This article comprehensively discusses the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical forms, modern treatment methods, and microbiological foundations of diabetes mellitus. Today, diabetes mellitus is considered one of the chronic metabolic diseases posing a serious threat to the health of the global population. The disease occurs as a result of insulin deficiency or decreased tissue sensitivity to insulin and is characterized by hyperglycemia. The article scientifically analyzes the mechanisms of development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, the role of hereditary and external factors, intestinal microbiota, and the significance of microorganisms in the development of diabetes. In addition, streptococcal infections occurring in diabetes, impaired wound healing, diabetic foot syndrome, and changes in the immune system are also examined. Modern treatment methods, insulin therapy, glucose-lowering medications, diet therapy, physical activity, and preventive measures are described in detail. The article highlights the importance of a healthy lifestyle and regular medical supervision in preventing diabetes and reducing its complications.

Diabetes mellitus, insulin, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, microbiota, streptococcal infection, diabetic foot, metabolic disorder, autoimmune process, glucose, HbA1c, diet therapy, microangiopathy, immune system, diabetic complications.

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