The respiratory system is prone to various diseases. One of the most common diseases is bronchitis, which is characterized by inflammation of the bronchi and manifests with coughing and sputum production. Pneumonia is inflammation of the lung tissue, characterized by fever, shortness of breath and severe cough. Bronchial asthma is a chronic disease in which the bronchi narrow due to allergic or other causes, making breathing difficult.

His study explores the application of biological and chemical protection products in orchard management, focusing on their roles in controlling pests, diseases, and weeds. Biological protection methods, including biopesticides, beneficial microorganisms, and natural predators, offer environmentally friendly alternatives that enhance ecological balance and sustainability. In contrast, chemical protection products such as fungicides, insecticides, and herbicides provide rapid and effective control of harmful organisms, ensuring crop productivity and quality. The paper emphasizes the importance of integrating both approaches within an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) framework to achieve optimal results. Special attention is given to reducing environmental impact, minimizing chemical residues, and improving long-term orchard health. The findings suggest that a balanced use of biological and chemical methods can significantly increase yield, maintain fruit quality, and support sustainable agricultural practices.

Coronary artery disease remains the leading cause of mortality worldwide, and percutaneous coronary intervention with stent implantation has revolutionized its management. Despite significant advancements from bare metal stents to drug-eluting stents, challenges such as in-stent restenosis, delayed endothelialization, and late stent thrombosis persist. Nanotechnology offers promising solutions through nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems, nanocoatings, and molecular targeting strategies that may achieve restenosis prevention while preserving endothelial healing. This narrative review examines the evolution of coronary stent technology, the pathophysiology of in-stent restenosis, and the application of nanotechnology in contemporary stent design. We discuss various nanoparticle platforms including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and magnetic nanoparticles, along with their mechanisms of targeted drug delivery to the vascular wall. Furthermore, we review preclinical studies and early clinical trials of nanoparticle-enhanced stents, analyze current challenges in clinical translation, and outline future directions for this rapidly evolving field.

Hypertension is a problem. It occurs when your blood pressure is too high. Your systolic blood pressure should be above 140 mmHg and your diastrophic blood must be no less than 90 mHG. The International Society of Hypertension has stated that hypertension is a disease that affects more than 1.5 billion people globally, and it's detrimental to health. It can lead to heart-related complications such as heart disease and stroke.. It can even cause death. It is imperative to take action against high blood pressure. Why? The International Society of Hypertension held a meeting with experts to discuss the management of hypertension. According to their statement, the prevention and control of hypertension can be achieved by making lifestyle changes. These adjustments are necessary even if you're taking medication to check your blood pressure. The specialists scrutinized a considerable amount of research. Made some recommendations. The recommendation was to begin making these changes at a young age. It's worth trying to be a weight. You need to exercise as well. Eating healthy and drinking nutritious drinks are both important. You should not. Drink too much alcohol. Trying to manage your stress and get some rest is also important. The specialists also provided insights on some actions. Avoid consuming large quantities of sodium or sugar.'". A diet that includes potassium and fibre is recommended. They also talked about the consumption of coffee and tea. There are individuals who may want to fast. These modifications can be made using a few tools. Technology has the potential to assist in your behaviour change. Helping with hypertension management. Managing high blood pressure is possible, but there are ways to do so. Controlling hypertension is possible with the right lifestyle changes.

 This article provides a systematic analysis of the anatomical and histological structure of the heart, as well as its physiological functions. The study aims to evaluate the functional significance of the heart’s four-chambered structure, its wall layers (epicardium, myocardium, endocardium), and its conduction system. The research employed methods including anatomical dissection, histological analysis, and systemic vascular-nervous analysis. The results demonstrate that the intercalated discs between cardiomyocytes ensure the rapid transmission of electrical signals, while coronary blood supply and innervation coordinate the heart's inherent automaticity. The conclusion emphasizes that the anatomical and histological integrity of the heart serves as a fundamental basis for its effective pumping function, as well as for understanding and treating cardiological pathologies.

