his study investigates the spectrophotometric characteristics of 2-phenoxyethyldimethylbenzylammonium-2-oxynaphthoate (PEDBA-ONA), a compound with promising antiparasitic potential. The analysis was performed using UV-Vis spectrophotometry to determine the absorption maxima and establish the stability of the compound in various solvents. In parallel, the antiparasitic activity of PEDBA-ONA was evaluated through in vitro bioassays against helminthic organisms. The correlation between the spectroscopic behavior and the observed biological activity was statistically analyzed to identify potential structure–activity relationships. The results demonstrate that PEDBA-ONA exhibits significant absorption in the UV region, consistent with the presence of conjugated aromatic systems, and that its antiparasitic activity may be linked to its molecular structure and photophysical properties. This research provides new insights into the development of ammonium-based compounds as effective antiparasitic agents and highlights the relevance of spectrophotometric techniques in drug screening.

Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD), which remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. According to the World Health Organization, approximately 1.13 billion people globally suffer from hypertension, yet many remain undiagnosed or untreated. Effective management of hypertension is essential to reduce the incidence of heart attacks, strokes, and other cardiovascular complications.

While pharmacological treatments play a critical role in controlling blood pressure, lifestyle modification has emerged as a cornerstone in hypertension management. Lifestyle changes such as dietary adjustments, increased physical activity, weight control, smoking cessation, and stress reduction have been shown to significantly lower blood pressure and improve cardiovascular outcomes.

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of lifestyle modification interventions on hypertension management among patients at high cardiovascular risk. Understanding the impact of these non-pharmacological approaches can guide clinical practice and improve patient prognosis.

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) is a common urological condition affecting aging men, characterized by the noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland. It often leads to lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) such as urinary frequency, urgency, weak stream, and nocturia, significantly impacting quality of life. The prevalence of BPH increases with age, affecting approximately 50% of men aged 50 and older, and up to 90% of men by age 80.

Traditionally, transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) has been considered the gold standard surgical treatment for BPH. However, TURP is associated with potential complications including bleeding, urinary incontinence, and sexual dysfunction. Consequently, minimally invasive surgical therapies (MISTs) have gained popularity as alternatives that offer effective symptom relief with fewer side effects.

This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of various minimally invasive techniques such as laser enucleation, UroLift, and Rezūm therapy in the management of BPH and their impact on patient outcomes.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease primarily affecting joints but frequently involving extra-articular organs, including the eyes. Ocular manifestations in RA patients range from mild keratoconjunctivitis sicca to severe sight-threatening conditions such as uveitis, scleritis, and optic neuritis. Early diagnosis and multidisciplinary management are crucial to prevent irreversible vision loss and improve patients’ quality of life. This review summarizes the pathogenesis, clinical presentations, diagnostic methods, and current treatment approaches for ocular involvement in RA. Emphasis is placed on the importance of timely ophthalmologic evaluation and integrated therapeutic strategies to optimize patient outcomes.

 Chronic heart failure (ChHF) is a complex syndrome accompanied by a decrease in the pumping function of the heart, causing long-term loading and structural-functional changes in the cardiovascular system. In recent years, the concept of” vascular age " — the level of biological aging of the vessels — has emerged as an important biomarker that determines the prognosis of the disease in patients with SYY. Faster aging of the vessels compared to the passport age leads to an increase in cardiac load, a deepening of diastolic dysfunction and a risk of cardiac remodeling. This narrative analytical article highlights the essence of vascular age, methods for its assessment, (pulse wave rate, arterial stiffness) and its clinical significance on the topic of heart failure on the basis of recent scientific literature.

Cytostatic drugs are essential in the treatment of rheumatoid polyarthritis (RA) but often cause cytostatic disease, manifesting as toxic effects on the liver, gastrointestinal system, and bone marrow. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different correction strategies for cytostatic disease in RA patients. Sixty patients were randomly assigned to three groups: Group I received standard supportive therapy (vitamins B1, B6, and folic acid); Group II received the same with added adaptogens (Rhodiola rosea and Eleutherococcus); and Group III received antioxidant-enzyme therapy (alpha-lipoic acid and glutathione) in addition to the standard protocol. After 12 weeks, all groups showed clinical improvement, but Group III demonstrated the most significant reductions in toxicity symptoms and normalization of haematological and liver parameters. Importantly, disease activity remained stable across all groups. These findings suggest that antioxidant-enzyme therapy is a highly effective approach to correcting cytostatic disease in RA without compromising the underlying antirheumatic treatment.

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) during pregnancy presents significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges due to the potential risks to both mother and fetus. This study aimed to develop and validate a clinical protocol for the diagnosis and management of ITP in pregnant patients. A total of 62 pregnant women with confirmed ITP were treated according to a stepwise protocol involving initial corticosteroid therapy, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) for corticosteroid-resistant or contraindicated cases, and second-line agents for refractory patients. Diagnostic workup excluded other causes of thrombocytopenia, ensuring accurate diagnosis. The protocol demonstrated high efficacy with favorable maternal and neonatal outcomes, including minimal bleeding complications and safe delivery conditions. Corticosteroids and IVIG were generally well tolerated, though careful monitoring for adverse effects was necessary. This protocol provides a practical, evidence-based framework for managing ITP during pregnancy, improving treatment outcomes and patient safety. Further studies are recommended to optimize therapy and long-term follow-up.

 However, the literature on the role of NTG as RF CHD differs significantly. Meanwhile, in some cases, NTG can precede the development of DM and, in a certain sense, it can be considered as a state of "pre-disease" in relation to DM. Hyperglycemia, including latent hyperglycemia, often proceeds with hyperinsulinemia, which is considered one of the components of the "metabolic" syndrome.  which plays an important role in the formation of cardiovascular diseases, including coronary artery disease.

The prevalence of the components of metabolic syndrome in the studied population is significantly higher, and both the overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its individual components increase with age. The most pronounced rise in metabolic syndrome and its components is observed after the age of 40, while the distribution dynamics of individual components remain unclear. In addition to cholesterol and beta-lipoprotein levels, a correlation is observed between body mass parameters and the investigated risk factors.

Ozonetherapy is gaining attention in ophthalmology as a potential treatment for various eye conditions due to its anti-inflammatory, bactericidal, and circulatory benefits. Early uses in veterinary medicine show promise, particularly for anterior segment diseases, suggesting ozone could help reduce inflammation and infections in the eye. Studies and reviews have explored ozone therapy's application for eye diseases, noting different methods for administration, such as topical use and systemic delivery. Evidence suggests it may be effective for age-related macular degeneration (AMD), with some studies indicating improvements in visual acuity. Ozone therapy is also examined for other inflammatory conditions and wound healing, but has possible side effects, like burning eyes. While ozone can be beneficial, environmental exposure can worsen dry eye symptoms. Stabilized ozonated oils may offer a safer application for treatment. More extensive clinical trials are needed to establish standardized protocols and ensure safe usage.

