Nutritional disorders during infancy, especially in children under one year of age, remain a pressing concern in pediatric healthcare. This article explores the most common causes of nutritional imbalances in this age group, including improper feeding practices, maternal health factors, congenital conditions, and socio-economic challenges. Emphasis is placed on early diagnosis and the implementation of modern treatment approaches, such as individualized nutritional plans, use of fortified formulas, and parental education. Understanding and addressing these factors are crucial for preventing long-term health complications and promoting optimal growth and development in infants.

The article provides a historical background, presenting the approaches of morphologists and radiologists to the issue of the lobar structure of the prostate gland. Given the confusion regarding the term “central zone”, it is proposed to avoid its use in the conclusions of magnetic resonance and ultrasound examination. It is recommended to use the division of the gland into 39 sectors only when describing an MRI study of the prostate performed in accordance with the recommendations of the PI-RADSv2 system.

Anxiety is a prevalent concern among medical students, driven by academic pressure and emotional stress. This review examined nine international studies encompassing 4,508 students, revealing anxiety prevalence rates ranging from 28.48% to 81.63%. Variability was attributed to institutional, cultural, and methodological factors. Higher rates were observed in female students and those in preclinical years. Most studies emphasized the lack of psychological support systems. These findings highlight the urgent need for institutional interventions and standardized mental health assessments to support future healthcare professionals.

Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting the supporting structures of the teeth, including the gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone. It is primarily caused by the accumulation of microbial biofilms on tooth surfaces, leading to host immune responses that can result in progressive tissue destruction. This literature review aims to summarize current knowledge on the etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal disease, highlighting the role of microbial factors, host immune response, genetic predisposition, and environmental influences such as smoking and stress. Understanding the multifactorial nature of periodontal disease is essential for developing targeted preventive and therapeutic strategies.

During the study, in 107 patients with vascular thrombosis of various localization, the associative relationship of Leu33Pro in the integrin beta-3 (ITGB3) gene in the formation of pathology data was analyzed. In the studied groups, the actual distribution of C807T polymorphism genotypes corresponded to those expected at the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p<0.05).

This article analyzes scientific literature on the effectiveness of teaching chronic heart failure (CHF) to students using intensive and accelerated technologies. The study evaluates the impact of innovative teaching methods on students' understanding of the disease, clinical reasoning skills, ability to comprehend diagnostic and treatment principles, and practical competencies. The research findings confirm that applying interactive and modern educational technologies in CHF teaching accelerates students' learning processes and enhances their preparedness for clinical and practical work.

This article sheds light on the morphology, distribution, chemical composition and application in medicine of medicinal plants, which contain alkaloids that are part of the tropane derivative.

 This article presents the clinical course of brucellosis in children, changes in laboratory analyses, and the effectiveness of physiotherapy in modern treatment. The study was conducted on 140 patients with acute brucellosis aged 3 to 17 years who were hospitalized in the Children's Department of the Surkhandarya Regional Infectious Diseases Hospital.

Premorbid anemia negatively affects the course and outcome of acute brucellosis in children. Additionally, to prevent various complications in the bones and joints as well as disability, patients were recommended for rehabilitation in sulfur and radon-rich resorts, specifically the Sherabad and Omonkhona resorts, taking into account the damage to their musculoskeletal and nervous systems.

 Over the past fifteen years, increasing public demand for minimally invasive surgery and recent technological advances have led to the development of a number of conservative therapeutic treatments for obstructive salivary gland diseases such as stones and duct stenosis. These include extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, sialendoscopy, laser intracorporeal lithotripsy, interventional radiology, video-assisted conservative surgical removal of parotid and submandibular stones, and botulinum toxin therapy. Each of these methods can be used as a stand-alone therapeutic method or in combination with one or more of the above options, usually on a day or overnight basis under local or general anesthesia. The multimodal approach is completely successful in approximately 80% of patients and reduces the need for gland removal by 3%, justifying the combination, albeit labor-intensive and relatively expensive, as part of a modern and functional treatment of salivary gland stones. Regarding the treatment of salivary duct anomalies such as strictures and kinks, interventional radiology with fluoroscopically guided balloon ductoplasty appears to be the most appropriate method despite the use of radiation. Operative sialendoscopy alone is the best therapeutic option for all mobile intraluminal causes of obstruction such as microliths, mucus plugs or foreign bodies, or for the local treatment of inflammatory conditions such as recurrent chronic mumps or autoimmune diseases of the salivary glands. Finally, if one of the above methods fails and regardless of the cause of obstruction, botulinum toxin injection into the salivary gland parenchyma using color Doppler ultrasound monitoring should be considered before deciding on surgical removal of the gland.

Perforation of the tympanic membrane is observed in patients with acute purulent otitis media due to the fact that they did not consult an ENT doctor in the early stages of the disease, and in some patients, due to frequent recurrence of the disease due to perforation of the tympanic membrane, the formation of infiltrates and exudate with incomplete absorption can lead to the formation of cicatricial adhesions on the mucous membrane of the tympanic cavity, the tympanic membrane, and the auditory ossicles. As a result, the mobility of the auditory ossicles is impaired, and patients experience varying degrees of hearing loss.

Bronchoobstructive syndrome (BOS) is a common pathological condition in pediatric practice, accompanied by narrowing of the airways, which occurs against the background of diseases of various etiologies. BOS is manifested by difficulty breathing, wheezing, prolonged expiration and is associated with inflammation, edema, increased secretion or muscle spasm, which causes bronchial obstruction. This syndrome is more common in children against the background of bronchiolitis, bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, viral respiratory infections, as well as congenital anomalies.

 Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) is a widely distributed medicinal plant known for its rich composition of biologically active compounds, including flavonoids, polyphenols, vitamins, and minerals. This review highlights the various beneficial properties of dandelion, supported by traditional usage and modern scientific research. Dandelion demonstrates significant anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, diuretic, hepatoprotective, antibacterial, and antidiabetic effects. Additionally, recent studies have explored its potential anticancer and skin-healing properties. The plant’s root, leaves, and flowers are used in different medicinal preparations such as teas, extracts, and ointments. Experimental studies in vitro and in vivo, as well as clinical trials, suggest that dandelion can be effectively used for the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases, including liver and kidney disorders, metabolic syndrome, and inflammatory conditions. Despite its promising therapeutic potential, further research is required to confirm optimal dosages and long-term safety. This work aims to contribute to the growing interest in dandelion as a natural remedy and to encourage more extensive scientific investigations into its pharmacological applications.

 This article explores the most effective strategies for teaching second languages to adult learners. Also it provides a comprehensive overview of the most effective strategies for teaching a second language to adult learners. It emphasizes the importance of practical, real-world application and learner-centered approaches. Key methodologies discussed include Communicative Language Teaching (CLT), task-based learning, immersive techniques, blended learning, and the use of digital tools. The article also highlights the significance of learner autonomy, social interaction, and the creation of a low-anxiety environment to encourage risk-taking and build confidence. In today’s globalized world, the ability to speak a second language is more than a personal achievement—it’s a professional and social asset. While children often absorb new languages with ease, adults approach language learning with different motivations, cognitive strategies, and challenges. Teaching a second language to adults effectively requires methods that are purposeful, practical, and psychologically supportive.

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that often begins in early childhood and significantly affects the quality of life of both the child and their family. This paper focuses on the importance of early prevention strategies to reduce the incidence and severity of the disease. Key preventive measures include proper skin care, breastfeeding, allergen avoidance, and parental education. By implementing these approaches, it is possible to minimize flare-ups and promote healthier development in children at risk of atopic dermatitis.