This article highlights the stages of age-related changes in the human skull during ontogenesis based on the international IMRAD (Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion) standard. The morphological and histological characteristics of skull development, proportional changes between the cranial and facial parts, as well as the involution of bone tissue during aging, are analyzed. The article serves as a scientific and methodological resource for medical university students and young scientists conducting research in the fields of morphology and anatomy.

This article presents a functional analysis of the central and peripheral endocrine mechanisms that ensure homeostasis in the human body. The primary aim of the study is to elucidate the leading role of the hypothalamic-pituitary system in regulating the activity of peripheral glands — the thyroid and parathyroid glands, as well as the involvement of the adrenal glands in the physiology of arterial pressure. The article analyzes the histological structure of endocrine glands, hormonal secretion processes, and their impact on calcium-phosphorus metabolism in blood serum and metabolic processes based on modern physiological views. The research findings are of significant importance for the early diagnosis of clinical manifestations of endocrine system disorders and the understanding of physiological regulation mechanisms.

Mechanical injuries of teeth are among the most common traumatic conditions encountered in dental practice and significantly affect the functional and aesthetic state of the oral cavity. These injuries can lead to disturbances in chewing function, speech, and overall oral health if not diagnosed and treated in a timely manner. The present study analyzes the main etiological factors, clinical manifestations, and modern treatment approaches of mechanical dental injuries. Particular attention is given to the most common causes of dental trauma, including domestic accidents, sports-related injuries, traffic accidents, and iatrogenic factors associated with improper dental procedures. The clinical forms of traumatic dental injuries such as enamel cracks, crown fractures, root fractures, luxation, avulsion, and damage to the surrounding periodontal tissues are described and systematized. Modern diagnostic methods, including clinical examination, radiographic assessment, and functional evaluation of the affected teeth, are discussed as essential tools for accurate diagnosis. In addition, contemporary treatment strategies such as restorative procedures, endodontic therapy, splinting techniques, and minimally invasive approaches are analyzed. The results of this study demonstrate that early diagnosis and the application of modern therapeutic technologies play a crucial role in preventing complications and ensuring successful rehabilitation of traumatized teeth. The findings highlight the clinical importance of an integrated diagnostic and treatment approach in improving the effectiveness of dental trauma management.

This article examines pathological changes that develop in lung tissue in post-COVID syndrome. It focuses on predicting outcomes and complications, as well as the morphogenesis of possible secondary proliferative lesions. Additionally, the study analyzes sclerotic changes in lung tissue and highlights specific features in localized areas of morphofunctionally impaired bronchopulmonary segments. Based on these findings, the work aims to develop recommendations for improving the effectiveness of rehabilitation and tactical treatment using clearly defined criteria.

In Covid-19, specific morphological changes in immune organs are accompanied by varying degrees of morphological changes depending on the nature of the pathogen and the general reactivity of the body. In any disease of the same viral nature, different subpopulations of T-lymphocytes (CD 3+,4+,carrying antigen) or B-lymphocytes (CD 20+, 23+) on the part of immune cells of varying degrees, a change in antigen-bearing populations, manifested by quantitative and qualitative changes. Changes in the immune organs are characterized by the accumulation of lymphocytes at different levels or the transition with metaplastic changes in parenchymal elements.

Regeneration of nerve fibers following injuries of the peripheral nervous system is a complex and multi-stage process involving degeneration of damaged structures, activation of Schwann cells, guided axonal growth, and remyelination. In recent years, significant progress has been made in understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying nerve regeneration, including the roles of neurotrophic factors, cytokines, and intercellular interactions. Particular attention is given to Wallerian degeneration, a critical phase that prepares the microenvironment for subsequent nerve repair. Despite the relatively high regenerative capacity of peripheral nerves compared to the central nervous system, functional recovery is often incomplete. Current research focuses on the development of advanced therapeutic strategies, such as stem cell therapy, biomaterials, and growth factor-based approaches. A deeper understanding of regenerative mechanisms is essential for improving clinical outcomes in patients with peripheral nerve injuries.