Despite clinical and scientific advancements, heart failure is the major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Both mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation contribute to the development and progression of heart failure. Although inflammation is crucial to reparative healing following acute cardiomyocyte injury, chronic inflammation damages the heart, impairs function, and decreases cardiac output. Mitochondria, which comprise one third of cardiomyocyte volume, may prove a potential therapeutic target for heart failure. Known primarily for energy production, mitochondria are also involved in other processes including calcium homeostasis and the regulation of cellular apoptosis. Mitochondrial function is closely related to morphology, which alters through mitochondrial dynamics, thus ensuring that the energy needs of the cell are met. However, in heart failure, changes in substrate use lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired myocyte function. This review discusses mitochondrial and cristae dynamics, including the role of the mitochondria contact site and cristae organizing system complex in mitochondrial ultrastructure changes. Additionally, this review covers the role of mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum contact sites, mitochondrial communication via nanotunnels, and altered metabolite production during heart failure. We highlight these often-neglected factors and promising clinical mitochondrial targets for heart failure.

In the modern world, atopic bronchial asthma (ABA) and allergic rhinitis represent a fairly broadgradation group among common allergicх diseasesthat affect millions of people around the world. The prevalence of these nosological units depends on various factors, including genetic predisposition, environment, and, importantly, climatic conditions. Scientists have previously noted that in hot climates, the spectrum of sensitization in patients can change, which in turn requires special attention from medical professionals and researchers.

This article provides a comprehensive overview of scientifically grounded principles to be followed when selecting a toothpaste. In particular, it offers an in-depth analysis of the components of various toothpastes and their positive and negative effects on oral health. Different types of toothpaste are compared in terms of their functional characteristics and suitability for specific dental needs from a medical-theoretical perspective. Furthermore, the article substantiates the necessity of individual selection based on the condition of the teeth and gums, and highlights the importance of a proper choice with reference to scientific evidence.

 This article examines the impact of post-COVID syndrome on post-vaccination immunity to the measles virus in children. A total of 89 children undergoing outpatient and inpatient treatment were examined between 2024 and 2025. Post-COVID syndrome was diagnosed by ELISA testing for IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, and immunity to measles was assessed using the VectoMeasles-IgG ELISA test. A decrease in measles-specific antibody titers was found in previously vaccinated children with post-COVID syndrome. The study highlights the importance of monitoring and revaccination in cases of seronegative results.

40 academic sources reflecting the classification, diagnostics, clinics and treatment methods of craniopharyngiomas (CP) were analayzed. Craniopharyngiomas (CP) are rare, slow-growing, epithelial tumors that develop from remnants of Rathke’s pouch cells. Primarily located in the sellar and parasellar regions and close to vital neurovascular structures (optic chiasm, hypothalamus, pituitary thus making complete surgical resection challenging. Despite being histologically benign, these tumors tend to infiltrate critical parasellar structures and can behave aggressively, leading to serious disability and even mortality (even after successful treatment) [6,24,29]. Histologically, craniopharyngiomas are classified into adamantinomatous (ACP) and papillary (PCP) types, found in children and adults, respectively. While the genetic causes of craniopharyngiomas are not fully understood, ACP development is associated with CTNNB1 mutations, which result in β-catenin forms resistant to degradation and activation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway. PCP, on the other hand, is often linked to the BRAF V600E mutation[6,24].Currently, complete tumor resection provides the best outcomes in CP treatment, and the most optimal surgical approach is selected based on the tumor’s location, size, consistency, and the patient’s overall condition. This article reviews surgical approaches to treating craniopharyngiomas and attempts to identify the most effective approach.

 Telomeres, the repetitive nucleotide sequences at the ends of linear chromosomes, serve as protective caps that preserve genomic stability. With each round of cell division, telomeres progressively shorten, eventually leading to cellular senescence or apoptosis. This process of telomere attrition is now recognized as a key contributor to organismal aging and age-related diseases. In this article, we explore the molecular biology of telomeres, the function of telomerase in maintaining telomere length, and the implications of telomere dynamics in human health. Special emphasis is placed on the role of telomere shortening in cancer, cardiovascular disorders, and age-associated degeneration, as well as on emerging therapeutic strategies aimed at telomere preservation.

This study focuses on the statistical evaluation of the digital transformation in the banking system, with a specific emphasis on the online activities of commercial banks. It aims to identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats related to current evaluation methodologies through a comprehensive SWOT analysis combined with a detailed literature review. The research highlights the need for integrated quantitative and qualitative performance indicators and emphasizes the role of advanced analytics technologies to improve assessment accuracy. The findings provide valuable insights for banks, policymakers, and researchers to enhance the effectiveness and reliability of online banking service evaluations in a rapidly evolving digital environment.

This article analyzes the etiology, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment methods of uterine infections. Uterine infections are common diseases of the female reproductive system, and their timely detection and effective treatment are of great importance for maintaining reproductive health. The article discusses modern diagnostic methods, including molecular technologies and the role of PCR diagnostics, as well as the problems of antibiotic resistance. Additionally, the importance of preventive measures such as the use of barrier contraceptives and regular medical check-ups is highlighted. The paper emphasizes the need for an individualized approach in the prevention and treatment of uterine infections and provides recommendations to reduce chronic forms of the disease.

To provide a comprehensive comparative analysis of 4th and 5th generation dental adhesive systems, examining their chemical composition, bonding mechanisms, clinical performance, and long-term outcomes in restorative dentistry applications.

To provide a comprehensive analysis of bur selection criteria for optimal tooth preparation when fabricating zirconia dioxide crowns, examining the relationship between preparation quality, bur characteristics, and clinical outcomes.

Airborne dust pollution is one of the most pressing environmental challenges affecting human health worldwide. Dust particles originate from both natural and anthropogenic sources, such as wind erosion, volcanic activity, mining, and industrial emissions. These particles can penetrate deeply into the respiratory tract, causing both acute and chronic health problems. This article investigates the origin of dust pollution, its physiological effects on the human body, particularly on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, and outlines practical measures to mitigate its impact. Understanding the full extent of dust-related health risks is crucial for developing effective public health strategies and policies.

This research aimed to assess both the clinical effectiveness and safety of rosuvastatin therapy in patients diagnosed with hypercholesterolemia and dyslipidemia. The study involved 60 participants treated at the therapeutic unit of Bukhara City Clinical Hospital between 2024 and 2025. Subjects were randomly assigned to two groups: the first group (n=30) received daily doses of rosuvastatin (10–20 mg), while the second group (n=30) underwent lifestyle and dietary interventions without medication. The key parameters analyzed included changes in lipid profiles — specifically total cholesterol, LDL-C, and HDL-C — along with liver enzyme levels to ensure drug safety.

    At baseline, lipid indicators were similar between both groups. After 12 weeks, those treated with rosuvastatin demonstrated marked improvements: total cholesterol levels dropped by 28%, LDL-C was reduced by 44%, and HDL-C rose by 27%, all with statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). The lifestyle-only group did not show meaningful changes in these metrics. The medication was well tolerated overall, with only mild adverse reactions observed in two individuals, none of which required stopping the therapy.

