Oxidative stress represents a critical imbalance between the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the capacity of antioxidant defenses, leading to cellular and tissue damage. This phenomenon has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including cardiovascular disorders, neurodegeneration, cancer, and chronic inflammation. This study provides an overview of the molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms underlying oxidative stress and evaluates its role in disease progression. By reviewing experimental and clinical findings, the article highlights potential therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating oxidative pathways to prevent or mitigate disease outcomes.

oxidative stress, pathophysiology, free radicals, antioxidant defense, chronic disease

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