 The rheological properties of blood (viscosity, erythrocyte deformability and aggregation) play a significant biophysical role in hemodynamic processes. This article analyzes the flow characteristics of blood as a non-Newtonian fluid, its influence on macro- and microcirculation based on Poiseuille’s law, the Fahraeus-Lindqvist effect, and the “sludge” phenomenon. It demonstrates how disturbances in blood rheology lead to tissue hypoxia in cardiovascular diseases, shock states, and microcirculatory disorders. Based on Uzbek medical literature and pathophysiology sources, the clinical significance of rheological parameters is highlighted.

Hypertensive crisis represents a critical medical emergency characterized by severe blood pressure elevation (systolic ≥180 mmHg and/or diastolic ≥120 mmHg) with potential for acute target-organ damage. While essential hypertension accounts for approximately 95% of cases, secondary causes—particularly endocrine and renal disorders—contribute significantly to hypertensive emergencies and are potentially curable with timely intervention. Endocrine causes including pheochromocytoma, Cushing's syndrome, and primary aldosteronism account for nearly 3% of secondary hypertension cases, whereas renovascular and renoparenchymal diseases represent major non-endocrine secondary etiologies. This comprehensive narrative review examines the pathophysiological mechanisms linking endocrine and renal disorders to hypertensive crisis, delineates clinical manifestations and diagnostic approaches, and synthesizes current evidence-based management strategies. Understanding the interplay between hormonal dysregulation, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation, and renal dysfunction is essential for clinicians to recognize secondary causes, initiate targeted therapy, and prevent life-threatening complications including stroke, myocardial infarction, and acute renal failure.

Regional chemotherapy delivers cytotoxic agents directly to tumor-bearing regions while minimizing systemic exposure. This review examines HIPEC, HAI, TACE, PIPAC, and ILP modalities. Achieving locoregional drug concentrations 15–20× higher than systemic administration, these techniques enhance tumoricidal efficacy with reduced toxicity. Recent 2026 advances include molecular profiling integration, nanoparticle delivery, and combination immunotherapy. Clinical evidence demonstrates significant survival benefits in colorectal peritoneal metastases, hepatocellular carcinoma, and melanoma.

Pressure ulcers (bedsores) are localized ischemic and necrotic lesions of the skin and underlying tissues caused by prolonged pressure, friction, and shear forces. This article analyzes the pathogenesis, major risk factors, and clinical stages of pressure ulcers based on current scientific evidence. It also highlights the priority role of preventive measures and reviews modern treatment approaches, including negative pressure wound therapy, bioactive dressings, and regenerative technologies. These approaches play a crucial role in improving the prevention and management outcomes of pressure ulcers.

This article provides a scientific analysis of the causative agents of actinomycosis and the diagnostic approaches to the diseases they cause, as well as the clinical and practical significance of atypical (nontuberculous) mycobacteria. The study examines the microbiological characteristics, pathogenesis, and clinical forms of bacteria belonging to the genus Actinomyces, along with the distribution, pathogenicity, and mechanisms of infection caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria. Modern diagnostic methods, including microbiological, histological, and molecular-biological techniques, are evaluated in terms of their effectiveness. The findings highlight the importance of differential diagnosis due to the clinical similarity of these infections to other diseases. The study also emphasizes the necessity of early diagnosis, appropriate treatment strategies, and a comprehensive clinical approach in medical practice.

During the lactation period, a woman’s body is significantly influenced by nutrition, stress, environmental factors, hormonal changes, as well as other external and internal influences. In this period, the body faces increased energy demand, milk synthesis, and metabolic load. This article analyzes the effects of various factors on the maternal organism during lactation, milk production processes, hormonal and metabolic adaptations, as well as the body’s adaptive capabilities.The results of the study show that positive factors (balanced nutrition, stress management, and favorable environmental conditions) support lactation and strengthen the health of both mother and child. Negative factors, on the other hand, may reduce the quantity and quality of breast milk and lead to fatigue and metabolic disorders in the maternal organism. The body’s adaptive mechanisms (metabolic reorganization, hormonal regulation, and immune response) help it adjust to high physiological demands.