Vitamin D plays a crucial role in the growth and development of children, especially in maintaining bone health and supporting the immune system. This article explores the prevalence and causes of vitamin D deficiency among school-age children, highlighting its impact on physical and cognitive development. Factors contributing to the deficiency, such as limited sun exposure, poor dietary intake, and lifestyle habits, are discussed. The article also presents recommendations for early diagnosis, prevention, and intervention strategies to improve vitamin D levels in children and reduce associated health risks.

This article explores the stages of developing geometric concepts in primary school pupils, emphasizing the importance of age-appropriate methods, visual aids, and hands-on activities. The study highlights the critical role of early mathematics education in building a foundation for spatial thinking, problem-solving, and logical reasoning. As Piaget (1952) suggests, cognitive development occurs in stages, and geometry provides a foundation for more abstract mathematical reasoning. By understanding how children gradually comprehend geometry, teachers can better structure lessons and learning experiences that foster deep understanding and long-term retention.

The scientific article is devoted to the study of the prevalence of sensitization to food and fungi, as well as its prevention in a hot climate. To date, fungi are known in different countries of the world as an etiological factor of allergic diseases, in patients with allergic diseases, based on a detailed medical history and with the help of modern in vitro diagnostics, it is possible to detect sensitivity to fungal allergens. In hot climates, the detection of immunoglobulin E antibodies to mold and yeast fungi such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, Alternaria and Rhizopus and only with the help of a personalized approach to diagnosis and therapy can be achieved.

Background: Drug-induced oral adverse reactions (ADRs) are frequently encountered in dental practice but are often underrecognized or misdiagnosed due to their clinical resemblance to primary oral diseases. As systemic drug use increases, particularly in aging and polymerizate populations, awareness of these reactions becomes essential for timely diagnosis and effective management.

Objective: This review aims to synthesize current evidence on the range, frequency, causative agents, and clinical implications of drug-induced oral ADRs, with an emphasis on diagnostic relevance for dental professionals.

Methods: A structured literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar for articles published between January 2000 and March 2023. From an initial pool of 20 studies, 8 met the inclusion criteria and were analysed. Data were extracted on the type of oral ADRs, implicated drug classes, clinical presentation, and management strategies. A narrative synthesis was used due to heterogeneity in study design and outcome reporting.

Results: The most frequently reported ADR was xerostomia, commonly induced by antihypertensives, antidepressants, and diuretics. Lichenoid reactions, oral ulcers, and mucositis were frequently associated with NSAIDs, β-blockers, and methotrexate. Gingival enlargement was commonly observed in patients taking calcium channel blockers, phenytoin, or cyclosporine. Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) was reported with bisphosphonates and antiangiogenic agents. Tongue disorders, including glossitis and burning tongue, were reported with nervous system and anti-infective medications. Several studies highlighted underreporting and diagnostic challenges due to lack of pharmacovigilance in dentistry.

Conclusion: A wide range of systemic medications can induce clinically significant oral ADRs. Dental professionals must be vigilant in recognizing these reactions, taking thorough drug histories, and collaborating with medical teams for appropriate interventions. Increased education, reporting practices, and awareness of pharmacogenomic variability are essential for improving oral healthcare outcomes related to medication use.

 Pediatric pulmonology addresses respiratory disorders in infants, children, and adolescents, encompassing a broad range of conditions such as asthma, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, cystic fibrosis, and pneumonia. With unique anatomical and physiological characteristics of the pediatric respiratory system, early and accurate diagnosis is essential. This article explores the current knowledge, clinical practices, and emerging research in pediatric pulmonology. It is structured according to the IMRAD format and aims to provide an in-depth academic discussion backed by authoritative sources and contemporary medical findings. This article presents a comprehensive scientific overview of pediatric pulmonology, focusing on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of respiratory disorders in children. Emphasizing the unique anatomical and physiological aspects of the pediatric respiratory system, it explores common conditions such as asthma, bronchiolitis, pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, and primary ciliary dyskinesia. Based on a qualitative synthesis of current literature and clinical guidelines, the paper discusses modern diagnostic tools and evidence-based therapeutic approaches tailored to pediatric populations. It also highlights the importance of multidisciplinary care and public health initiatives in improving respiratory outcomes for children globally. The article contributes to the growing body of knowledge essential for medical professionals, researchers, and healthcare policymakers in pediatric respiratory care.

This scientific article presents an in-depth analysis of the prevalence, symptoms, vaccination-related, hygiene-related, and parental health-related knowledge of acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in pediatrics. The study was conducted in children's polyclinics and preschool institutions in Tashkent, Fergana, and Kashkadarya regions. Statistical analyses, questionnaires, interviews, and observations revealed the relationship between the incidence of ARIs in children and age, conditions, and health-improving measures. The results demonstrate the relevance of a systematic approach to maintaining children's health, vaccination, and improving the hygienic environment. The article also includes practical recommendations for prevention, healthy lifestyle formation, and improving pediatric approaches.

Pediatric AIDS is associated with a broad spectrum of systemic complications, among which oral manifestations play a crucial diagnostic and prognostic role. This article examines the prevalence, types, and clinical relevance of oral changes observed in children with AIDS. Common conditions include candidiasis, linear gingival erythema, oral hairy leukoplakia, and herpetic lesions. These manifestations often reflect the degree of immunosuppression and may serve as early indicators of disease progression or antiretroviral therapy failure. Emphasis is placed on the need for interdisciplinary management, early diagnosis through routine oral screening, and the integration of dental care into pediatric HIV treatment protocols.

This article analyzes the factors that cause breast cancer, the importance of complex radiological and ultrasound methods in early diagnosis and comparative diagnosis of dangerous and safe tumor diseases of the breast, and the issues of teaching students and demonstrating in practice the analysis of examination results.

Bronchoobstructive syndrome (BOS) in children is a clinical manifestation characterized by partial or complete obstruction of the lower airways, leading to symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, and difficulty breathing. It is commonly observed in various respiratory conditions including asthma, acute bronchitis, and bronchiolitis, particularly in early childhood. The syndrome is frequently triggered by viral infections, allergens, environmental pollutants, or structural abnormalities of the airways. Early diagnosis and effective management are crucial to prevent complications and improve quality of life. This paper reviews the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic approaches, and current strategies in the treatment and prevention of BOS in pediatric patients. Emphasis is placed on the importance of individualized care, environmental control, and parental education in the management of this increasingly prevalent condition.

This article highlights the benefits of using new pedagogical technologies in teaching information technology subjects. It discusses the enhancement of educational effectiveness through interactive methods, digital platforms, and artificial intelligence technologies. The article also emphasizes the importance of professional development and institutional support for teachers to effectively implement these tools.

This article examines the negative consequences of poor nutrition for human health, particularly the risks of intestinal infections, foodborne toxic infections, hepatitis A, gastritis, enterocolitis, and cardiovascular diseases. It highlights the importance of adhering to the principles of rational and hygienic nutrition as a means of preventing these conditions.

 This article highlights the importance of nutritional hygiene in the Surkhandarya region, particularly under the conditions of a hot climate, open-air trade, and the diversity of agricultural products that pose hygienic risks. The paper analyzes issues such as ensuring food safety, maintaining sanitary conditions, and shaping a culture of healthy eating in local market environments.

