Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of global morbidity and

mortality, with inflammation playing a crucial role in its pathogenesis. Chronic low

-grade   inflammation   contributes    to   endothelial   dysfunction,   initiation   of

atherosclerosis, and progression of plaque formation. Inflammatory cells such as

macrophages and T-lymphocytes, along with cytokines including interleukin-6 (IL-

6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), drive vascular injury and plaque

instability. C-reactive protein (CRP), particularly high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP), has

emerged   as   an   important   biomarker   for   cardiovascular   risk  assessment.

Inflammation also promotes plaque rupture and thrombosis, leading to acute

cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction and stroke. Recent advances

highlight the potential of anti-inflammatory therapies in reducing cardiovascular

risk  beyond  traditional  lipid-lowering  strategies. Understanding   the   role  of

inflammation in CVD provides new insights into disease mechanisms and opens

avenues for improved prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.

Inflammation, Cardiovascular Disease, Atherosclerosis, Endothelial Dysfunction, C-reactive Protein (CRP), Cytokines, Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), Oxidative Stress, Plaque Rupture, Immune Response, hs-CRP, Vascular Inflammation, Coronary Artery Disease

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