    These results reinforce the established lipid-lowering potential of rosuvastatin and affirm its safety in everyday clinical settings. The study highlights that rosuvastatin therapy yields significantly better improvements in lipid profiles than non-pharmacological measures alone. Therefore, it should be regarded as a key element in the prevention of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular complications, especially for patients at heightened risk. Further extensive, long-term trials are recommended to validate the durability of these benefits and track long-term safety outcomes.

This article presents a literature review of studies investigating the effects of medicinal plant extracts on liver function in an experimental model of chronic hepatitis. Specifically, it examines the impact of extracts rich in flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and antioxidants on liver enzymes, oxidative stress biomarkers, and plasma protein levels. Available studies demonstrate the significant hepatoprotective potential of medicinal plant extracts.

Coxarthrosis, or osteoarthritis of the hip joint, is a chronic degenerative disease that significantly affects mobility and quality of life. Recent research has emphasized the role of genetic inheritance in the onset and progression of this condition. This review examines the hereditary transmission of coxarthrosis, highlighting key genes such as COL2A1 and GDF5 that contribute to cartilage degeneration. In addition to discussing medical implications, the article explores the social and economic burdens associated with early-onset hereditary coxarthrosis. The importance of early diagnosis, lifestyle modification, and preventive measures is underscored to minimize disease progression and improve patient outcomes.

The application of modern agricultural technologies is transforming rural economies and reshaping traditional farming systems. This article explores how innovations such as precision farming, biotechnology, and mechanization contribute to increased productivity, reduced labor intensity, and sustainable development in rural communities. The study also examines the socio-economic barriers to technology adoption in developing countries.

Young medical researchers play a critical role in shaping the future of healthcare through innovation, evidence-based practice, and interdisciplinary collaboration. This article explores the contributions of early-career scientists to medical research, highlighting their involvement in clinical trials, technological innovation, and global health initiatives. The paper also examines the challenges they face and suggests strategies for supporting their professional development.

Medical students around the world face heightened mental health challenges due to academic pressure, emotional fatigue, and a highly competitive environment. These issues, if left unaddressed, can lead to burnout, impaired academic performance, and even professional dropout. This paper explores the underlying causes of psychological distress among medical students, its long-term consequences, and institutional strategies for intervention. By examining both global literature and regional case studies, the article highlights the critical need for comprehensive mental health support in medical education systems.

  Vascular dementia (VaD) is characterized by cognitive decline due to chronic or acute cerebral blood flow impairments and ranks as the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer’s disease. This study investigates the efficacy and significance of cognitive evoked potentials (CEPs), particularly the P300 component, in the early diagnosis of VaD. The study involved 60 participants (30 VaD patients and 30 healthy controls). CEP results were compared with neuroimaging (MRI) and neuropsychological tests (MMSE, MoCA). Findings revealed that CEPs, through analysis of P300 latency and amplitude, exhibit high sensitivity (88%) and specificity (85%) in detecting cognitive impairments in VaD. CEPs may serve as a valuable supplementary diagnostic tool in clinical practice for identifying mild cognitive impairments in VaD.

This article discusses the issues of increasing the effectiveness of medical preventive work, its impact on public health, the main stages of prevention and modern approaches. The ways of forming a healthy lifestyle of the population, preventing diseases and improving the quality of medical services through preventive measures are analyzed.

 This literature review explores how natural compounds found in plants can help combat inflammation. It investigates the role and therapeutic impact of phytochemicals, whether isolated or present in plant extracts and essential oils, in managing inflammatory conditions. Through the analysis of medicinal plants with phytotherapeutic potential, this study outlines nature's powerful tools against inflammatory diseases. Readers will gain insight into a wide variety of plant-derived phytochemicals that show promise in providing both short-term and long-term relief from inflammation. Additionally, the review highlights the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of bioactive plant compounds, which hold potential for treating various inflammatory disorders. The paper also presents a comparative analysis between synthetic anti-inflammatory drugs and those obtained from plants, evaluating their efficacy and safety profiles. By examining both natural and synthetic options for inflammation management, the review offers a comprehensive overview of current treatment possibilities. Finally, it emphasizes the importance of systematic research into phytochemicals, underscoring their potential to lead to the development of novel anti-inflammatory therapies.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs belong to the most widely used medications. This work is devoted to studying the effect of benzoic acid derivatives diphenyl-/bis-(benzoyloxy)/-silone and 1,4-bis-(bromobenzoyloxy)-butyne-2 on the exudative and proliferative phases of inflammation. Experiments conducted on animals showed that the mechanism of the anti-inflammatory action of the studied chemical compounds is associated with inhibition of the exudative and proliferative phases of the inflammatory process. 

This article includes the emergence of the initial processing of natural cotton fiber, its development stages. At the same time, the factors that led to the improvement and enrichment of the terminology of this field are highlighted. In the article, the terms of the field of technology of preliminary processing of natural fibers (cotton) are cross-analyzed in English and Uzbek, their similarities and differences are identified.

 This article presents an analysis of the epidemiological situation regarding dental caries among the pediatric population of the Navoi region. It highlights the primary etiological factors contributing to the development of the disease, along with age-related and behavioral characteristics. The findings emphasize the need to enhance regional preventive programs and to improve oral health awareness among parents and caregivers.

The trigeminal nerve is a mixed nerve that performs sensory and motor functions. It emerges from the pons of the brain and divides into three main branches - the ophthalmic n. ophthalmic, the maxillary n. maxillaris and the mandibular n. mandibularis branches. Each branch innervates different parts of the face, head, jaw and oral cavity. In particular, the mandibular branch controls the movement of the chewing muscles.  clinical significance of the nerve, in particular trigeminal neuralgia, its causes, symptoms and treatment

Cardiovascular disease is a major contributor to morbidity, mortality and quality of life in people aged 60 and over. However, this age group of patients   was not sufficiently included in large studies, in this regard, the management of elderly patients is an urgent problem in modern medicine. The purpose of this review is to analyze literature data on the characteristics comorbid pathology and senile asthenia as a predictor of unfavorable course and outcomes of acute myocardial infarction in patients 60 years of age and older. To analyze the literature, we searched for information on this issue in PubMed/MEDLINE, PMC, Web of Science, Scopus, The Сocrane Library. Recent research data show that there are plenty of risk factors for worsening the course of AMI in patients aged 60 and over. The most important of them are considered to be high comorbidity, multivessel lesion  of  several  pools, the    presence of  senile asthenia. All  together  lead   to difficulties in diagnosing myocardial infarction, to forced polypharmacy and in some cases refraining from early invasive strategy, which worsens the course of the disease, increases the duration of hospital treatment, leads to frequent complications, therepy affects the prognosis of the disease and leads to the development of early disability in patients 60 years of age and older.In the vast majority of elderly patients, the development of acute myocardial infarction occurs against the background of a high prevalence of comorbid pathology, which in turn accelerates the development of senile asthenia and its progression.