This article explores the current advancements in surgical techniques and treatment approaches for gallstone diseases. It highlights the causes, symptoms, and complications associated with gallstones, while focusing on the importance of timely diagnosis and intervention. Special attention is given to minimally invasive procedures such as laparoscopic cholecystectomy, which have become the standard in modern surgical practice. The authors also examine postoperative care, recovery outcomes, and the role of preventive measures in reducing recurrence. This work aims to inform medical professionals and students about effective, up-to-date strategies in the management of gallstone-related conditions.

This article explores the effectiveness of modern inhalation therapy in the treatment of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). COPD is a progressive respiratory condition that significantly impairs airflow and breathing quality. In recent years, inhalation therapy has become a cornerstone of COPD management due to its ability to deliver medication directly to the lungs, ensuring rapid relief and minimal systemic side effects. The article highlights various types of inhalers, their mechanisms of action, and recent advancements in inhalation technology. Clinical studies and patient outcomes are discussed to assess the efficacy and advantages of this therapeutic approach. The findings support that modern inhalation therapy plays a crucial role in improving patients' quality of life and slowing disease progression.

This article analyzes the concept of necrosis, its impact on the human body, causes, types, and clinical consequences from a medical-biological perspective. The clinical and morphological manifestations of necrotic processes, diagnostic methods, and modern treatment approaches are reviewed based on scientific evidence. Recommendations for the prevention of necrosis and support of regeneration processes are also provided.

Aging is an important risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD) because the likelihood of cardiovascular disease increases with age. Increasing life expectancy, especially among the elderly, is associated with an increased incidence of CHD. The main risk factors include heredity, climatic conditions, as well as high cholesterol, diabetes mellitus, smoking and overweight. Long-term survivors often have chronic diseases, weakened immune system and digestive system disorders. Research on the epidemiology and prevention of IBS in the elderly remains a poorly reported topic.

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) with or without ST-elevation is a diagnosis established at the stage of initial contact with the patient based on the clinical picture, electrocardiogram (ECG) data and the level of markers of myocardial necrosis.  and is usually accompanied by complete thrombotic occlusion of the coronary artery requiring emergency care, including thrombolytic therapy. ACS without ST elevation may be accompanied by unstable angina and also requires observation and treatment, especially in patients with atypical symptoms characteristic of the elderly, women, and those with chronic diseases.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common cardiovascular disease, while atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most frequent type of cardiac arrhythmia. These pathologies possess common risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, sleep apnea, obesity and smoking. Moreover, inflammation is essential for the development of both diseases. The prevalence of CAD in patients with AF ranges from 17 to 46.5%, while the prevalence of AF in patients with CAD is relatively low and is estimated to be only 0.2–5%. AF is a known factor of unfavorable short-term and long-term prognosis in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and is associated with a significant increase in overall mortality. Cardiac arrhythmias are not infrequent after cardiac surgery and occur in approximately 30–40% of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. It is estimated that 5–15% of patients with AF will ever require percutaneous coronary intervention and, subsequently, triple antithrombotic therapy with aspirin, clopidogrel or ticagrelor and oral anticoagulant. This demands a very careful consideration of balanced antithrombotic therapy, taking into account the high risk of bleeding, the risk of stroke and stent thrombosis with subsequent acute coronary syndrome. The concomitant administration of oral anticoagulants with antiplatelet drugs, and, particularly, the triple therapy, significantly increases the absolute risk of serious bleeding. In addition, heavy bleeding is associated with a five-fold increase in the risk of an adverse outcome after acute coronary syndrome. The co-presence of AF and CAD worsens the prognosis even in patients undergoing thorough treatment.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease that primarily affects the colon and rectum, but it is also associated with extra-intestinal manifestations, including renal dysfunction. The kidneys in experimental UC models, particularly those induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) or trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS), exhibit several morphological and morphometric changes. These include inflammation, edema, glomerular damage, interstitial fibrosis, and altered renal blood flow, which can lead to impaired kidney function. The pathophysiological mechanisms behind renal involvement in UC are multifactorial, with systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and ischemia playing key roles. The article provides a comprehensive review of the morphological and morphometric alterations in the kidneys observed in experimental UC models, discusses the potential underlying mechanisms, and highlights therapeutic interventions aimed at mitigating kidney damage. A better understanding of these changes is crucial for developing strategies to prevent renal complications in patients with UC.

This article examines the role of carbohydrates in human health and analyzes the physiological consequences of their deficiency and excess. It highlights that a lack of carbohydrates can lead to energy deficiency, reduced nervous system activity, ketosis, and other negative conditions. Furthermore, it substantiates the link between excessive carbohydrate intake and diseases such as obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes mellitus. The article scientifically justifies the importance of moderate and balanced carbohydrate consumption.

Periodontitis is one of the most prevalent chronic inflammatory diseases of the periodontium, characterized by progressive destruction of the connective and bone tissues surrounding the tooth. The lack of timely and effective treatment leads to tooth loss, deterioration of oral health, and a significant decline in the patient’s quality of life. This article presents a comprehensive review of modern treatment approaches for periodontitis, including mechanical debridement, pharmacological therapy, surgical interventions, and regenerative techniques. Particular attention is paid to the individualization of therapeutic strategies depending on the stage of the disease, the depth of periodontal pockets, the presence of systemic risk factors, and the patient's microbial status. Comparative characteristics of various treatment modalities are provided along with clinical examples of successful implementation of a combined approach. The effectiveness of multistage therapy using advanced technologies such as guided tissue regeneration, laser therapy, and the use of osteoconductive biomaterials is substantiated. The study emphasizes the importance of an interdisciplinary approach and regular supportive care to ensure stable long-term outcomes.

Background: Ependymomas of the fourth ventricle are a significant clinical challenge in pediatric neurosurgery, representing a substantial portion of central nervous system tumors in children. Prognosis largely depends on the tumor's anaplasia grade, extent of surgical resection, and subsequent treatment strategies.

Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 49 pediatric patients (aged 2–15 years) with fourth-ventricle ependymomas treated between 2022 and 2024. The degree of tumor resection was assessed using the "Tumor Volume Calculation" program, and postoperative outcomes, survival rates, and “quality of life” (QoL) were evaluated using established scales.

Results: Total tumor resection was achieved in 70.8% of patients, with postoperative mortality rates of 3.1% and 5.0% for total and subtotal resections, respectively. Five-year survival rates were 98.7% for Grade I–II tumors and 64.5% for Grade III tumors treated with adjuvant therapies. QoL assessments revealed that 41.0% of patients had good QoL, 54.2% satisfactory, and 4.8% poor. Extent of resection removal significantly impacted long-term QoL, with total resections yielding superior outcomes (53.6% improvement).

Conclusion: The effectiveness of treatment for pediatric fourth-ventricle ependymomas depends on the extent of tumor resection and subsequent therapy. Total resection, where feasible, significantly improves survival rates and long-term QoL.

Angular cheilitis (AC) is a clinical disorder characterized by erythema, cracks, ulcerations, and crusting at one or both corners of the mouth, beginning at the mucocutaneous junction and extending to the skin surface. The etiology of AC is quite diverse and difficult to determine, since it is considered a multifactorial disease of infectious origin. The development of this pathology is based on both systemic and local factors, requiring a multidisciplinary approach, since this disease shows a high percentage of relapses. Among the systemic factors leading to the development of angular cheilitis, the main role is played by nutritional deficiency, namely iron and B vitamins (riboflavin, pyridoxine, cobalamin, and niacin). When considering the local etiology, any factor that creates a chronic and moist environment for microbial growth at the corners of the mouth may be responsible for the etiology of AC, such as habitual lip licking, thumb sucking, biting the corners of the mouth, etc. Investigation of the exact etiology of the development of AC is crucial to provide effective, successful comprehensive treatment to relieve the patient's discomfort and pain.

