Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is a vital tool for evaluating symptoms, disease severity, prognosis, and therapeutic responses in patients with cardiopulmonary diseases. By assessing the integrated function of cardiovascular, pulmonary, musculoskeletal, nervous, and hematological systems during exertion, CPET provides objective data that complement resting diagnostics. This review outlines key CPET variables, protocols, and clinical indications, emphasizing its role in diagnosing unexplained dyspnea, guiding exercise prescriptions, and managing heart failure. Limitations, including sex-based differences and the impact of obesity, are also discussed.  

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