Birth trauma remains a significant cause of neonatal mortality, with profound effects on vital organs, including the adrenal glands, which play a critical role in stress response and homeostasis. This article examines the pathomorphological changes in the adrenal glands of infants who died from birth trauma, focusing on histological and gross anatomical alterations, their association with trauma severity, and implications for understanding neonatal death mechanisms. The study analyzes autopsy data from 100 infants who succumbed to birth trauma, identifying adrenal hemorrhage in 70% of cases, cortical necrosis in 45%, and inflammatory infiltrates in 30%. Globally, birth trauma accounts for 5–10% of neonatal deaths, with an estimated incidence of 2–7 per 1,000 live births in developed countries and up to 20 per 1,000 in low-resource settings. Risk factors, including prolonged labor (OR = 3.5, 95% CI: 2.1–5.8), instrumental delivery (OR = 4.2, 95% CI: 2.5–7.0), and macrosomia (OR = 2.8, 95% CI: 1.7–4.6), were present in 80% of cases. This study aims to enhance forensic pathology, inform neonatal care strategies, and guide preventive measures, such as improved obstetric practices, to reduce birth trauma-related deaths.

Birth trauma, adrenal glands, pathomorphology, neonatal mortality, adrenal hemorrhage, cortical necrosis, histopathology, autopsy, risk factors, hypoxic-ischemic injury, obstetric complications, forensic pathology, neonatal care, prevention, macrosomia.

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