The somatotropic hormone (STH), or growth hormone, is one of the key peptide hormones that regulates growth and metabolic processes in the human body. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the biosynthesis, secretion mechanisms, physiological effects, clinical significance, and pathological conditions associated with STH. Disorders such as gigantism, acromegaly, and pituitary dwarfism, as well as diagnostic and treatment methods, are reviewed on a scientific basis. The article also highlights the role and prospects of STH in modern clinical medicine.

The heart is a vital organ that ensures blood circulation and supplies tissues with oxygen and nutrients. Its anatomical structure consists of four chambers, valves, and a complex vascular network. With aging, various structural and functional changes occur in the heart, affecting the health of the cardiovascular system. This article analyzes the heart's anatomy, its structural components, their physiological functions, and age-related changes. Understanding these transformations is crucial for identifying and preventing age-associated cardiovascular diseases.

This article explores current approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of facultative precancerous diseases of the oral mucosa, including leukoplakia, oral lichen planus, and chronic hyperplastic candidiasis. Particular attention is paid to the pathogenetic mechanisms of these conditions and the role of comprehensive therapy involving elimination of etiological factors, local, and systemic treatment. The analysis of domestic and international studies highlights the need for an individualized approach based on the risk of malignant transformation. The work is aimed at increasing the effectiveness of prevention and treatment to reduce the likelihood of malignancy.

Acute intestinal infections (AIIs) remain one of the most frequent causes of morbidity across various age groups, particularly among children and immunocompromised patients. Bacterial or mixed etiology infections often require antibiotic therapy, which can significantly disrupt the gut microbiota. This dysbiosis may manifest clinically and lead to prolonged gastrointestinal symptoms, malabsorption, and increased susceptibility to secondary infections. This article reviews current knowledge regarding the pathophysiology of dysbiosis induced by antibiotic treatment of AIIs and presents evidence-based strategies for restoring a balanced gut microbiota. Key approaches include using probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics, alongside antibiotic stewardship and careful monitoring of gastrointestinal function.

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy has emerged as a promising regenerative treatment in orthopedics due to its potential to accelerate tissue healing and reduce inflammation. PRP is an autologous concentration of platelets in a small volume of plasma, rich in growth factors that stimulate cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and tissue regeneration. This paper reviews the mechanisms of PRP action, preparation methods, and its clinical applications in the management of various orthopedic conditions, including osteoarthritis, tendinopathies, and ligament injuries. The safety profile, benefits, and limitations of PRP therapy are also discussed.

Fractures of the inferior wall of the eye socket in children are one of the most common injuries in pediatric maxillofacial surgery. These injuries can have a long-term impact on the development of the dentoalveolar system. Untimely or inadequate treatment of such injuries can lead to disruption of normal jaw growth, facial asymmetry, and the development of various bite disorders, which subsequently require additional orthodontic intervention and surgical corrections. Studying these consequences is important for improving the quality of diagnosis and the choice of treatment methods, as well as for developing preventive recommendations.

Master's thesis on the topic: 'Study of Cognitive Abilities of the Organism Under Stress and Their Correction Using a Magnesium-Based Biocomplex.'
Keywords: cognitive abilities, memory, adaptation, stress, ultrasound, nootropics, magnesium, curcumin, glycine, cortisol, lactate dehydrogenase, ALT and AST.

Relevance of the topic: Currently, the number of stress factors in society is increasing, and the problem of personal stress resistance is becoming more relevant. Stress usually affects all aspects of cognitive activity, including such basic intellectual properties as memory and attention. Disruption of attention indicators is primarily due to the formation of a stress dominant in the cerebral cortex, which inhibits the concentration of voluntary attention on other objects and contributes to increased distractibility, as well as impairs memory and adaptation functions. The hormonal background altered by stress introduces disruptions in the process of reproducing necessary information.

This article discusses the influence of the famous work of Abu Ali Ibn Sina - 'The Canon of Medicine' (Al-Qonun fit-Tibb) on the formation and development of world medical science. The scientific approaches presented in the work, the diagnosis and treatment methods of diseases, and the in-depth knowledge provided in pharmacology have been studied as a fundamental guide in European medical schools for centuries. The article analyzes the value of Ibn Sina's scientific heritage, the relevance of the medical principles he developed, and their contribution to modern medicine from a scientific-theoretical perspective.

Pregnancy loss, including recurrent miscarriage and preterm birth, poses significant challenges for expectant mothers and healthcare providers. Progesterone, a crucial hormone for the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy, has been widely investigated as a therapeutic agent to prevent these adverse outcomes. This article reviews the current evidence regarding the efficacy of progesterone therapy in maintaining pregnancy, focusing on its role in preventing recurrent miscarriage and preterm birth. Through a comprehensive synthesis of clinical trials and meta-analyses, this paper aims to provide an updated perspective on its indications, routes of administration, and overall effectiveness. The analysis highlights the nuanced benefits of progesterone in specific high-risk populations and identifies areas for future research to optimize its clinical application.

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a major complication following allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in patients with severe aplastic anaemia (SAA). Unlike patients with malignant haematologic diseases, SAA patients derive no graft-versus-leukaemia benefit from GVHD, making its prevention and management critically important. This study aimed to analyse the incidence, clinical features, and outcomes of GVHD in patients with aplastic anaemia who underwent HSCT at the Samarkand Regional Haematology Centre between 2019 and 2023. A total of 42 patients were included. Acute GVHD developed in 42.9% of patients, with severe forms (Grade III–IV) in 21.4%. Chronic GVHD occurred in 23.8%, often presenting with autoimmune-like features. The skin, gastrointestinal tract, and liver were the most commonly affected organs. GVHD was more common and severe in patients with unrelated donors and in those receiving peripheral blood stem cells. Most patients responded to corticosteroid therapy; however, a subset required second-line immunosuppressants. The one-year overall survival rate was 85.7%, with GVHD-related mortality in 7.1% of cases. These findings highlight the need for vigilant GVHD prevention, early diagnosis, and risk-adapted immunosuppressive treatment strategies in aplastic anaemia patients undergoing HSCT.

Autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT) remains a fundamental component of treatment for patients with multiple myeloma (MM), offering deep remission and prolonged survival when combined with modern therapeutic strategies. This study evaluates the clinical outcomes, complications, and effectiveness of post-transplant maintenance therapy in MM patients treated at a regional haematology centre in Uzbekistan. A total of 64 patients who underwent high-dose melphalan conditioning followed by ABMT were included. The majority achieved deep responses, with complete response (CR) in 62.5% and very good partial response (VGPR) in 21.9%. Lenalidomide-based maintenance therapy significantly improved 2-year progression-free survival (72% vs 45%, p = 0.038). Common post-transplant complications included infections (43.8%) and manageable non-infectious events such as mucositis and thrombocytopenia. No early transplant-related mortality occurred. These findings confirm the safety and efficacy of ABMT in MM and emphasise the importance of structured post-transplant management, including maintenance therapy and supportive care, to optimise long-term outcomes in resource-limited settings.

