The abstract provides information about the effects of environmental factors on the development and reproduction of pikeperch (Sander lucioperca L), including water temperature, pH level, salinity, water level, aquatic fauna distribution, and competition with other fish species. Optimal conditions for the fish’s development have been identified.

Water is one of the most vital natural resources essential for the survival of all living organisms. However, rapid industrialization, urbanization, and agricultural activities have led to the pollution of water resources, causing serious ecological and health problems. Contamination by heavy metals, pesticides, plastics, and untreated wastewater not only deteriorates water quality but also disrupts aquatic ecosystems and threatens human well-being. This study discusses the main sources and consequences of water pollution, as well as practical measures for the protection and sustainable management of water resources. Emphasis is placed on wastewater treatment, recycling technologies, strict environmental regulations, and public awareness campaigns as effective solutions to ensure safe and clean water for future generations.

This article covers extensively the processes of metabolism (metabolism) in the cell and their disorders. Metabolism forms the basis of vital processes in living organisms. The article analyzes in detail the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids, their functions in the cell, the causes of the disorder and their role in the pathogenesis of diseases. Information on the diagnosis and treatment of metabolic disorders based on clinical examples is also provided.Annotation

This article covers extensively the processes of metabolism (metabolism) in the cell and their disorders. Metabolism forms the basis of vital processes in living organisms. The article analyzes in detail the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids, their functions in the cell, the causes of the disorder and their role in the pathogenesis of diseases. Information on the diagnosis and treatment of metabolic disorders based on clinical examples is also provided.

This article covers extensively the Basic Laws of population genetics and factors affecting the spread of hereditary diseases in society. How genetic drift, natural selection, inbriding, and migration processes affect the population gene pool has been analyzed from a scientific point of view. The epidemiology of hereditary diseases and the importance of modern genetic diagnostic and screening methods in their prevention were also revealed.

This article will highlight the scientific and practical importance of DNK Diagnostics and genetic screening in modern medicine. Thanks to advances in Molecular Biology, the possibilities of detecting genetic diseases, diagnosing them at an early stage and individual treatment are expanding. The study examined DNK analysis methods — polymerase chain reaction, high conductive sequencing, microarray technologies, and the effectiveness of prenatal and neonatal screening programs. The clinical applications of these processes, their role in the health care system, economic and ethical aspects were also analyzed. The results obtained show that the widespread introduction of genetic screening programs is important in improving the general health of the population, treating diseases at an early stage and developing the concept of individual medicine.

The article presents the main goals and significance of applying the dual education system in training engineers at higher education institutions. It also discusses psychological research findings on identifying the most prominent types of student motivation in dual and traditional education settings using the “Motype” methodology.

Uterine and cervical cancers remain major global health challenges, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where the incidence and mortality rates are disproportionately high. Despite advances in surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, treatment outcomes for advanced and recurrent disease remain unsatisfactory. Recent developments in immunotherapy, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, therapeutic vaccines, and adoptive cell transfer, have introduced promising new strategies in gynecologic oncology. Clinical trials demonstrate improved overall survival and durable responses in patients with PD-L1–positive and microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) tumors. However, variability in response rates, immune-related toxicities, and economic barriers pose significant challenges to widespread clinical adoption. This article explores the current role, effectiveness, and limitations of immunotherapy in uterine and cervical cancers, highlights recent breakthroughs, and discusses future perspectives for integrating immunotherapy into multimodal treatment approaches

Anemia during pregnancy is considered a global health and social problem. Dilutional anemia, which is normally observed in pregnancy, is common, and iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy is also widespread, negatively affecting the health of both mother and child. In addition, the contribution of factors causing anemia during pregnancy varies depending on geographical location, dietary practices, and season. Therefore, it is necessary to make an early diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia, distinguish it from physiologic anemia, and find new methods of treatment.

The integration of technology into English language instruction has significantly transformed the landscape of higher education. This article investigates how technology-driven methods such as Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL), Mobile-Assisted Language Learning (MALL), game-based learning, and access to authentic digital materials influence student engagement. Using a mixed-methods research design that combines surveys, classroom observations, and semi-structured interviews, findings reveal that personalized and adaptive learning experiences, collaborative opportunities, and access to authentic materials play pivotal roles in enhancing both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. The article concludes by emphasizing the need for strategic adoption of technological innovations in English language pedagogy to sustain student engagement in higher education.

Emotional burnout syndrome (EBS) is a growing occupational health and social problem in the teaching profession. This article explores the historical background, theoretical models, epidemiological patterns, and social implications of burnout among teachers. International studies indicate that 40–60% of teachers experience symptoms of emotional exhaustion, while nearly one third show depersonalization and reduced professional accomplishment. The COVID-19 pandemic further intensified burnout due to increased workload and the shift to online teaching.

The findings reveal that professional overload, constant emotional labor, insufficient recognition, and lack of institutional support are major risk factors. Burnout leads to negative outcomes at the individual level, such as psychosomatic disorders and depression, as well as at the professional and societal levels, including reduced teaching quality, teacher attrition, and loss of trust in education.

The article emphasizes the urgent need for comprehensive preventive measures. Prioritizing teacher well-being through institutional support, governmental reforms, and international best practices is essential for sustaining education quality and national development.

This article analyzes the theoretical interconnection between the categories of spiritual studies and ethics, their role in education and upbringing, their mutual influence, and the issues arising in the pedagogical context. The research methods applied include theoretical analysis, comparative-methodological approaches, and conceptual analysis. The results indicate that the categories of spirituality and ethics can be considered as complementary yet independent components; their synergistic harmony serves the formation of moral consciousness in the educational process. The discussion section reviews the application of spiritual and ethical studies in pedagogical practice and highlights promising directions. The conclusion presents conceptual integration approaches and practical recommendations.

The article describes in detail action mechanisms of negative pressure wound treatment (NPWT) – one of the latest techniques used in various etiologies wound treatment. Negative pressure provides continuous evacuation of fluid, stimulates the proliferation of granulation tissue and effectively cleans the wound surface. Local prolonged negative pressure wound treatment is currently carefully developed, reliable, efficient and professional wound treatment technology. NPWT can significantly reduce time and cost of treatment.