Acute cerebrovascular accident (CVA) continues to be one of the leading causes of disability and mortality in the world. Along with the restoration of brain perfusion, the urgent task is to protect neurons from secondary damage. The article discusses modern approaches to neuroprotective therapy, including drugs with proven efficacy, new pharmacological targets, as well as promising areas such as the use of neuropeptides, antioxidants and cellular technologies. Particular attention is paid to multifactorial therapy and individualization of treatment for patients with CVA. The review is based on recent data, including recommendations from international communities.

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a term used to describe a range of conditions (acute ischemia and/or infarction) associated with an abrupt reduction in coronary blood flow. Acute coronary syndrome is the commonest cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with coronary heart disease (CAD), contributing to an estimated 7.4 million deaths annually. It can be caused by a very tight stenosis and plaque rupture which is the most frequent cause of coronary thrombosis. Platelets usually aggregate on the site, thus limiting blood flow that increases rate of death in ACS patients. Acute coronary syndrome encompasses ST-elevated myocardial infarction, non ST-elevated, myocardial infarction and unstable angina[6]. ST-elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI) is a clinical syndrome defined by characteristic symptoms of myocardial ischemia in association with persistent ST elevation and subsequent release of biomarkers of myocardial necrosis. It is caused by complete occlusion of the culprit artery and mostly diagnosed in the presence of ischemic chest pain. Troponin (T or I), the biomarker of choice to diagnose myocardial necrosis, is often normal during the first few hours of STEMI, thus emergent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) can be helpful. Whereas, unstable angina (UA) and non ST-elevation (NSTEMI) are caused by incomplete occlusion of the culprit artery in 60–90% of cases.

Different factors were reported to have a strong correlation with the incidence of ACS and treatment outcomes. Some of the strongest predictors of ACS outcomes include a history of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, family history of ACS, and smoking.^5,13–17 Similarly, the findings of an Ethiopian study also revealed that history of hypertension, being Killip class III and IV, and STEMI diagnosis were independent predictors of death.¹² The recovery rate of ACS patients was also determined by coronary revascularization, percutaneous coronary intervention, major bleeding, defibrillation, hospital stay, and age at admission.^18–20

ACS encompasses a variety of disorders, including patients with recent changes in clinical symptoms or indications, alterations on the electrocardiogram (ECG), and a sudden increase in cardiac troponin (cTn) concentrations. ACS is linked to a variety of clinical presentations, including asymptomatic patients, patients with chronic chest pain or discomfort, cardiac arrest, electrical or hemodynamic instability, and cardiogenic shock [2].Furthermore, the majority of deaths occur during the early stages of ACS, specifically within the first 24 hours of the patient's hospitalization [3]. As a result, when ST-elevation or non-ST-elevation ACS (ST-elevation) occurs, the physician requires a "tool" to estimate the probability of death in order to make timely decisions and optimize patient management. To now, such a "tool" for assessing the likelihood of an undesirable outcome in patients consists of multivariate scales, the strength and significance of which are confirmed by ROC analysis [4]. Currently, there are numerous scales and methodologies for estimating the risk of death (GRACE, TIMI, PURSUIT, EuroSCORE II, RECORD), but they mostly consider well-known "classical" risk variables [6].However, when analyzing the research data, it should be noted that the search for universal predictors for assessing the risk of in-hospital mortality continues, combining a number of criteria: ease of use, taking into account the impact of comorbidity, as well as the results of laboratory and instrumental research methods [5]. That is why the establishment of a set of prognostic factors can help optimize risk stratification and accurately assess the probability of death at the hospital stage.

 Peritonsillar abscess (PTA) is a purulent inflammatory process in the peritonsillar space, commonly occurring as a complication of acute bacterial tonsillitis or chronic tonsillar decompensation. It remains one of the most frequent ENT emergencies. This article presents a detailed review of the etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation, modern diagnostic methods, treatment algorithms, and strategies for preventing complications associated with PTA. The importance of early diagnosis and timely surgical drainage combined with rational antibiotic therapy is emphasized. Immunological status, recurrence risk, and indications for tonsillectomy are also discussed. Preventive approaches such as public awareness, infection control, and vaccination are proposed as key tools in reducing the burden of PTA.

The global obesity epidemic has led to a significant increase in the number of bariatric surgeries, which are the most effective method for long-term weight loss and improvement of comorbidities. However, despite their effectiveness, these interventions are associated with the risk of various complications, among which thromboembolic events hold a special place. Venous thromboembolic complications (VTEs), including deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), as well as portal and mesenteric vein thrombosis (PMVT), represent a serious problem in the perioperative period. Although the overall incidence of VTEs after bariatric surgery is relatively low, ranging from 0.17% to 5%, PE is the leading cause of mortality in this group of patients, with fatality rates reaching 50% in some cases [1]. This emphasizes that even rare complications can have extremely severe consequences, making their prevention a primary objective.

Obesity itself is an independent risk factor for venous thromboembolism (VTE), increasing its likelihood by 2-3 times, which creates a prothrombotic state in bariatric patients even before surgery [2]. A significant proportion of thromboembolic events (up to 67% of deep vein thrombosis/pulmonary embolism cases within 30 days) occurs after the patient's discharge from the hospital, necessitating the use of extended thromboprophylaxis and thorough postoperative monitoring [1]. This literature review systematizes current data on the prevalence and risk factors for VTE, analyzes existing prevention strategies (mechanical and pharmacological methods, perioperative management) and treatment approaches for developed complications. Special attention is paid to Uzbekistan's experience in this area, which demonstrates successful results but indicates the need for further research to develop regional recommendations.

 Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease that primarily affects premature newborns who have received prolonged oxygen therapy or mechanical ventilation. The aim of this article is to analyze the clinical manifestations and laboratory diagnostic methods of BPD in neonates. Early diagnosis of BPD is crucial for improving outcomes and minimizing complications. The study highlights key clinical signs such as respiratory distress, oxygen dependency, and poor weight gain, as well as the role of chest radiography, blood gas analysis, and inflammatory markers in establishing the diagnosis. Understanding the clinical-laboratory profile of BPD facilitates timely intervention and guides treatment strategies, ultimately contributing to better prognosis in affected infants.

Metabolic syndrome and arterial hypertension are currently among the most serious and pressing issues in global healthcare. These two conditions frequently coexist and significantly increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases, decreased insulin sensitivity, and the development of type 2 diabetes. This article explores the interrelation between these conditions, their pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnostic criteria, and modern treatment approaches.

 Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, autoimmune systemic inflammatory disease that primarily affects the joints. It can also damage other organs such as the heart, lungs, skin, and eyes. This article highlights the main clinical features, pathogenesis, diagnostic methods, and treatment strategies for rheumatoid arthritis.