 Infectious complications are among the most frequent and life-threatening challenges in the treatment of acute leukaemia, particularly during periods of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. This study aimed to evaluate the incidence, spectrum, and outcomes of infections in patients with acute leukaemia treated at the Samarkand Regional Multidisciplinary Medical Centre between 2019 and 2023. A total of 108 patients with acute myeloid or lymphoblastic leukaemia were analysed. Febrile episodes occurred in nearly 90% of patients, with 61% of infections microbiologically confirmed. Gram-negative bacteria were the predominant pathogens, with E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa being the most common; a significant proportion exhibited multidrug resistance. Fungal infections and viral reactivations were also observed, particularly in those with prolonged neutropenia. The infection-related mortality rate was 17.6%, largely due to sepsis caused by resistant Gram-negative organisms. Early initiation of empirical antibiotic therapy and G-CSF support were associated with improved survival. The findings underscore the urgent need for improved diagnostics, targeted antimicrobial therapy, and local infection control strategies to reduce mortality in acute leukaemia patients in resource-limited settings.

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) remains one of the most serious and frequent complications following allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), particularly in patients with acute leukaemia. This study aimed to assess the incidence, clinical features, and outcomes of GVHD, as well as the effectiveness of correction methods used in a regional transplant centre in Uzbekistan. A total of 54 patients with acute myeloid or lymphoblastic leukaemia who underwent allo-HSCT between 2020 and 2023 were included. GVHD developed in 53.7% of cases, with acute GVHD occurring in 38.9% and chronic GVHD in 14.8%. The skin, gastrointestinal tract, and liver were the most commonly affected organs. Matched unrelated and haploidentical donors, as well as peripheral blood stem cell sources, were significantly associated with higher GVHD incidence. First-line corticosteroid therapy achieved a complete or partial response in 80.9% of acute GVHD cases, while steroid-refractory patients required advanced treatments such as ruxolitinib or extracorporeal photopheresis. GVHD-related mortality was 9.3%, with sepsis being the leading cause of death. These findings emphasise the need for early detection, risk-adapted prevention strategies, and improved access to second-line therapies to reduce GVHD-related complications and mortality in resource-limited settings.

Leukemic intoxication often leads to serious complications, including cardiac rhythm disturbances, which significantly affect patient outcomes. This study investigates the effectiveness of different treatment strategies for correcting arrhythmias in patients with leukemia experiencing intoxication-related complications. Forty-eight patients diagnosed with leukemia and presenting with ECG-confirmed rhythm disorders were enrolled. They were divided into two groups: one received standard antiarrhythmic therapy, while the other received an integrated treatment that included detoxification, correction of electrolyte imbalances, and cardioprotective agents in addition to antiarrhythmic drugs. Clinical and diagnostic assessments, including ECG and biochemical testing, were used to evaluate treatment efficacy. The integrated approach resulted in a significantly higher rate of rhythm normalization and faster symptom relief compared to standard therapy alone. These findings suggest that addressing the systemic toxic effects of leukemia in combination with conventional cardiological treatment provides a more effective strategy for correcting rhythm disturbances in these patients.

Methotrexate is widely used as a first-line disease-modifying agent in the treatment of rheumatoid polyarthritis; however, its administration is often complicated by cytostatic disease, including leukopenia, hepatotoxicity, mucositis, and gastrointestinal intolerance. These side effects can lead to dose reduction or discontinuation, ultimately reducing treatment efficacy and increasing disease activity. This study evaluated the effectiveness of an integrated correction strategy involving folinic acid, hepatoprotective therapy, and hematopoietic stimulants in managing methotrexate-induced cytostatic complications. A total of 60 patients were enrolled and observed over 12 weeks. The integrated approach significantly improved clinical symptoms, normalised laboratory values more rapidly, and reduced the need for methotrexate withdrawal compared to standard supportive care. These findings support the routine application of comprehensive correction protocols to enhance methotrexate tolerability and ensure more consistent disease control in rheumatoid polyarthritis patients.

Anaemia is a common and clinically significant complication in patients with chronic cardiorenal syndrome, negatively affecting functional capacity, quality of life, and overall prognosis. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of oral versus intravenous iron therapy, each in combination with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs), in the outpatient management of anaemia in patients with coexisting chronic kidney disease and chronic heart failure. A total of 80 patients were enrolled and divided into two equal groups: one received oral iron with ESAs, while the other was treated with intravenous iron and ESAs. Over a 16-week follow-up period, the group receiving intravenous iron demonstrated significantly greater improvements in haemoglobin levels, functional status (NYHA class), iron indices (ferritin, TSAT), and treatment satisfaction. They also required fewer ESA dose adjustments and had a lower incidence of anaemia-related hospitalisations. These findings support the superiority of intravenous iron supplementation in anaemia correction among patients with chronic cardiorenal syndrome, particularly in the presence of inflammation or poor gastrointestinal absorption.

This article examines the manifestations of recurrent obstructive bronchitis with a seizure of bronchial asthma

Diabetes mellitus ( DM), being one of the most common diseases in the world, is an acute medical and social problem, priority for the health care systems of all countries [1]. Indisputable progress in the treatment of diabetes has led, on the one hand, to an increase in the life expectancy of these patients, and on the other hand, to an increase in the frequency of various complications of this disease. Disruption of carbohydrate metabolism has a negative impact on almost on All organs And systems organism, V volume including the genitourinary system. Among the main urological complications at SD most often meet infections urinary tract infections (UTIs) and closely related inflammatory diseases kidneys.

 The loss of permanent molars in school-aged children is associated not only with impaired masticatory function but also with the development of secondary deformities of the dentoalveolar system. In this regard, the timely application of preventive prostheses becomes particularly important. The aim of the present study was to improve the design of a removable preventive prosthesis for children aged 7–12 in order to restore function, stabilize jaw growth, and prevent dental arch deformities. Based on clinical observations and dynamic assessment of masticatory function, dental arch form, and occlusion in 28 patients with partial molar loss, a modified version of the removable prosthesis with elements influencing guided growth was developed and tested. The results demonstrated the clinical effectiveness of the proposed design and justified its use in early orthopedic treatment of children with post-extraction loss of permanent molars.

This article provides general information about myopathy — a group of diseases characterized by primary damage to muscle tissue. The etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, classification, and diagnostic methods of myopathies are discussed. In particular, the differences between hereditary and acquired myopathies and their main forms (e.g., Duchenne dystrophy, mitochondrial myopathies) are analyzed in detail. Modern treatment approaches such as symptomatic therapy, rehabilitation, and gene therapy options are also considered. This article is of theoretical and practical significance for medical professionals and students in terms of early diagnosis and effective treatment.

Eye injuries are an important medical and forensic problem due to their high incidence, the severity of possible consequences, and the importance of vision as a vital function [1, 3, 4, 8, 11, 13]. A ccording to the World Health Organization, eye injuries are recorded annually in millions of people worldwide, including as a result of criminal activity, road traffic accidents, industrial accidents, and domestic conflicts [2, 5, 7]. Impaired visual function even in one eye can significantly affect the quality of life of the victim, his professional suitability, and social adaptation. Forensic examination of eye injuries is of particular importance in establishing the severity of harm to health, determining the mechanism of injury, and identifying signs of simulation, aggravation, or artificially inflicted damage [6, 9, 10]. Of particular difficulty is distinguishing between different types of injury and establishing a cause-and-effect relationship between the traumatic impact and the identified visual impairment [14, 15, 16]. Considering the wide range of clinical and expert tasks facing forensic medical specialists, it is necessary to systematize modern concepts of eye injuries, generalize diagnostic and expert criteria, and analyze existing regulatory documents governing forensic medical assessment of harm to health in case of ophthalmological injuries [1, 3, 6, 12].