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Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are among the most frequent causes of childhood morbidity and remain a leading contributor to pediatric hospital admissions worldwide. This article reviews the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnostic methods, treatment strategies, and preventive measures for RTIs in children, emphasizing evidence-based approaches to reduce disease burden.

Childhood obesity has become one of the most serious public health challenges of the 21st century, with rapidly increasing prevalence across both developed and developing countries. It is associated with numerous comorbidities, including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and psychosocial problems. This article reviews the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, complications, diagnostic approaches, and management strategies for childhood obesity. Emphasis is placed on prevention and lifestyle modification as key interventions in reducing the long-term burden of this condition.

Childhood obesity has emerged as one of the most pressing global health problems of the twenty-first century. It is a complex, multifactorial condition resulting from an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure, influenced by genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors. The prevalence of obesity among children has increased dramatically worldwide, with significant implications for physical, metabolic, and psychological health. This article reviews the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria, and management strategies for pediatric obesity. Emphasis is placed on the importance of early prevention through lifestyle modification, public health interventions, and family-based approaches to reduce the long-term burden of obesity-related diseases.

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In the context of globalization and growing challenges in the field of healthcare, the study of international experience in reforming medical systems is of particular importance. The article examines key directions of healthcare transformation in several countries, including the introduction of digital technologies, strengthening the role of primary healthcare, the development of health insurance mechanisms, and the improvement of medical institution management. The analysis of international practices shows that successful reforms are based on the principles of accessibility, equity, and sustainable financing. Special attention is paid to the adaptation of these approaches to the conditions of Uzbekistan, where in recent years reforms have been actively implemented, aimed at modernizing infrastructure, improving the qualifications of medical personnel, and expanding preventive programs. Promising directions for applying foreign experience have been identified, such as digitalization, strengthening intersectoral cooperation, and introducing standards for assessing the quality of medical care. The presented findings can serve as a basis for further improvement of the national healthcare system in order to enhance its efficiency and responsiveness to the needs of the population.

In modern conditions, the organization of corporate nutrition has become an important direction in strengthening workers’ health and increasing their productivity. Traditional forms of workplace nutrition are gradually being transformed under the influence of digital technologies, biomedical research, and new approaches to food quality management. This article reviews innovative solutions in the field of corporate nutrition, including the introduction of smart canteens with elements of process automation for ordering and monitoring, the use of nutrient tracking systems through mobile applications and wearable devices, as well as the implementation of personalized diets based on employees’ health data and dietary habits. Particular attention is given to the role of functional foods, probiotics, and adaptogens in preventing occupational diseases and enhancing resilience to stress. It is emphasized that innovative approaches to corporate nutrition not only contribute to the preservation of health but also foster a culture of mindful food consumption, which is strategically important for the sustainable development of industrial enterprises.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major hepatological disorder characterized by excessive fat accumulation in hepatocytes without significant alcohol consumption. It represents the most common cause of chronic liver disease worldwide, affecting nearly one quarter of the global population. NAFLD encompasses a spectrum ranging from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, and cirrhosis. This article aims to analyze the pathogenesis, histopathological features, and clinical significance of NAFLD, with emphasis on diagnostic strategies and therapeutic challenges.

The ecological crisis of the Aral Sea has led to a complex of adverse environmental factors, including water and soil salinization, contamination with pesticides and heavy metals, and frequent dust and salt storms. This study aims to investigate the influence of these specific environmental factors on the prevalence and structure of dentoalveolar anomalies (DAA) in children residing in the Aral Sea region. A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted involving 450 children aged 7 to 14 years from the Karakalpakstan region (main group) and 450 children from a conventionally clean area in the Tashkent region (control group). Clinical dental examinations were performed to assess the state of the dentoalveolar system using the Angle classification and other metric measurements. A questionnaire was used to collect data on residential history, dietary habits, source of drinking water, and prevalence of respiratory diseases. The results revealed a significantly higher prevalence of DAA in the main group (88.2%) compared to the control group (46.5%) (p < 0.001). The structure of anomalies in the Aral Sea region was dominated by sagittal anomalies (Class II and III malocclusion), vertical anomalies (deep bite and open bite), and dental crowding. A strong correlation was found between the presence of DAA and factors such as high water salinity, chronic exposure to dust storms, and a diet deficient in essential micronutrients. In conclusion, the complex environmental degradation in the Aral Sea region acts as a significant risk factor, contributing to the high prevalence and specific patterns of dentoalveolar anomalies in the pediatric population. These findings underscore the need for targeted public health interventions, including early dental screening, nutritional support programs, and measures to improve water quality in the affected region.

Objective: To assess the need for orthodontic treatment among children and adolescents in the Republic of Karakalpakstan, an ecologically challenging region, and to identify the distribution of malocclusion severity.

Methods: A cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted on a sample of 1200 schoolchildren aged 12 to 15 years from various districts of Karakalpakstan. The need for orthodontic treatment was evaluated using the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN), which consists of the Dental Health Component (DHC) and the Aesthetic Component (AC). Clinical examinations were performed by calibrated examiners. Data on demographic characteristics were also collected.

Results: The results indicated a high level of need for orthodontic treatment. According to the DHC of the IOTN, 45.8% of the examined children were classified as having a definite need for treatment (grades 4 and 5), 35.2% had a borderline need (grade 3), and only 19.0% had little to no need (grades 1 and 2). The most common occlusal traits leading to a high DHC score were increased overjet, crossbites, and severe crowding. The AC assessment revealed that 38.5% of children were dissatisfied with their dental appearance (scores 8-10).

Conclusion: There is a substantial objective and subjective need for orthodontic care among children and adolescents in the Republic of Karakalpakstan. These findings highlight the necessity for developing and implementing a regional public health program focused on orthodontic screening, prevention, and accessible treatment to address the high prevalence of malocclusion in this vulnerable population.