Type 2 diabetes and obesity are among the most pressing global public health concerns today. Both conditions play a significant role in the development of arterial hypertension and significantly increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. This article discusses the role of diabetes and obesity in the pathogenesis of hypertension, their interrelation, and modern therapeutic approaches.

Background:
Homocysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid that plays a significant role in vascular health. Elevated maternal homocysteine levels have been increasingly recognized as a risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes, including preeclampsia, neural tube defects, and fetal growth restriction.

Objective:
This study aimed to evaluate the clinical significance of elevated homocysteine levels during pregnancy and explore its relationship with maternal nutrition, genetic factors, and obstetric complications.

Methods:
A narrative review was conducted based on data from cohort studies, randomized trials, and hospital-based observational studies. The review focused on pregnant women with elevated homocysteine levels and analyzed associations with vitamin B12/folate status, MTHFR polymorphisms, and maternal–fetal outcomes.

Results:
Elevated homocysteine (>10 µmol/L) was significantly associated with a higher risk of severe preeclampsia, recurrent pregnancy loss, and neural tube defects. Nutritional deficiencies and genetic predispositions further exacerbated hyperhomocysteinemia. Strong correlations were observed between maternal and neonatal homocysteine levels.

Conclusion:
Homocysteine represents a modifiable risk factor in pregnancy. Early screening and nutritional interventions, particularly with folate and vitamin B12, may reduce complications and improve maternal–fetal health outcomes. Routine evaluation of homocysteine should be considered in high-risk pregnancies.

Acrylonitrile, a reactive vinyl nitrile compound, has garnered increasing attention in agrochemical research due to its structural versatility and potential bioactivity. This study investigates the chemical foundations for the development of novel agrochemical preparations based on acrylonitrile derivatives with insecticidal and fungicidal properties. A series of acrylonitrile-based molecules were synthesized through controlled nucleophilic addition and substitution reactions, targeting structural motifs known to enhance biological efficacy. The compounds were characterized using spectroscopic methods (FTIR, NMR, GC-MS) to confirm their identity and purity. Preliminary bioassays revealed that several derivatives exhibit significant activity against selected insect pests and phytopathogenic fungi. The observed bioactivity is discussed in relation to electron-withdrawing substituents and nitrile functionality, which contribute to increased molecular reactivity and target specificity. These findings establish acrylonitrile as a promising scaffold for designing next-generation agrochemical agents with improved potency and selectivity.

This article explores the pathogenesis and epidemiological features of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), including genetic predisposition, environmental factors, gender and age-related characteristics, and geographic variations. Emphasis is placed on the importance of early diagnosis and a comprehensive treatment approach to reduce disability and improve patients' quality of life.

The study included 18 patients with SLE, of which 9 were in the control group. A group of patients with ineffective standard therapy and high activity of the process was selected, i.e. the study included patients with a polysyndromic picture of systemic lupus erythematosus, all with more than 5-8 ARA criteria.

This study examined the relationship between thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels and the severity of clinical symptoms of primary hypothyroidism in women after strumectomy. Data from 64 women who underwent total or subtotal strumectomy were analyzed. Symptom severity was assessed using a 10-point clinical scoring scale. A significant positive correlation between elevated TSH levels and symptom intensity was observed, especially among patients after total strumectomy. The findings support the importance of regular laboratory follow-up and individualized treatment planning.

Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children under five years of age worldwide. They encompass a wide range of illnesses, from mild upper respiratory tract infections to severe lower respiratory tract conditions such as pneumonia and bronchiolitis. This article reviews the most common causes, clinical features, diagnostic methods, and management strategies for ARIs in pediatric populations. Emphasis is placed on early diagnosis, rational use of antibiotics, and preventive measures such as vaccination and hygiene.

Pediatric pneumonia remains a leading cause of mortality in children under five, especially in low- and middle-income countries. This paper explores how socioeconomic factors—particularly income, maternal education, and healthcare access—affect pneumonia incidence and outcomes. The protective role of childhood vaccination is also examined, revealing significant disparities in immunization coverage due to financial and infrastructural barriers. Interventions targeting these social determinants are critical to reducing the burden of pediatric pneumonia and achieving sustainable public health improvements.

 Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) is a widely distributed medicinal plant with diverse pharmacological properties. Due to its rich chemical composition—including vitamins, minerals, flavonoids, and chlorophyll—it exhibits hemostatic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, antianemic, immunostimulating, and hypoglycemic effects. In both traditional and official medicine, nettle is used for the treatment of anemia, bleeding, joint diseases, skin conditions, and as part of complex therapy for diabetes mellitus. Various medicinal forms include decoctions, infusions, juice, extracts, and herbal preparations. Despite its high efficacy, the plant has a number of contraindications, which require caution in its use. This article summarizes current data on the potential applications of stinging nettle in medical practice.

Tibbiyot sohasida ilmiy tadqiqotlar va texnologik innovatsiyalar inson salomatligini yaxshilash va kasalliklarni davolash usullarini rivojlantirishda muhim ahamiyatga ega. Ilmiy tadqiqotlar orqali tibbiyot olimlari va mutaxassislari inson organizmining murakkab jarayonlarini chuqur o‘rganadi, kasalliklarning sabablari, diagnostika metodlari va davolash usullarini aniqlashga qaratilgan yangi bilimlarni hosil qiladi. Ushbu jarayon sog‘liqni saqlash tizimining samaradorligini oshirish, yangi dori-darmonlar yaratish va mavjud terapiyalarni takomillashtirishga zamin yaratadi.

          Zamonaviy tibbiyotda texnologik innovatsiyalar ilmiy tadqiqotlar bilan uyg‘unlashib, diagnostika va davolash usullarini tubdan o‘zgartirmoqda. Masalan, sun’iy intellekt, genetik tahlillar, robototexnika, telemeditsina kabi yangi texnologiyalar kasalliklarni oldindan aniqlash va individual davolash rejalarini tuzishda katta imkoniyatlar yaratmoqda. Bunday texnologiyalar klinik amaliyotda aniqroq va samaraliroq natijalarga erishishga yordam beradi, shuningdek, bemorlar uchun qulaylik va xavfsizlikni ta’minlaydi.

         Ilmiy tadqiqotlar va texnologik innovatsiyalar birgalikda tibbiyot sohasidagi kashfiyotlar jarayonini tezlashtiradi. Masalan, pandemiya kabi global salomatlik inqirozlari paytida yangi vaksinalar va dori vositalarini yaratish uchun yuqori darajadagi ilmiy izlanishlar va ilg‘or texnologiyalar qo‘llaniladi. Shuningdek, bu sohada ko‘plab kashfiyotlar tibbiyot ta’limi va klinik amaliyotda yangi standartlarning joriy etilishiga sabab bo‘ladi.

       Bundan tashqari, ilmiy va texnologik yutuqlar tibbiyot xizmatlari sifatini oshirish bilan birga, sog‘liqni saqlash tizimlarining barqarorligini ta’minlashga ham yordam beradi. Masalan, avtomatlashtirilgan tizimlar va raqamli sog‘liqni saqlash platformalari bemor ma’lumotlarini boshqarishni yaxshilaydi, shifokorlarning ish yukini kamaytiradi va shoshilinch vaziyatlarda tezkor yordam ko‘rsatishni ta’minlaydi.