The article provides a review of the literature on the topic of diabetic retinopathy. In this regard, reliable literature is used and current information is highlighted.

(ENG) The article examines modern approaches to orthopedic treatment of non-carious tooth defects among residents of the Gurlen district, Khorezm region. An analysis of the clinical characteristics of tooth damage caused by regional factors, including dietary habits, environmental conditions, and the level of hygiene culture among the population, has been conducted. Special attention is paid to selecting optimal methods of prosthetics and restoration aimed at restoring the function and aesthetics of teeth. The results of using modern orthopedic constructions and materials in treating this category of patients are presented. The study highlights the importance of an individualized approach and preventive measures to enhance the effectiveness of treating non-carious tooth defects.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition common in children, requiring objective diagnostic tools to assess severity and guide treatment. This study evaluates high-frequency ultrasound as a non-invasive method to characterize skin changes in 60 children aged 4 months to 18 years with AD, treated at the Department of Pediatric Dermatology of Tashkent Pediatric Medical Institute university clinic. Ultrasound parameters, including epidermal and dermal thickness and echogenicity, were analyzed across disease severity (mild, moderate, severe), clinical forms (exudative, erythematous-squamous, erythematous-squamous with lichenification, lichenoid, prurigo), and age groups (infantile, childhood, adolescent-adult). The subepidermal low echogenic band (SLEB) was assessed as an inflammation marker. Results show significant variations in ultrasound characteristics, correlating with SCORAD scores, establishing ultrasound as a valuable tool for AD diagnosis and monitoring.

The human immune system plays a key role in protecting the body from various pathogens and maintaining homeostasis. In modern conditions, when the influence of stress factors, unfavorable ecology and infectious agents increases, immunoprotectors - substances capable of modulating the immune response - acquire special significance. This paper examines various types of immunoprotectors, their mechanisms of action and the degree of impact on the body. Natural and synthetic immunomodulators, their effectiveness and safety are analyzed.

Particular attention is paid to the influence of dosage, route of administration and individual patient characteristics on the effectiveness of immunoprotective therapy. The data obtained may be useful for developing optimal strategies for the prevention and treatment of diseases associated with immune system dysfunction.

Fractures of the proximal femur (femoral neck, intertrochanteric and pertrochanteric zones) are one of the most pressing problems in traumatology and orthopedics, especially among elderly patients. These injuries are accompanied by a high rate of disability and mortality, which makes it important to introduce effective, low-trauma and quickly restorative treatment methods. The modern strategy for managing patients with such fractures includes early diagnostics using radiography and CT, rapid hospitalization and individually selected treatment tactics. Surgical treatment methods are currently considered the "gold standard" for most fractures of the proximal femur. The most widely used are osteosynthesis with dynamic hip screws (DHS), intramedullary fixation with PFN and Gamma nails, as well as modular hip endoprostheses. Prosthetics is used more often in older patients or in comminuted fractures, where restoration of the anatomy of the femur is impossible. In modern practice, special attention is paid to minimally invasive technologies that reduce the volume of surgical trauma, minimize blood loss and shorten the hospital stay. Modern anesthesiological approaches, prevention of thromboembolic complications, antibacterial therapy, as well as a multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of elderly patients (geriatric orthopedics) can significantly improve treatment outcomes. Rehabilitation begins early after surgery and includes the stages of exercise therapy, physiotherapy, psychological support and drug correction of osteoporosis. An integrated approach to treatment and subsequent rehabilitation can improve the quality of life of patients, reduce the risk of recurrent fractures and restore lost functions of the musculoskeletal system. This work is aimed at generalizing modern methods, analyzing their effectiveness and prospects for implementation in clinical practice.

Modern biotechnology is actively exploring natural biologically active compounds, such as peptides, to develop effective means of strengthening the immune system. One promising source of such compounds is the extract of the Californian worm (Lumbricus rubellus), which has a unique composition of peptides. This article discusses the main methods for assessing its effect on the immune system, including in vitro and in vivo studies.

 Discourse between teachers and students is a fundamental component of educational interaction, shaping not only the process of knowledge transmission but also the emotional, social, and cognitive dimensions of learning. This article explores the nature, function, and impact of teacher-student discourse in classroom settings. It addresses both verbal and non-verbal aspects of communication, examining how language use, question strategies, tone, feedback, and dialogic techniques influence student engagement and academic performance.

The 21st century has witnessed significant transformations in the understanding of human anatomy, driven by advances in technology, changing environmental conditions, and lifestyle modifications. This review explores contemporary medical perspectives on the evolving nature of human anatomical structures. Emphasis is placed on the influence of digital habits, sedentary behavior, reproductive trends, and surgical innovation on anatomical development and interpretation. Additionally, the article examines how diagnostic imaging, augmented reality, and genomic research are reshaping the educational and clinical perception of anatomy. This integrative review reveals that human anatomy is not static but continues to adapt—both biologically and conceptually—to modern pressures.

Portal hypertension is a common and serious complication of chronic liver disease, particularly cirrhosis. It is defined by an increase in the pressure within the portal venous system and is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality due to complications such as variceal bleeding, ascites, and hepatic encephalopathy. With advancements in diagnostic imaging and therapeutic interventions, the management of portal hypertension has significantly improved in recent years. This article explores the pathophysiology, current diagnostic modalities, and state-of-the-art treatment options for portal hypertension, highlighting recent innovations and clinical strategies.

Understanding heart embryology and histopathology is essential for diagnosing and managing congenital and acquired cardiovascular diseases. This article explores the stages of cardiac embryogenesis, key histopathological changes associated with cardiac pathology, and modern histological diagnostic techniques such as immunohistochemistry, molecular pathology, and digital histopathology.

The kidney is a vital excretory organ responsible for filtering blood, regulating fluid and electrolyte balance, maintaining acid-base homeostasis, and producing hormones such as erythropoietin and renin. Histologically, the kidney is a highly specialized organ composed of multiple structural units that work together to perform filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. The study of kidney histology involves examining the microscopic organization of the renal parenchyma, which is broadly divided into the cortex and the medulla, each with distinct structural and functional characteristics.

Oncological diseases remain one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. According to WHO data (2020), approximately 19 million new cases of malignant neoplasms are diagnosed annually, with hematologic malignancies accounting for 2.5% of all cases. Acute leukemias (AL) are aggressive forms of blood cancer characterized by rapid progression and high lethality. Pregnancy in such patients was long considered incompatible with life; however, modern medical advances now make it possible to preserve both maternal and fetal lives with timely diagnosis and competent treatment.

Vitamin D deficiency is a common health issue globally, but it poses unique risks for adolescent girls due to their specific physiological and hormonal changes. During puberty, vitamin D plays a vital role in reproductive development and endocrine regulation. Deficiency in this vitamin has been linked to various gynecological disorders such as menstrual irregularities, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and delayed menarche. This article explores the gynecological implications of vitamin D deficiency in adolescent girls, analyzing recent clinical studies and highlighting the importance of early detection and intervention. Special attention is given to the interaction between vitamin D levels and reproductive hormone balance, as well as the potential for prevention strategies through dietary and lifestyle modifications.

Biliary pancreatitis (BP) is a common pathology associated with cholelithiasis. Cholecystectomy is the main method of preventing relapses, but the question of its optimal timing and methods remains open. The article considers modern approaches to choosing the time of surgical intervention, compares laparoscopic and open techniques, and discusses the role of endoscopic interventions in the treatment of biliary pancreatitis.