Objective: To conduct a comparative analysis of the level of medical literacy regarding cervical cancer (CC) and to identify the prevalence of its main risk factors among women living in different districts of the Republic of Karakalpakstan. Methods: A cross-sectional anonymous survey was conducted among 1,500 women aged 25-49. A specially designed questionnaire was used to assess awareness of CC, human papillomavirus (HPV), screening methods (Pap test, HPV test), HPV vaccination, and key risk factors (smoking, early sexual debut, number of partners). Statistical analysis was performed to compare data between urban (Nukus city) and rural populations. Results: The study revealed a generally low level of medical literacy on CC issues. Only 35% of respondents were aware of the link between HPV and CC. Women in rural areas demonstrated significantly lower awareness compared to urban residents (p < 0.001). A high prevalence of risk factors was identified: 28% of respondents were smokers, and 45% reported an early sexual debut (before age 18). A significant negative correlation was found between the level of medical literacy and the presence of behavioral risk factors. Conclusion: There is a critical need to increase medical literacy about cervical cancer and its prevention among women in Karakalpaikstan, with a particular focus on rural areas. The findings justify the need for targeted educational programs and the development of accessible screening services to reduce the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in the region.

Hemorrhagic vasculitis (Henoch-Schönlein purpura) is the most common manifestation of inflammation of the small vessels and may result in severe complications if nephropathy develops. The aim of this study is to investigate the correlation between immune-hematological markers and the development of nephropathy. Literature review demonstrates that IgA immunoglobulins, the complement factors, cytokine levels, and alterations in platelet function are determinants of nephropathy development. Results indicate that deposition of IgA deposits in glomeruli, decreased C3 and C4 complement levels, increased levels of IL-6 and TNF-α cytokines, and platelet function disorders correlate directly with nephropathy development.

 Objective: To conduct a comparative analysis of the level of medical literacy regarding cervical cancer (CC) and to identify the prevalence of its main risk factors among women living in different districts of the Republic of Karakalpakstan. Methods: A cross-sectional anonymous survey was conducted among 1,500 women aged 25-49. A specially designed questionnaire was used to assess awareness of CC, human papillomavirus (HPV), screening methods (Pap test, HPV test), HPV vaccination, and key risk factors (smoking, early sexual debut, number of partners). Statistical analysis was performed to compare data between urban (Nukus city) and rural populations. Results: The study revealed a generally low level of medical literacy on CC issues. Only 35% of respondents were aware of the link between HPV and CC. Women in rural areas demonstrated significantly lower awareness compared to urban residents (p < 0.001). A high prevalence of risk factors was identified: 28% of respondents were smokers, and 45% reported an early sexual debut (before age 18). A significant negative correlation was found between the level of medical literacy and the presence of behavioral risk factors. Conclusion: There is a critical need to increase medical literacy about cervical cancer and its prevention among women in Karakalpaikstan, with a particular focus on rural areas. The findings justify the need for targeted educational programs and the development of accessible screening services to reduce the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in the region.

Introduction: Childhood bronchial asthma represents a significant and growing public health challenge in Uzbekistan, contributing to substantial morbidity and socioeconomic burden. Delays in diagnosis and suboptimal prevention strategies at the primary healthcare level exacerbate the problem. A coordinated, state-level strategic approach is essential for effective long-term control. This article analyzes the strategic importance of national programs for the prevention and early detection of childhood asthma in Uzbekistan. Methods: This study employs a health policy analysis framework. It involves a systematic review of international guidelines from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA), an analysis of successful national asthma programs in other countries, and an examination of Uzbekistan's current healthcare priorities as outlined in the "New Uzbekistan" Development Strategy for 2022-2026. A strategic framework was synthesized based on these data sources to identify key intervention areas for a national program. Results: The analysis identified two core strategic pillars for a comprehensive national program: (1) Primary Prevention and (2) Early Detection and Management. The Primary Prevention pillar encompasses three key domains: strengthening environmental controls to reduce exposure to pollutants and allergens; launching national public health campaigns to improve health literacy regarding asthma risk factors; and promoting healthy nutrition, including breastfeeding. The Early Detection pillar focuses on four critical areas: enhancing the capacity of primary healthcare professionals through continuous medical education; expanding access to objective diagnostic tools like spirometry in primary care settings; implementing a national screening program for high-risk children; and integrating digital health technologies and clinical decision support systems to standardize care. Conclusion: A comprehensive, government-led national program is critical to fundamentally improving childhood asthma outcomes in Uzbekistan. Such a program, built on the pillars of robust primary prevention and systematic early detection, has the potential to reduce the incidence and severity of the disease, decrease long-term healthcare costs, and improve the quality of life for millions of children. Successful implementation will require strong political commitment, multi-sectoral collaboration, and sustained financial investment.

 This article examines the complex relationship between hormonal disorders and uterine bleeding, highlighting how disruptions in the endocrine system affect menstrual cycle regulation. It explores common hormonal conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome, thyroid dysfunction, hyperprolactinemia, and luteal phase defects, explaining their roles in causing abnormal uterine bleeding. The article also discusses diagnostic approaches and treatment options aimed at restoring hormonal balance and managing bleeding disorders. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for effective clinical intervention and improving patient outcomes.

Twin pregnancies, encompassing both monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) types, represent a unique model for studying the interplay between genetic and epigenetic factors due to shared or divergent intrauterine environments. This review synthesizes current evidence on how genetic predispositions and epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation and histone alterations, influence prenatal diagnostics and perinatal outcomes in twin gestations. Key epigenetic mechanisms, including hypomethylation of repetitive elements like LINE-1 and variations at polycomb group target genes, are implicated in discordances observed in MZ twins, particularly in conditions like twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS). Modern diagnostic tools, including non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT), chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA), and ultrasound-based nuchal translucency (NT) measurements, have enhanced detection rates of chromosomal abnormalities and structural anomalies, leading to improved risk stratification. Perinatal outcomes, such as preterm birth, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), and congenital heart diseases (CHD), are adversely affected by these factors, with MZ twins exhibiting higher risks due to chorionicity-related complications. Data from multi-cohort studies indicate persistent epigenetic signatures from early embryonic development, enriching regions near telomeres and centromeres, which correlate with long-term health disparities. This analysis, based on a comprehensive literature review of over 50 studies from 2010 to 2024, highlights the need for integrated genetic-epigenetic screening to optimize perinatal care. Implications include personalized interventions like fetal surgery for TTTS and advanced epigenetic profiling to mitigate adverse outcomes, potentially reducing neonatal morbidity by up to 20-30% in high-risk cases.