Hormones play a key role in regulating all physiological processes of the body: metabolism, growth, reproductive function, emotional state, and sleep. Even a slight disruption of hormonal balance can trigger a cascade of negative changes. This article discusses the main causes of hormonal disorders, clinical manifestations in men and women, and the health consequences. The importance of early diagnosis and a comprehensive approach to treatment is emphasized.

This article analyzes the pressing issues related to gynecological hygiene among adolescent girls and proposes scientifically grounded solutions aimed at mitigating their adverse effects. The research highlights the role of gynecological hygiene in ensuring reproductive health, evaluates the level of hygienic knowledge and practices, identifies prevailing problems, and discusses preventive strategies. Furthermore, the importance of education, medical services, and psychological support in the prevention of gynecological diseases is emphasized.

The immune system plays a crucial role in protecting the human body from various infectious agents and diseases. In recent years, interest in natural remedies has significantly increased due to their fewer side effects and broad therapeutic potential. This study explores the role of natural extracts—derived from medicinal plants and herbs—in strengthening the immune system. Emphasis is placed on the bioactive compounds found in these extracts, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, polysaccharides, and essential oils, which exhibit immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. The research also reviews current scientific findings and clinical studies supporting the efficacy of natural extracts in enhancing both innate and adaptive immunity. This topic is of particular importance in the context of global health challenges, where natural solutions can complement conventional medicine in preventing and managing immune-related disorders.

This article explores the multifaceted role of seaweed in medicine, highlighting its historical use, bioactive compounds, and modern therapeutic applications. It discusses how seaweed contributes to thyroid health, cancer treatment research, antiviral and antibacterial effects, skin care, cardiovascular support, and digestive wellness. The article also addresses current challenges and future prospects in harnessing seaweed’s medicinal potential, emphasizing its importance as a natural and sustainable resource for health advancement.

Pediatric nephrotic syndrome (NS) is a significant glomerular disorder marked by heavy proteinuria, edema, hypoalbuminemia, and hyperlipidemia, predominantly affecting children aged 1-6 years. This paper reviews the current understanding of NS, emphasizing its pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management strategies. Minimal Change Disease (MCD) is the leading cause, accounting for 70-90% of cases, with corticosteroids as the primary treatment, achieving remission in most cases. However, relapses and steroid resistance necessitate alternative therapies like calcineurin inhibitors and rituximab. Complications such as infections, thromboembolism, and growth retardation highlight the need for comprehensive care. Future perspectives include genetic testing, personalized medicine, and novel therapeutics to enhance outcomes and reduce steroid dependency. This review underscores the importance of ongoing research and global collaboration to refine treatment protocols and improve the quality of life for affected children.

This review analyzes the distinctive features of the clinical course and diagnosis of pyodermas in patients with significant immunocompromising conditions, namely Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection and Diabetes Mellitus (DM). It explores the characteristic clinical presentations, predominant causative pathogens, and their patterns of antimicrobial resistance. The article highlights the challenges in differential diagnosis and proposes an optimized framework for managing these complex patients. The urgency of this topic is underscored by the growing global prevalence of immunocompromised individuals and the concurrent shift in the clinical presentation of dermatoses within this population, demanding advanced knowledge and a re-evaluation of traditional therapeutic approaches by dermatologists and infectious disease specialists.

During gestation, a woman’s body undergoes physiological changes that may trigger or exacerbate urogenital infections. These conditions pose a threat to both mother and fetus, increasing the risk of preterm labor, chorioamnionitis, intrauterine infection, and neonatal complications. This article presents current data on the prevalence of urogenital infections in pregnant women, their impact on pregnancy, and modern approaches to diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Particular attention is paid to the importance of early screening and multidisciplinary supervision.

Leukoplakia of the oral mucosa (OM) is the most common potentially malignant disease characterized by the appearance of white, non-erasable spots that have no alternative clinical and histological diagnosis. The article presents modern concepts of the etiology, pathogenesis, classification, clinical forms, diagnostics and treatment of leukoplakia. Particular attention is paid to the issues of dysplasia and precancerous potential of the disease. A review of modern approaches to therapy and dispensary observation of patients with this disease is conducted.

This article analyzes the role of modern information technologies in the early detection of urological diseases and their effectiveness. The possibilities of automating and effectively organizing urological diagnostic processes through information systems, artificial intelligence, telemedicine and data analysis tools are considered. Also, the possibilities of increasing the effectiveness of treatment through early detection of diseases, preventing disease exacerbations and rational use of medical resources are analyzed. The article proves the importance of information technologies based on the results of scientific research and examples used in practice.

 Birth trauma remains a significant cause of neonatal mortality, with profound effects on vital organs, including the adrenal glands, which play a critical role in stress response and homeostasis. This article examines the pathomorphological changes in the adrenal glands of infants who died from birth trauma, focusing on histological and gross anatomical alterations, their association with trauma severity, and implications for understanding neonatal death mechanisms. The study analyzes autopsy data from 100 infants who succumbed to birth trauma, identifying adrenal hemorrhage in 70% of cases, cortical necrosis in 45%, and inflammatory infiltrates in 30%. Globally, birth trauma accounts for 5–10% of neonatal deaths, with an estimated incidence of 2–7 per 1,000 live births in developed countries and up to 20 per 1,000 in low-resource settings. Risk factors, including prolonged labor (OR = 3.5, 95% CI: 2.1–5.8), instrumental delivery (OR = 4.2, 95% CI: 2.5–7.0), and macrosomia (OR = 2.8, 95% CI: 1.7–4.6), were present in 80% of cases. This study aims to enhance forensic pathology, inform neonatal care strategies, and guide preventive measures, such as improved obstetric practices, to reduce birth trauma-related deaths.

This article discusses the peculiarities of using minimally invasive methods in the treatment of obstructive jaundice in elderly patients. Due to the high prevalence of comorbidities in this age group, minimally invasive techniques help reduce complications, shorten the rehabilitation period, and improve treatment outcomes. The advantages of endoscopic and percutaneous procedures over traditional surgical approaches are highlighted.

This article discusses the histological aspects of architectural changes in tissues resulting from oncological processes. Pathological changes such as inflammation, cell proliferation, atypia, necrosis, and stromal reactions are analyzed on the basis of histological sections. Particular attention is paid to the structure of benign and malignant tumors, their cellular composition, differential diagnostic capabilities, and specific microscopic features. The study identified the structural features of tumor tissues using histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. This article serves as an important theoretical basis for pathologists-histologists, oncologists, and medical professionals in clinical diagnostic practice.