This scientific article studied the dynamic changes of total bilirubin levels in blood serum under the influence of physical exercise in healthy adolescents aged 14–16 years. The study was conducted between experimental and control groups for 6 weeks. Members of the experimental group participated in physical training regularly, while the control group participated only in ordinary physical training. The results showed that under the influence of physical exercise, the level of bilirubin in the experimental group increased significantly, which indicates the activation of hepatic and antioxidant systems. The article analyzes the effect of physical exertion on the mechanisms of metabolic and physiological adaptation in the young body and highlights the prospects for using bilirubin levels as a biomarker in control and monitoring.

Respiratory diseases include various pathologies that affect the respiratory process. Among them are diseases such as bronchitis, asthma, pneumonia, and lung cancer. These diseases make breathing difficult, cause inflammation in the lungs and airways. Respiratory diseases can lead to many health problems as a result of reduced respiratory efficiency and a lack of oxygen to the body. To prevent them, it is necessary to maintain a healthy lifestyle, avoid smoking, and undergo medical examinations. Early detection and treatment of diseases are important factors in restoring respiratory health.

Hyperprolactinemia is a persistent elevation of prolactin levels in the blood serum. The hyperprolactinemia syndrome is a symptom complex that arises against the background of hyperprolactinemia, the most characteristic manifestation of which is impaired reproductive function. The causes of hyperprolactinemia can be diverse, both endogenous and exogenous. The primary method of treatment is dopamine agonist therapy; in the case of tumor genesis, surgical and radiation methods are also used. About 15% of patients exhibit resistance to dopamine agonists, which necessitates the development of individualized treatment approaches. Timely diagnosis and a properly selected therapeutic strategy play a crucial role in preventing pathological changes caused by hyperprolactinemia.

Bartholin’s cyst is a common gynecological disorder in women that occurs due to the obstruction of the Bartholin gland ducts. This article provides detailed information on the etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of Bartholin’s cyst. In addition, preventive measures are analyzed, emphasizing personal hygiene, immune system strengthening, and the prevention of sexually transmitted infections as crucial aspects of prophylaxis.

This articlе еxplorеs thе changеs in vitamin D lеvеls in patiеnts with chronic pancrеatitis and еvaluatеs thе еffеctivеnеss of laboratory diagnostics using thе AFIAS automatic analyzеr. Chronic pancrеatitis is a progrеssivе inflammatory disеasе that oftеn lеads to malabsorption and nutritional dеficiеnciеs, including vitamin D dеficiеncy. Thе study highlights thе clinical significancе of monitoring vitamin D status in such patiеnts and dеmonstratеs thе diagnostic accuracy and convеniеncе of thе AFIAS systеm in dеtеcting sеrum vitamin D concеntrations. Thе findings еmphasizе thе importancе of timеly vitamin D assеssmеnt for bеttеr managеmеnt of chronic pancrеatitis and prеvеntion of rеlatеd complications.

This article explores the significance of commission-based forensic medical expertise, analyzes existing challenges in the system, and offers recommendations to improve the efficiency, reliability, and coordination of commission activities. The introduction of digital platforms, unified methodology, and expert training is discussed as a basis for development.

Background: Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) has become the predominant form of chronic liver disease worldwide, closely linked to components of metabolic syndrome such as insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Although obesity is a major driver of both MAFLD and cardiovascular disease (CVD), a subset of patients—often termed "lean MAFLD"—exhibit hepatic steatosis without overt obesity, and their cardiovascular risk profile remains incompletely characterized.

Objectives: This study aims to comprehensively evaluate and compare cardiovascular risk markers in obese and non-obese MAFLD patients to determine how obesity status influences subclinical atherosclerosis, traditional CVD risk factors, and overall 10-year risk estimation.

Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was performed on 300 adult MAFLD patients (age 30–65) recruited from a tertiary hepatology center between January 2023 and December 2024. Diagnosis of MAFLD was based on imaging-confirmed hepatic steatosis and presence of metabolic dysregulation. Participants were stratified into two groups: obese (n=180; BMI ≥30 kg/m^2) and non-obese (n=120; BMI <30 kg/m^2). Comprehensive phenotyping included anthropometric measurements, laboratory assessments (lipid panel, fasting glucose, HbA1c, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hs-CRP], interleukin-6 [IL-6]), blood pressure readings, and carotid ultrasonography to measure carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT). The Framingham Risk Score (FRS) was calculated for 10-year CVD risk estimation. Statistical analyses utilized Student’s t-test, Mann–Whitney U test, chi-square test, and multivariate logistic regression to adjust for confounders.

Results: Obese MAFLD patients exhibited significantly elevated mean levels of LDL-C (3.8 ± 0.9 mmol/L vs. 3.2 ± 0.8 mmol/L; p<0.001), triglycerides (2.1 ± 0.6 mmol/L vs. 1.7 ± 0.5 mmol/L; p<0.001), systolic blood pressure (136 ± 12 mmHg vs. 128 ± 10 mmHg; p<0.001), hs-CRP (4.3 ± 1.5 mg/L vs. 2.2 ± 1.0 mg/L; p<0.001), and mean cIMT (0.74 ± 0.12 mm vs. 0.66 ± 0.10 mm; p<0.001) compared to non-obese MAFLD. Despite a lower inflammatory profile, non-obese patients still demonstrated an elevated mean cIMT relative to population norms (0.66 ± 0.10 mm, p=0.02) and a moderate FRS (mean 8.5% ± 3.2%). In multivariate analysis controlling for age, sex, smoking status, and presence of type 2 diabetes, MAFLD remained independently associated with increased cIMT (OR: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.4–3.2; p<0.01), irrespective of obesity. Furthermore, lean MAFLD patients with dysglycemia (impaired fasting glucose or HbA1c 5.7–6.4%) had higher cIMT than metabolically healthy non-obese counterparts (p<0.05).

Conclusions: Obesity significantly augments traditional and novel CVD risk markers in MAFLD patients; however, non-obese individuals with MAFLD also harbor subclinical atherosclerosis and moderate 10-year CVD risk. These findings underscore the imperative for comprehensive cardiovascular evaluation in all MAFLD patients, regardless of BMI. Strategies for early detection and tailored intervention should extend beyond obese populations to adequately address the full spectrum of MAFLD-related cardiovascular risk.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection remains a significant global health challenge due to its high prevalence and potential progression to chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. While antiviral medications have revolutionized treatment outcomes, interest persists in complementary approaches, including the use of folk (traditional) medicine. This article aims to explore the historical background, commonly used folk remedies, potential mechanisms of action, and the need for further scientific validation of folk medicinal practices in the context of Hepatitis C. Furthermore, it underscores the importance of integrated approaches that combine evidence-based medicine with culturally sensitive traditional practices, highlighting both the opportunities and risks.

The squamous epithelium of the cervix (cervix) is one of the most common tumor localizations in women. The development of these tumor processes is often associated with the Human Papillomavirus (HPV), which is one of the main causes of cervical cancer and its primary lesions. In modern medicine, surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are used to treat this disease. This article analyzes the effect of chemotherapy on the squamous epithelium of the cervix and its clinical effectiveness. Cervical cancer is the second or third most common type of cancer among women worldwide, with approximately 0.5 million cases recorded annually. In 1980, the number of cervical cancer cases was estimated at 378 thousand, but in recent years this figure has reached 500 thousand per year.

This article explores the multidisciplinary management of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and concurrent long bone fractures. Surgical timing, rehabilitation strategies, and emergency care coordination are critically examined. Early fracture stabilization improves outcomes, but surgery must be tailored to the patient’s neurological status. Combined orthopedic and neurosurgical approaches are essential for optimal recovery.