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of an integrated program for early diagnosis and a multidisciplinary team (MDT) approach in managing children with cystic fibrosis (CF) in Uzbekistan, aiming to improve clinical outcomes. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted, analyzing the medical records of CF patients diagnosed at a national referral center. Patients were divided into two groups: Group 1 (n=50), diagnosed before the implementation of the new program (2015-2018), and Group 2 (n=55), diagnosed and managed under the new program (2019-2022), which included standardized diagnostic algorithms (sweat test, genetic testing) and coordinated care from an MDT (pediatric pulmonologist, gastroenterologist, physiotherapist, nutritionist). Key outcomes, including age at diagnosis, nutritional status (BMI-for-age z-score), and pulmonary function (FEV1%), were compared between the groups. Results: The mean age at diagnosis was significantly lower in Group 2 (0.8 ± 0.5 years) compared to Group 1 (4.2 ± 2.1 years) (p < 0.001). At age 8, children in Group 2 demonstrated significantly better clinical outcomes: a higher mean BMI-for-age z-score (-0.5 ± 0.4 vs. -1.8 ± 0.7, p < 0.001) and a higher mean FEV1% predicted (85% ± 10% vs. 68% ± 15%, p < 0.001). The annual rate of pulmonary exacerbations requiring hospitalization was also lower in Group 2 (0.7 per year) compared to Group 1 (2.5 per year). Conclusion: The implementation of a structured program for early diagnosis combined with a multidisciplinary approach to care significantly improves the nutritional status, and pulmonary function, and reduces morbidity in children with cystic fibrosis in Uzbekistan. These findings strongly support the nationwide expansion of newborn screening for CF and the establishment of specialized MDT centers to improve long-term prognosis.

Oxidative stress represents a critical imbalance between the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the capacity of antioxidant defenses, leading to cellular and tissue damage. This phenomenon has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including cardiovascular disorders, neurodegeneration, cancer, and chronic inflammation. This study provides an overview of the molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms underlying oxidative stress and evaluates its role in disease progression. By reviewing experimental and clinical findings, the article highlights potential therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating oxidative pathways to prevent or mitigate disease outcomes.

Simulation-based learning has become a cornerstone in modern medical education, providing students with opportunities to practice clinical decision-making and technical skills in a safe, controlled environment. In the field of internal medicine, simulation offers a unique platform for integrating theoretical knowledge with practical competence. This article explores the role of simulation in medical education, particularly its application in internal medicine training, analyzing its effectiveness, challenges, and future perspectives. The findings demonstrate that simulation enhances diagnostic accuracy, clinical reasoning, and teamwork while reducing medical errors, making it a vital pedagogical tool in preparing competent physicians.

Congenital heart defects (CHD) are a serious problem in pediatrics due to their high prevalence and the need for early surgical correction due to serious health problems and disabilities of the child. The social significance of the problem is determined by the fact that among congenital developmental anomalies leading to disability, congenital heart defects account for about 50%. According to the World Health Organization, congenital heart defects occur in 0,7-1,7% of newborns. In Uzbekistan, from 5 to 15 newborns out of 1000 live births are born with congenital heart defects. Currently, given the increasing incidence of congenital septal heart defects, pathogenetic mechanisms, features of the clinical course, the occurrence of severe complications of the disease, the appointment of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures is a problem that needs to be solved in pediatrics.

Congenital heart defects (CHD) are a serious problem in pediatrics due to their high prevalence and the need for early surgical correction due to serious health problems and disabilities of the child. The social significance of the problem is determined by the fact that among congenital developmental anomalies leading to disability, congenital heart defects account for about 50%. According to the World Health Organization, congenital heart defects occur in 0,7-1,7% of newborns. In Uzbekistan, from 5 to 15 newborns out of 1000 live births are born with congenital heart defects. Currently, given the increasing incidence of congenital septal heart defects, pathogenetic mechanisms, features of the clinical course, the occurrence of severe complications of the disease, the appointment of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures is a problem that needs to be solved in pediatrics.

The article presents an overview of modern data on changes in hematological parameters and immune background in children with congenital heart defects. The main etiological factors, pathogenesis, clinical and laboratory diagnostic methods, as well as current approaches to the treatment of congenital heart defects are considered. Particular attention is paid to the development of therapeutic measures aimed at both the prevention of anemia and the activation of natural erythropoiesis after radical correction of congenital heart defects. The importance of the fact that interleukin-6 has both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects is also emphasized, and an increase in interleukin-6 proves the predisposition of children with congenital heart defects after surgery to inflammatory processes and cerebral damage.

 The separation of polytrauma into a separate category is associated with the severity of the injuries, which should be taken into account when providing medical care. The combination of injuries to the chest, abdomen, and musculoskeletal system is of particular interest. These combinations of traumatic injuries are accompanied not only by traumatic shock, but also by the development of hemorrhagic and peritoneal syndromes. At the same time, damage to the musculoskeletal system complicates the diagnosis and treatment of victims with damage to the internal organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities, is a prerequisite for many life-threatening complications (shock, fatty embolism, respiratory distress syndrome, pneumonia) in the 1st and 2nd periods of traumatic diseases.

One of the most severe and frequent injuries of the musculoskeletal system is bone fractures, which occur in 90-98% of patients with multiple injuries and in 62.0-78.9% of patients with combined injuries. Mortality among victims of polytrauma varies from 3.8 to 45.3%, and the disability rate reaches from 10.3% to 43.4%.