This review article attempts to analyze and systematize the existing data in contemporary scientific literature on the etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations of cognitive and emotional deficits in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). The publication is aimed at neurologists and pediatricians. Currently, type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents remains one of the most significant medical and social problems of modern society, requiring comprehensive and thorough study, followed by maximum optimization of therapeutic and rehabilitation measures. Chronic hyperglycemia underlies the development of cognitive and psycho-emotional disturbances in T1DM. The prevalence of neurological disorders in T1DM, according to some authors, varies widely—from 10% to 74%—and often depends on factors such as age at disease onset, disease duration, baseline glycemic levels, diagnostic criteria used, and others. Nervous system pathology in diabetes is observed in approximately 50% of pediatric patients with disease duration of 3 years or more, while up to 25-30% of children with recently diagnosed diabetes already exhibit established neurological changes.

 Acute appendicitis is one of the most common causes of abdominal pain requiring surgical intervention in children. Its diagnosis remains challenging due to variable clinical presentations and the potential for rapid progression to complications. This study investigates the clinical features, diagnostic methods, and treatment outcomes of pediatric patients with acute appendicitis admitted to a tertiary hospital.

 Acute appendicitis is one of the most common causes of abdominal pain requiring surgical intervention in children. Its diagnosis remains challenging due to variable clinical presentations and the potential for rapid progression to complications. This study investigates the clinical features, diagnostic methods, and treatment outcomes of pediatric patients with acute appendicitis admitted to a tertiary hospital.

 The global outbreak of COVID-19 has led to a critical need for effective therapeutic strategies. Among these, early administration of antiviral agents such as remdesivir and molnupiravir has shown potential to reduce disease severity and improve clinical outcomes. This study investigates the clinical impact of initiating antiviral therapy during the early phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection, focusing on hospitalization rates, ICU admissions, and mortality.

This article explores the etiological and pathogenetic role of metabolic disorders in the development of laminitis in high-producing dairy cows imported to Uzbekistan. Factors such as subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA), hyperinsulinemia, endotoxemia, and disturbances in lipid metabolism are analyzed in the context of how they trigger adverse physiological responses in exotic breeds under local agroclimatic conditions. The article also presents improved diagnostic and preventive strategies. These findings contribute to maintaining hoof health in highly productive cows, ensuring stable milk yield, and reducing economic losses in dairy farms.

Osteoporosis is a chronic systemic metabolic disease of the skeleton, which is characterized by a progressive decrease in bone mass. The predominance of resorption processes and a decrease in bone formation it lead to a violation of bone microarchitecture and its shrinkage. Currently, osteoporosis and associated bone fractures are one of the main causes of disability and premature death in the elderly [1]. One of the main causes of osteoporosis is a violation of the hormonal background, which has been studied by many scientists. In particular, impaired activity of testosterone, estrogen, melatonin affects osteons.

According to current data from the World Health Organization (WHO), allergic dermatitis affects approximately 15% of the global population. On a global scale, it accounts for 20% to 40% of all dermatological conditions. The prevalence among pediatric populations can reach up to 20%, while among adults, it ranges between 2% and 8%. The condition affects males and females equally. Higher incidence rates are observed in regions characterized by advanced industrial development, particularly those with extensive chemical production. In European countries, contact dermatitis affects an estimated 10% to 15% of the adult population. Conversely, certain areas in Asia and Africa report relatively lower prevalence rates. The burden of chronic allergic dermatitis is notably greater in industrialized and urbanized settings, where it is estimated that 1 to 2 individuals per 100 may suffer from the condition.

 This article is devoted to the topic of liver transplantation. It provides information about when a liver transplant is necessary, types of transplantation, procedures, the development of the operation and the maximum volume. The article includes practical and liver diseases for doctors and patients interested in increasing the transplant.

Salt (sodium chloride) plays an essential role in physiological processes such as nerve conduction and fluid balance. However, excessive intake has been identified as a major contributor to various chronic health conditions. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends limiting daily salt consumption to no more than 5 grams, yet global averages exceed 9–12 grams, and in some populations, intake reaches up to 15 grams daily. Excess sodium increases fluid retention, leading to elevated blood volume and, consequently, increased blood pressure. Persistent high sodium intake is a key factor in the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, and renal dysfunction. Furthermore, fluid retention contributes to peripheral edema, particularly in the lower extremities. Overburdened kidneys are forced to work harder, accelerating glomerular damage and raising the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a super-nosological concept that combines a complex of diseases with common pathogenesis, symptoms and outcomes. Pathology affects 13.4% of the population and is 3 times more common in people over 60 years of age than in patients of working age. The incidence of CKD in patients with heart disease is about 26%. Frequent occurrence, irreversible nature, difficulties in treatment and a significant impact on the quality of life of a person - all this determines the relevance of the problem in modern nephrology. Risk factors for the development of chronic kidney disease, in addition to kidney disease, are arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, obesity, metabolic disorders, especially high cholesterol and uric acid in the blood. There are simple and accessible methods for early diagnosis of kidney disease, but in the vast majority of patients the disease is detected at a terminal (final) stage, when the opportunity for effective treatment has already been missed.

Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine disorder marked by persistent hyperglycemia resulting from impaired carbohydrate metabolism. The condition arises either due to insufficient insulin production by pancreatic β-cells (type 1 diabetes) or due to peripheral tissue resistance to insulin action (type 2 diabetes). Insulin is a crucial hormone that regulates blood glucose levels by facilitating its uptake into cells for energy production. The clinical features of diabetes typically include polydipsia (excessive thirst), polyuria (frequent urination), chronic fatigue, unintended weight loss (especially in type 1 diabetes), and delayed wound healing. If not properly managed, diabetes can lead to serious systemic complications, such as cardiovascular disease, nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy. Management of diabetes focuses on maintaining normoglycemia and includes insulin therapy for type 1 diabetes, oral hypoglycemic agents for type 2 diabetes, alongside lifestyle interventions like dietary regulation and regular physical activity.

Objective: to analyze the distribution of genes and genotypes of chronic kidney diseases depending on the degree of overweight and obesity.

Material and methods: 98 overweight and obese patients with chronic kidney diseases treated in various departments of the multidisciplinary medical center of the Bukhara region were examined. 30 patients formed the control group. 68 patients of the main group were divided into 3 subgroups depending on the body mass index and degree: 38 had degree I, 16 - II, 14 - III.