Background: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) remains a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality following cesarean section. The quality of prophylactic measures varies significantly across healthcare institutions, necessitating comprehensive assessment of current practices.

Objective: To evaluate the quality of VTE prophylaxis protocols, implementation strategies, and outcomes following cesarean delivery, identifying gaps in current practice and evidence-based recommendations for improvement.

Hepatosteatosis is defined as an excessive accumulation of triglycerides in hepatocytes. There are 2 main conditions associated with hepatic steatosis: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFFLD). In addition, various causes are listed in the pathogenesis of hepatic steatosis, such as metabolic, nutritional, drug (chemotherapy and steroids), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. ¹ The natural course of hepatic steatosis varies depending on the etiology and concomitant conditions such as inflammation and fibrosis, which can progress to cirrhosis and liver failure. Therefore, it is important to diagnose and quantify liver steatosis. Liver biopsy is currently the gold standard for evaluating a patient with suspected liver steatosis.[1] However, there are potential drawbacks to liver biopsy,  such as sampling error, variability in interpretation, cost, and associated morbidity. Therefore, imaging techniques are commonly used for this purpose. In this article, we will review the etiology, imaging patterns, and quantification of hepatic steatosis using traditional and advanced imaging techniques.

In the context of the global digital transformation of medicine, new forms of medical care are being widely implemented. This concerns not only medical equipment and access to medical services but also the entire healthcare system and the relationship between doctor and patient. Modern medicine is unimaginable without digital solutions. The digitization of existing information and its availability to all participants in the “doctor–patient” system form the basis for the further development of clinical practice, revolutionary scientific research, improvement in patient-centered care quality, and effective functioning of the system for people. This requires a shared culture of values and ethical standards corresponding to digital solutions. The article analyzes the reasons for the increased relevance of remote communication forms between doctor and patient during the COVID-19 pandemic, using telemedicine as an example. The main types of telemedicine in the current conditions, driven not only by the pandemic but also by the digital transformation of medicine, are examined. Special attention is given to the possibilities of telemedicine in terms of its advantages, as well as the legal and ethical aspects from the perspective of risks.

This article highlights health issues arising during labor migration, specifically cases of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection. It provides statistical data indicating that in 2024, out of more than 68,000 migrants who returned to Fergana region after working abroad, 34,793 underwent laboratory testing, among whom 55 were diagnosed with HIV.

Analyses show that the majority of those infected are men, primarily workers aged 20–49. The main route of virus transmission was through sexual contact. The article also examines in detail the occupations with a high risk of HIV transmission, the countries where migrants worked, the spread of infection by region, and the results of testing among partners.

At the conclusion, recommendations are made to strengthen HIV prevention, testing, education and awareness-raising efforts, as well as to enhance international cooperation. These measures are emphasized as crucial for protecting the health of labor migrants.

This article analyzes the detection, prevention, and statistics of HIV infection among pregnant women in the region for the year 2024. Mother-to-child transmission of HIV can occur during pregnancy, childbirth, and breastfeeding. To reduce the risk of virus transmission, prenatal screening, antiretroviral therapy, and special measures during delivery are crucial. In the region, 100% of pregnant women underwent HIV testing, with the number of newly detected cases remaining stable. Infection spread is more prominent in certain areas, with migration and sexual partners playing significant roles. The regional healthcare system conducts systematic monitoring of pregnant women and their families, implementing measures to reduce vertical HIV transmission. The article emphasizes the importance of strengthening prevention efforts to ensure a healthy generation.

 This study explores the preventive effects of herbal preparations, with a specific focus on Arctium lappa L. (commonly known as burdock root), on gastrointestinal health. The research analyzes the phytochemical composition of burdock root, its biological activity, and its therapeutic potential in maintaining gastrointestinal function. Based on both contemporary international studies and Uzbek scientific literature, the paper highlights the prebiotic, anti-inflammatory, and mucosal-protective properties of the plant. Methodologically, the study uses a comparative literature review and experimental data from existing pharmacological research. The results suggest that regular, moderate use of burdock root can support gut health, prevent inflammation, and enhance microbial balance. These findings have practical significance for the development of natural, plant-based gastrointestinal health supplements.

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is a vital tool for evaluating symptoms, disease severity, prognosis, and therapeutic responses in patients with cardiopulmonary diseases. By assessing the integrated function of cardiovascular, pulmonary, musculoskeletal, nervous, and hematological systems during exertion, CPET provides objective data that complement resting diagnostics. This review outlines key CPET variables, protocols, and clinical indications, emphasizing its role in diagnosing unexplained dyspnea, guiding exercise prescriptions, and managing heart failure. Limitations, including sex-based differences and the impact of obesity, are also discussed.  

Atherosclerosis is a complex and chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall that underlies major cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction and stroke. Experimental modeling plays a crucial role in understanding its pathophysiology and evaluating potential therapeutic interventions. This paper provides an overview of the current experimental models used to study atherosclerosis, including in vivo animal models and in vitro cellular systems. We discuss the methodological approaches, advantages, limitations, and translational relevance of each model. The paper concludes with a summary of challenges and future directions for improving the fidelity and applicability of atherosclerosis models in research.

The intensive development of agricultural production currently requires an expansion of the use of chemicals to protect plants from insect pests, which in turn leads to environmental pollution and irreparable losses in the biocenosis.The use of sex pheromones in integrated plant protection systems leads to the need to develop a convenient pheromone trap.This article describes a method of controlling the melon fly using the pheromone component 4 (4-methoxyphenyl)-2-butanone, 1,4-benzyldicarboxylate. A pheromone trap is a design with bait, a rubber capsule dispenser, treated with a mixture of pheromone substances. The results of using pheromone traps to monitor the melon fly in open ground are presented.

The chronic consumption of hard, alkaline groundwater has been associated with morphofunctional changes in salivary glands, potentially impairing oral health and glandular secretory activity. This study investigates the corrective effect of citric acid supplementation on the structure and function of salivary glands in individuals consuming such water sources. Histological examination, salivary pH, and flow rate analysis were conducted in experimental models to assess glandular morphology and function. Results demonstrated that citric acid mitigates structural alterations and restores near-normal secretory function, suggesting its potential as a simple, accessible corrective measure for populations reliant on mineral-rich groundwater.

This paper explores the intricate and bidirectional relationship between motor skills development and speech acquisition in early childhood. By reviewing recent longitudinal and experimental studies, it is evident that both fine and gross motor skills play foundational roles in shaping various aspects of language development, including vocabulary, narrative, and spatial language. The emergence of motor abilities—such as gestures, reaching, and sitting—correlates strongly with language milestones, emphasizing the developmental synergy between movement and communication. Genetic and environmental factors further mediate this relationship, underscoring the importance of early intervention programs that integrate motor and speech training for holistic child development.

В статье рассматривается эффективность лапароскопических методов лечения паховых грыж по сравнению с традиционными открытыми вмешательствами. Проанализированы основные лапароскопические техники (TAPP и TEP), их преимущества и ограничения. Показано, что лапароскопическая герниопластика характеризуется меньшим послеоперационным болевым синдромом, более быстрым восстановлением пациентов и низкой частотой рецидивов. Также отмечено снижение риска хронической паховой боли и высокая клиническая целесообразность лапароскопии при двусторонних и рецидивных грыжах. На основании современных исследований делается вывод о высокой эффективности и безопасности лапароскопического подхода при лечении паховых грыж