Abdominal surgery remains one of the most rapidly evolving domains in operative medicine, where the integration of innovative technologies has revolutionized patient outcomes. The shift from traditional open approaches to minimally invasive and robotic-assisted methods reflects the global alignment with evidence-based surgical standards. This article reviews contemporary technologies currently applied in abdominal surgery, focusing on laparoscopy, robotic platforms, enhanced imaging, artificial intelligence (AI), and perioperative innovations such as enhanced recovery protocols. Methodological emphasis is placed on analyzing international guidelines, multicenter trials, and meta-analyses that establish these technologies as part of world-recognized standards. Results demonstrate reduced postoperative morbidity, shorter hospital stays, improved precision, and enhanced patient satisfaction when advanced technologies are applied. Discussion explores both the benefits and challenges, including cost, accessibility, and training demands, while underlining the critical role of standardized protocols in achieving reproducible results. It is concluded that abdominal surgery has entered an era of technological integration where patient safety, efficiency, and outcomes are driven by the adoption of globally standardized innovations.

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Malnutrition remains a major public health challenge in developing countries, particularly affecting children under five years of age. This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional status and growth patterns of children under five and to determine associated sociodemographic factors. A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 350 children, and anthropometric measurements were assessed using WHO growth standards. Results showed that 18.2% of children were underweight, 22.5% were stunted, and 9.6% were wasted. Children from low-income households had significantly higher rates of stunting compared to those from higher-income families. Findings highlight the urgent need for community-based nutrition interventions and parental education programs.

Background: Rotavirus remains a leading cause of severe acute gastroenteritis (AGE) among children worldwide. Following the introduction of the rotavirus vaccine into Uzbekistan's national immunization program, it is crucial to monitor the changing epidemiology of the disease. This study aimed to describe the epidemiological characteristics of rotavirus infection among children hospitalized in the Andijan region. Methods: A retrospective, hospital-based study was conducted at the Andijan Regional Infectious Diseases Hospital. The medical records of all children under five years of age hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed rotavirus gastroenteritis from January 2018 to December 2025 were analyzed. Data on demographic characteristics (age, sex), seasonality, and clinical features were extracted. Statistical analysis was performed to describe trends and identify high-risk groups. Results: A total of 1,250 cases of laboratory-confirmed rotavirus hospitalizations were identified during the study period. A significant decline in the annual number of hospitalizations was observed, from 280 cases in 2018 to 95 cases in 2025. The highest burden of disease was in children aged 6-24 months, who accounted for 72% of all cases. A distinct seasonal peak was identified during the colder months, from November to March, which accounted for over 65% of annual cases. The male-to-female ratio was 1.3:1. Conclusion: The epidemiological profile of rotavirus in the Andijan region shows a clear seasonality and a primary impact on infants and toddlers. The observed decline in hospitalizations strongly suggests a positive impact of the national rotavirus vaccination program. Continued surveillance is essential to monitor long-term vaccine effectiveness and ensure sustained high vaccination coverage to further reduce the disease burden.

Background: The re-emergence of vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) is a growing global concern, largely driven by vaccine hesitancy and refusal. Localized data on the impact of this phenomenon is essential for designing effective public health interventions. This study aimed to analyze the epidemiological consequences of declining vaccination rates in the Andijan region of Uzbekistan and to identify the primary drivers of vaccine refusal among the population. Methods: A mixed-methods study was conducted, combining a retrospective analysis of epidemiological data with a cross-sectional survey. Epidemiological data on the incidence of measles, pertussis, and rubella from 2015 to 2025 were obtained from the Andijan Regional Center for Sanitary and Epidemiological Welfare. Incidence rates were compared between vaccinated and unvaccinated pediatric cohorts. Concurrently, a structured survey was administered to 500 parents of children under five and 100 healthcare workers to assess the reasons for vaccine refusal, information sources, and the perceived effectiveness of current preventive measures. Results: The epidemiological analysis revealed a statistically significant increase in the incidence of measles and pertussis since 2020. The incidence rate of measles was over 40 times higher in unvaccinated children compared to vaccinated children (285 vs. 7 cases per 100,000 population, respectively; p < 0.001). Outbreak mapping identified several geographic clusters with low vaccination coverage. Survey results indicated that the primary reasons for vaccine refusal were fear of side effects (58%), misinformation from social media (45%), and distrust in vaccine quality (31%). Only 25% of hesitant parents reported receiving sufficient information from healthcare providers. Conclusion: Vaccine refusal is creating a significant public health vulnerability in the Andijan region, leading to preventable outbreaks of VPDs and threatening herd immunity. The findings highlight an urgent need for targeted, multi-pronged strategies that focus on combating online misinformation, enhancing healthcare provider communication skills, and rebuilding public trust in the national immunization program.

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a significant global public health threat, leading to increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Regional data is crucial for developing targeted intervention strategies. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and assess existing control mechanisms in healthcare facilities within the Andijan region of Uzbekistan. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2024 to August 2025 across five major multi-disciplinary hospitals in the Andijan region. A total of 650 clinical isolates were collected from various samples, including blood, urine, respiratory secretions, and wound swabs. Bacterial identification was performed using standard microbiological techniques and MALDI-TOF MS. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was carried out using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, following the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Data on infection control policies and antibiotic stewardship programs were collected through structured questionnaires and interviews with healthcare personnel. Results: The most frequently isolated bacteria were Escherichia coli (31%), Staphylococcus aureus (24%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (18%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11%). High resistance rates were observed among Gram-negative isolates to commonly prescribed antibiotics. E. coli showed significant resistance to ampicillin (>75%) and ciprofloxacin (>60%). Over 40% of K. pneumoniae isolates were resistant to third-generation cephalosporins, and 15% demonstrated carbapenem resistance. Among S. aureus isolates, 35% were identified as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Analysis of control measures revealed that while basic infection prevention protocols were in place, adherence was inconsistent, and dedicated antimicrobial stewardship programs were largely absent. Conclusion: The prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria, particularly carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and MRSA, is a serious concern in the Andijan region. The findings underscore an urgent need for strengthening AMR surveillance, implementing robust antimicrobial stewardship programs, and enhancing infection prevention and control practices in healthcare settings across the region to mitigate the spread of resistant pathogens.

