Thyroid disorders are among the most common endocrine diseases worldwide, affecting millions of individuals across different age groups and geographic regions. Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are the most prevalent conditions, often associated with autoimmune mechanisms, nutritional deficiencies, or genetic predispositions. This article provides a comprehensive review of thyroid disorders, highlighting their clinical manifestations, modern diagnostic tools, and therapeutic strategies. The study emphasizes the importance of early detection and appropriate management to reduce complications and improve patient outcomes.

thyroid disorders, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, autoimmune thyroiditis, Graves’ disease, thyroid hormone replacement

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