Psoriasis is a genetically determined chronic skin disorder of multifactorial origin, characterized by a recurrent course and immune-mediated inflammation, often accompanied by musculoskeletal involvement. It is considered one of the most common dermatological conditions. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the global prevalence of psoriasis ranges from 0.5% to 5.5% of the general population, depending significantly on the climate and geographic region [1]. In recent years, psoriasis has increasingly been classified as a systemic disease due to its impact not only on the skin but also on joints, kidneys, and the liver—hence the term "psoriatic disease." Despite extensive research, the exact etiology of psoriasis remains unclear. The disease is characterized by epidermal hyperproliferation, impaired keratinocyte differentiation, and immune system dysregulation, leading to the production of immune-dependent cytokines and mediators that trigger inflammatory responses in the dermis [2]. Emotional stress and the psycho-emotional state of the patient are considered major triggering factors. In addition, chronic infections can provoke the initial manifestation of psoriasis. The disease frequently develops at sites of mechanical skin trauma—such as cuts, scratches, injections, abrasions, or burns—or after the use of certain medications (e.g., beta-blockers, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or interferon). Climatic conditions also play a significant role; almost all patients report that sun exposure has a beneficial effect on their symptoms [1]. In recent years, novel and highly effective treatments based on the pathogenesis of the disease have been developed. Although these therapies may not lead to a complete cure, they help eliminate scaling lesions, which are a major factor in the reduction of patients' quality of life [3]. Treatment typically involves a comprehensive approach, including systemic and topical therapies, as well as physiotherapeutic procedures. When choosing the appropriate treatment method, clinicians take into account the stage of the disease, its clinical form, seasonal type (summer or winter), extent of skin involvement, comorbid conditions, and the patient’s age [Olisova O.Yu. et al., 2020].

Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) are frequently associated with parafunctional activities such as bruxism, clenching, and involuntary grinding, which impose excessive and unbalanced loads on the masticatory muscles and temporomandibular structures. When these dysfunctional motor patterns coexist with pathological occlusion, the resultant interplay intensifies articular and muscular strain, leading to a multifactorial pain syndrome. This complex pathophysiological interaction—marked by altered biomechanics, neuromuscular dysregulation, and occlusal disharmony—necessitates a comprehensive, interdisciplinary treatment approach to achieve functional restoration and symptomatic relief.

Efficient water use in agriculture is essential for sustainable crop production, particularly in regions affected by water scarcity and climate variability. Hydrogels, which are superabsorbent polymeric materials, offer a promising solution by significantly improving soil water retention and reducing irrigation frequency. These materials can absorb and retain large quantities of water, gradually releasing moisture to plant roots as needed. Their application in agricultural practices enhances water-use efficiency, minimizes water loss through evaporation and leaching, and supports consistent plant growth even under drought conditions. This paper reviews the role of hydrogels in modern farming, focusing on their interaction with soil, plant development, and environmental conditions. It also addresses potential limitations such as cost, polymer degradation, and long-term soil impacts. Overall, hydrogel technology presents a valuable approach to improving water management in agriculture, promoting resilience and productivity in water-limited environments.

The study explores the particular characteristics of the sensitization spectrum among patients suffering from allergic rhinitis and atopic asthma in the Bukhara region of Uzbekistan. Considering the region’s unique climatic and ecological conditions, the research highlights the predominance of sensitization to specific aeroallergens, seasonal fluctuations in allergen exposure, and the role of polysensitization in disease severity. The article also discusses diagnostic challenges and suggests approaches to improve allergen-specific diagnosis and management in this population.

This article analyzes the integration of small business entities into digital lending systems and the effectiveness of innovative financing mechanisms through commercial banks. Digital lending plays a crucial role in providing small businesses with quick and easy access to financial resources, thereby promoting economic growth and enhancing competitiveness. The article examines innovative financing tools used by commercial banks, including online credit platforms, microloans, artificial intelligence, and blockchain technologies. The research findings confirm the positive impact of digital lending mechanisms on the development of small businesses and offer recommendations for improving the efficiency of this process. Additionally, the article emphasizes the importance of financial literacy, legislation, and digital infrastructure for the advancement of digital financing systems.

This study explores the role and economic impact of innovative credit products offered by commercial banks in financing agricultural enterprises. It examines how the integration of digital technologies and innovative financial solutions can enhance access to credit for small and medium-sized farmers, thereby improving agricultural productivity and economic stability in rural areas. Through a comprehensive analysis of both qualitative and quantitative data, including expert interviews and statistical reports, the research highlights the current challenges and opportunities in agricultural financing. The findings emphasize the necessity of advancing digital literacy, risk management, and collaborative frameworks to optimize the effectiveness of innovative credit products. This study provides practical recommendations for policymakers, financial institutions, and stakeholders to foster sustainable development in the agricultural sector.

In recent years, blockchain technology has emerged as a revolutionary tool with the potential to reshape financial systems across the globe. For commercial banks, the integration of blockchain offers a strategic advantage in facilitating transparent, secure, and efficient financing for small and medium enterprises (SMEs). This paper explores the dual role of blockchain as both an enabler of financial inclusion and a mechanism for improving trust in lending transactions. By examining current applications, opportunities, and obstacles, the study highlights how blockchain can reduce operational costs, eliminate information asymmetries, and improve risk assessment processes. Nonetheless, the adoption of blockchain in SME financing is not without challenges, including regulatory uncertainties, technological barriers, and cybersecurity concerns. The paper concludes with targeted recommendations for policymakers and banking institutions to promote blockchain adoption in a secure and inclusive manner..

This article examines the processes of international migration and their significance for national economies. It presents statistical data on the top ten countries globally in terms of remittance inflows and outflows generated by labor migrants. The analysis focuses on the economic impact of migration on both “sending” and “receiving” countries.

Urban centers worldwide face growing traffic congestion, resulting in increased travel times, fuel consumption, and carbon emissions. Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) combined with machine learning offer promising solutions for optimizing urban traffic management. This paper investigates the implementation of machine learning models in ITS to predict traffic patterns, control signal timings, and manage dynamic traffic flows. Results show that machine learning significantly improves traffic efficiency, reduces congestion, and supports sustainable urban mobility.

Anovulatory menstrual cycle is one of the common hormonal disorders in reproductive-aged women. In this condition, ovulation does not occur, which leads to the inability to conceive. This article discusses the causes of anovulatory cycles, diagnostic criteria, its association with infertility, and modern treatment approaches.

 Osteochondrosis of the spine is one of the most common degenerative diseases that significantly affect the quality of life of patients. The article discusses modern approaches to the prevention of osteochondrosis of the back, including the importance of manual therapy as an effective non-drug method. The literature has been analyzed and recommendations for comprehensive prevention aimed at preventing the development and progression of the disease have been substantiated. The results of the study emphasize the need to integrate physical exercises, ergonomics, and manual therapy to improve the effectiveness of preventive measures.

Urtica dioica, commonly known as stinging nettle, is a medicinal plant with a broad geographic distribution and a wide range of therapeutic properties. Its rich phytochemical profile—including essential vitamins, minerals, flavonoids, and chlorophyll—contributes to its hemostatic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, antianemic, immunomodulatory, and blood sugar-lowering activities. Both traditional healing systems and modern medicine utilize nettle for managing conditions such as anemia, hemorrhage, joint disorders, dermatological issues, and as an adjunct in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. It is available in multiple pharmaceutical forms, including decoctions, infusions, fresh juice, extracts, and herbal blends. Despite its demonstrated therapeutic value, the use of stinging nettle requires caution due to specific contraindications. This review highlights the latest findings regarding the medicinal applications of Urtica dioica in clinical and traditional practice.