Thyroid disorders are among the most common endocrine diseases worldwide, affecting millions of individuals across different age groups and geographic regions. Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are the most prevalent conditions, often associated with autoimmune mechanisms, nutritional deficiencies, or genetic predispositions. This article provides a comprehensive review of thyroid disorders, highlighting their clinical manifestations, modern diagnostic tools, and therapeutic strategies. The study emphasizes the importance of early detection and appropriate management to reduce complications and improve patient outcomes.

Respiratory infections remain one of the leading causes of morbidity and hospitalization among children worldwide. Due to the unique anatomical and immunological characteristics of the pediatric population, respiratory illnesses present with distinct clinical features and require specific diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. This article provides an overview of common respiratory infections in children, including acute respiratory viral infections, pneumonia, and bronchitis, with emphasis on their clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and management strategies.

Respiratory infections remain one of the leading causes of morbidity and hospitalization among children worldwide. Due to the unique anatomical and immunological characteristics of the pediatric population, respiratory illnesses present with distinct clinical features and require specific diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. This article provides an overview of common respiratory infections in children, including acute respiratory viral infections, pneumonia, and bronchitis, with emphasis on their clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and management strategies.

Inflammation is a fundamental protective response of the organism to harmful stimuli, including pathogens, damaged cells, and toxins. While acute inflammation serves as a defense mechanism, chronic and dysregulated inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of numerous diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, and cancer. This article analyzes the pathophysiological mechanisms of inflammation, its clinical manifestations, and therapeutic approaches. Understanding these processes is essential for the development of targeted interventions aimed at controlling excessive inflammation while preserving protective immunity.

The article further reviews current therapeutic strategies targeting inflammatory pathways, ranging from non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids to biologics such as anti-TNF and anti-IL-6 agents. Advances in molecular medicine and precision immunology have paved the way for novel treatments that selectively modulate inflammatory responses while preserving host defense mechanisms. Additionally, the importance of preventive strategies—including nutrition, physical activity, and lifestyle interventions—in reducing low-grade systemic inflammation is discussed. Understanding the pathophysiology of inflammation is therefore crucial not only for explaining the course of acute disease but also for addressing the global burden of chronic inflammatory disorders and developing innovative therapeutic approaches.

This review synthesizes research on technologies like virtual reality, simulation software, and online platforms for developing students' diagnostic competence through clinical cases in medical education, using ophthalmology as an example, to address limitations in traditional teaching methods regarding immersive and scalable learning. The review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of immersive technologies, benchmark existing platforms, identify features enhancing engagement and reasoning, compare pedagogical outcomes with conventional methods, and analyze integration challenges. A systematic analysis of global studies employing randomized trials, pilot projects, and reviews from diverse geographic contexts was conducted. Findings indicate that virtual reality and simulation significantly improve diagnostic accuracy, clinical reasoning, and surgical skills, with platforms like Eyesi and RetinaVR demonstrating superior outcomes over traditional training. Advanced features such as artificial intelligence and haptic feedback enhance personalized learning but remain underexplored and face implementation barriers. Technology-enhanced methods generally yield higher learner engagement and accessibility, particularly through online and metaverse-based platforms, though they complement rather than replace direct patient interaction. Integration challenges include cost, curriculum alignment, and regulatory concerns.

Neurocirculatory dystonia (NCD) is a functional cardiovascular disorder that affects a significant proportion of adolescents and is characterized by autonomic dysfunction, psychosomatic complaints, and emotional instability. Although NCD does not lead to organic heart disease, it exerts a profound impact on the quality of life (QoL) of adolescents by limiting their physical activity, reducing academic performance, and influencing psychological well-being. The purpose of this study is to analyze the main determinants of QoL in adolescents with NCD, summarize clinical and psychosocial outcomes, and discuss strategies to improve health-related quality of life.

The article presents the results of a morphometric analysis of the vertebral column at different age periods: childhood (6–12 years), adulthood (20–40 years), and old age (60 years and older). The study was carried out using dry anatomical specimens of vertebrae (cervical — C4, thoracic — Th7, lumbar — L3), as well as data from anatomical atlases. Three parameters of vertebral bodies were measured: height, width, and anteroposterior size. It was found that in childhood, vertebrae are characterized by smaller dimensions, a high content of cartilaginous tissue, and elasticity. In adulthood, maximum morphometric parameters were observed, reflecting the completion of bone tissue formation processes and the greatest functional stability of the vertebral column. In old age, signs of involutional changes were identified: a decrease in vertebral body height, reduction in width and anteroposterior dimensions, osteoporotic processes, and deformities. The obtained data demonstrate the regular changes of the vertebral column throughout human life and are of great importance for clinical practice in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of degenerative-dystrophic diseases of the spine.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is one of the most common chronic respiratory conditions worldwide and remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Characterized by persistent airflow limitation, chronic inflammation, and progressive decline in lung function, COPD imposes a significant burden on patients, healthcare systems, and society. This article provides an overview of the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic strategies, and treatment approaches to COPD, while also addressing global health challenges associated with the disease. Special attention is given to the role of smoking, environmental pollution, and occupational hazards in disease progression, as well as the importance of preventive strategies, rehabilitation, and patient education.

Dorsalgia, or back pain, is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders affecting people of different ages and occupations. Its multifactorial etiology includes degenerative changes, muscular strain, trauma, and metabolic disturbances. Plasmalyte, a balanced isotonic electrolyte solution, has recently been explored for its potential role in improving metabolic homeostasis, reducing muscular ischemia, and enhancing tissue perfusion in patients with dorsalgia. This article analyzes the clinical rationale for using Plasmalyte in dorsalgia management, discussing its physiological benefits, therapeutic indications, and possible implications for improving patient outcomes.

 In the modern digital age, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force across various sectors, and education is no exception. AI technologies are redefining teaching methodologies, personalizing the learning experience, automating assessments, and enabling real-time feedback. This article explores the multifaceted impact of AI on education, emphasizing how intelligent systems enhance student performance, aid teachers, and support inclusive learning environments. The paper also critically analyzes ethical considerations, data privacy issues, and equity challenges in AI implementation. As educational institutions globally adopt smart technologies, it becomes vital to assess not only the benefits but also the long-term implications of AI in learning ecosystems. Ultimately, the article advocates for a balanced, human-centered approach to ensure that technology enhances educational equity, quality, and sustainability.

