Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting the supporting structures of the teeth, including the gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone. It is primarily caused by the accumulation of microbial biofilms on tooth surfaces, leading to host immune responses that can result in progressive tissue destruction. This literature review aims to summarize current knowledge on the etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal disease, highlighting the role of microbial factors, host immune response, genetic predisposition, and environmental influences such as smoking and stress. Understanding the multifactorial nature of periodontal disease is essential for developing targeted preventive and therapeutic strategies.

periodontal disease, pathogenesis, inflammation, oral microbiota, host immune response, risk factors, biofilm, gingival inflammation

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Hajishengallis, G., Chavakis, T., & Lambris, J. D. (2020). Current understanding of periodontal disease pathogenesis and targets for host-modulation therapy. Periodontology 2000, 84(1), 14–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/prd.12331

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López-Valverde, N., Quispe-López, N., & Blanco Rueda, J. A. (2024). Inflammation and immune response in the development of periodontal disease: a narrative review. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, 14, 1493818. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2024.1493818