Motor neuron disease according to ICD-10 belongs to the class of diseases with systemic atrophy of the elements of the central nervous system. Motor neuron disease (MND) is also called amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). This disease is characterized by damage to the upper neurons of the brain with subsequent disruption of their connection with the spinal cord. As a result of the disease, paralysis of the whole body develops.

The rapid development of digital technologies has transformed modern society, yet it has also introduced new environmental and economic challenges. The carbon footprint of digital infrastructure—including data centers, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and global communication networks—continues to grow, contributing significantly to greenhouse gas emissions. This paper explores the ecological implications of digital technologies, focusing on energy consumption, e-waste generation, and resource depletion. In addition, it examines the economic aspects, highlighting both the costs of sustainable technological transformation and the potential benefits of adopting green IT solutions. The findings suggest that balancing digital progress with environmental sustainability requires integrated policies, innovative energy-efficient technologies, and international cooperation.

This study explores the quality of life of patients suffering from laryngeal defects during various stages of rehabilitative treatment. It examines physical, psychological, and social factors influencing patients' well-being and adaptation to post-treatment conditions. The research highlights the importance of comprehensive rehabilitation programs aimed at improving functional outcomes and enhancing overall life satisfaction. Findings suggest targeted interventions can significantly improve patients' quality of life, emphasizing multidisciplinary approaches in medical and psychological care.

Despite the advancement of modern research methods, the diagnosis of viral lesions of the myocardium remains one of the most challenging tasks in clinical practice. Acute carditis may accompany almost any infectious process; however, the main etiological factor is viral infection (70–95%), particularly in children during the first years of life. It is important to note that in nearly one-third of cases, the pathology develops in the presence of superinfection.

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 Pharmacy, as a branch of medical science, plays a vital role in the prevention, treatment, and rational use of medicines. With the rapid development of biotechnology, nanotechnology, and evidence-based medicine, the field of pharmacy is transforming from a traditional drug-dispensing service into a science-oriented discipline that contributes to patient-centered care. This article examines the significance of modern pharmaceutical practices in ensuring public health, rational drug use, and the integration of innovative technologies into healthcare systems.

Pharmaceutical education plays a decisive role in preparing future specialists who can meet the growing challenges of modern healthcare systems. In the 21st century, the pharmacist is not only responsible for dispensing medicines but also for ensuring rational drug use, participating in clinical decision-making, and promoting public health. This article explores the evolution of pharmaceutical education, highlights innovative teaching methods, and analyzes the impact of modern curricula on the competence of graduates. By reviewing international experiences and local practices, the study demonstrates that pharmaceutical education is a key factor in building sustainable healthcare systems.

this article analyzes the role of diet particularly the mediterranean diet (meddiet) in the development and management of metabolic syndrome and chronic pancreatitis. Drawing on evidence from large randomized controlled trials such as predimed and the lyon diet heart study, it highlights the effectiveness of the meddiet in improving insulin resistance, reducing abdominal obesity and dyslipidemia, and lowering cardiovascular and inflammatory risks. The article also explores the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of key dietary components, including olive oil, nuts, vegetables, and fish, and their impact on pancreatic health and systemic inflammation. Special attention is given to the potential for adapting the meddiet model to the agro-climatic and nutritional resources of the fergana region, offering locally tailored dietary recommendations and preventive programs aimed at improving public health and extending life expectancy.

In this article, the impact of diseases of internal organs on the health of the oral cavity is covered on a medical-theoretical basis. The oral cavity is considered as an important indicator that reflects the general state of Health in the human body. The study analyzed the specific clinical signs that occur in the oral cavity of diseases of the gastrointestinal system, liver, cardiovascular, kidney and endocrine systems, their diagnostic and prognostic significance. In particular, the origin of conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux, cirrhosis of the liver, diabetes mellitus, periodontitis, glossitis and stomatitis, the mechanism of development and its relationship to the oral cavity have been substantiated by examples. The article also shows the possibilities of diagnosing and prophylactic diseases of internal organs by early detection of changes in the oral cavity. This serves as an important factor in the overall health assessment of symptoms of internal diseases in dental practice.

 Liver lesions produce a number of substances that are not indifferent to the body and must be removed from it. Therefore, the role of the kidneys in liver disease is of particular importance: timely elimination of toxic products depends on their normal functional ability. Metabolic disorders (carbohydrate, protein, lipid) observed in this kind of patients may be associated with liver damage.

Thus, with liver disease, the development of pathological changes in the kidneys is now beyond any doubt.

In this literature review article, based on scientific research published over the past 5 years, the significance of morphometric and microvascular indicators of the fundus in the early diagnosis of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) was studied. In particular, such parameters as choroidal vascularity index (CVI), choriocapillary flow rate, retinal vascular density, and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) were assessed as diagnostic biomarkers.

Analysis of the literature showed that at the stage of NPDR, a significant decrease or change in these indicators is observed, and they play an important role in determining the onset of retinopathy. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) technology also allows for non-invasive detection of these changes. CVI and chorocapillary flow are distinguished as the most sensitive biomarkers, while choroidal thickness is considered only as an auxiliary parameter. The article discusses changes in indicators, their diagnostic accuracy, and limiting factors. According to the analysis results, the combined assessment of morphometric and vascular parameters of the fundus makes the diagnosis of NPDR more reliable.

Minimally invasive techniques have revolutionized the field of urological surgery over the past three decades. Laparoscopy, endourology, and robotic-assisted procedures have replaced many traditional open operations, reducing perioperative morbidity and enhancing recovery. This article reviews recent advances in minimally invasive urology, focusing on key procedures such as radical prostatectomy, nephrectomy, stone management, and reconstructive surgery. Clinical outcomes, patient safety, and future perspectives are analyzed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the role of minimally invasive approaches in modern urology.

Respiratory infections remain one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in pediatric populations worldwide. They range from mild upper respiratory tract infections to severe lower respiratory tract diseases such as pneumonia and bronchiolitis. This article aims to analyze the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnostic approaches, treatment modalities, and preventive strategies of respiratory infections in children. The findings highlight the importance of early recognition, rational use of antibiotics, and the role of vaccination and hygiene in reducing disease burden.

The study of altered bone and muscle tissue plays an essential role in forensic medicine, particularly in the determination of trauma mechanisms, postmortem interval, and causes of death. This article reviews the forensic significance of pathological and traumatic changes in skeletal and muscular structures. Special emphasis is placed on morphological alterations, histological findings, and their diagnostic value in forensic investigations. The analysis demonstrates that bone and muscle tissue alterations serve as critical evidence for reconstructing the circumstances of injury and evaluating the vitality of lesions.

The article analyzes modern methods of caries treatment in dental practice. Particular emphasis is placed on minimally invasive dentistry, the use of laser technologies, biomaterials, and remineralization techniques. The advantages of preventive approaches and patient comfort during treatment are also highlighted. The findings demonstrate the potential of implementing effective and safe approaches in clinical dentistry.

This thesis provides a systematic description of the most common inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity along with a profound analysis of their primary etiological factors. The work comprehensively examines five clinically significant inflammatory pathologies: gingivitis, periodontitis, stomatitis, pulpitis, and periostitis, focusing on their characteristic features, pathogenesis, and causative factors.

This article examines diseases of deciduous (primary) teeth in children, their etiological factors, clinical manifestations, and modern treatment approaches. Primary teeth are essential for a child’s overall health, proper nutrition, speech development, and preservation of space for permanent dentition. The study focuses on the most common conditions such as caries, pulpitis, periodontitis, hypoplasia, and traumatic injuries. Modern treatment strategies highlighted include minimally invasive dentistry, the use of biomaterials, laser therapy, and preventive measures. The role of parental awareness regarding oral hygiene and the importance of regular dental check-ups for early diagnosis and prevention of complications are also emphasized. The findings underline the need to implement safe, effective, and child-friendly approaches in pediatric dentistry to ensure both clinical success and psychological comfort for young patients.

Congеnital hеart dеfеcts (CHDs) arе among thе most common congеnital anomaliеs in infants and rеmain a lеading causе of nеonatal morbidity and mortality worldwidе. Еarly diagnosis plays a critical rolе in improving clinical outcomеs, as timеly dеtеction allows for prompt mеdical or surgical intеrvеntion, rеducing complications and long-tеrm hеalth risks. Rеcеnt advancеs in diagnostic mеthods, such as еchocardiography, pulsе oximеtry scrееning, and gеnеtic tеsting, havе significantly еnhancеd thе ability to idеntify CHDs during thе prеnatal and nеonatal pеriods. This papеr highlights thе importancе of implеmеnting еarly diagnostic approachеs, rеviеws thе latеst scrееning tеchnologiеs, and discussеs thеir impact on survival ratеs, quality of lifе, and hеalthcarе systеms. Еarly dеtеction not only improvеs prognosis but also supports bеttеr parеntal counsеling and hеalthcarе planning.

This review synthesizes research on "Etiopathogenetic, age-related, and preventive characteristics of extremity phlegmon in children, adults, and elderly" to address the limited comparative understanding of age-specific differences in pathogenesis, clinical features, and prevention. The review aimed to evaluate etiopathogenetic mechanisms, clinical variability, preventive strategies, microbial profiles, and treatment outcomes across age groups. A systematic analysis of retrospective and prospective studies, clinical trials, and reviews from diverse geographic regions was conducted, focusing on pediatric, adult, and geriatric populations. Findings reveal distinct microbial patterns, with gram-positive predominance in children and increased gram-negative and polymicrobial infections in elderly patients, often complicated by diabetes and comorbidities.

Allergic rhinitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa that develops as a result of hypersensitivity to allergens. The aim of this study is to conduct a scientific analysis of its causes and symptoms, to evaluate the effectiveness of modern diagnostic and treatment methods, to review statistics from the last three years, and to identify the factors influencing the development of allergic rhinitis. Furthermore, the complications of the disease and preventive strategies are also considered.

Chemical burns of the digestive tract can lead to severe local tissue damage and provoke systemic responses that affect distant organs. This literature review summarizes current knowledge on morphometric changes in the thyroid gland following corrosive injury to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and discusses potential mechanisms and interventions for correction. The introduction outlines the epidemiology and pathophysiology of caustic GI burns, emphasizing that injury severity ranges from mild mucosal damage to full-thickness necrosis with life-threatening complications [1].The analysis focuses on reported thyroid gland alterations in experimental models and clinical observations: inflammatory and stress-mediated pathways are implicated in thyroid microstructural changes (follicular architectural distortion, cellular infiltration) and functional suppression (euthyroid sick syndrome) after severe burns [5]. Key mechanisms include systemic release of inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL-6, TNF-α) [1], acute stress hormone surges, and neuroendocrine disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. Diagnostic approaches from the literature range from histopathological examinations of the thyroid (showing colloid depletion and thyroglobulin clumping in burn victims) to imaging and hormonal assays. Therapeutic strategies for correction have been explored in animal studies and clinical practice: anti-inflammatory treatments, antioxidant therapy, and hormonal replacement are considered for mitigating thyroid damage and dysfunction. However, data on targeted interventions remain limited. In conclusion, chemical GI burns can induce significant morphometric and functional changes in the thyroid gland via complex systemic mechanisms. Early recognition and management of thyroid involvement in burn patients may improve outcomes, but further research is needed to establish effective therapeutic protocols.

 Instrumental diagnostics of tetralogy of Fallot includes PCG, electrocardiography, ultrasound of the heart, chest X-ray, catheterization of the heart chambers and ventriculography. Surgical treatment of tetralogy of Fallot can be palliative (placing intersystem anastomoses) and radical (complete surgical correction of the defect). Tetralogy of Fallot is a combined congenital anomaly of the heart, characterized by stenosis of the outflow tract of the right ventricle, a defect of the interventricular septum, dextroposition of the aorta and hypertrophy of the right ventricular myocardium. Clinically, tetralogy of Fallot is manifested by early cyanosis, developmental delay, shortness of breath and dyspnea-cyanotic attacks, dizziness and fainting.