Inflammation is a fundamental protective response of the organism to harmful stimuli, including pathogens, damaged cells, and toxins. While acute inflammation serves as a defense mechanism, chronic and dysregulated inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of numerous diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, and cancer. This article analyzes the pathophysiological mechanisms of inflammation, its clinical manifestations, and therapeutic approaches. Understanding these processes is essential for the development of targeted interventions aimed at controlling excessive inflammation while preserving protective immunity.

The article further reviews current therapeutic strategies targeting inflammatory pathways, ranging from non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids to biologics such as anti-TNF and anti-IL-6 agents. Advances in molecular medicine and precision immunology have paved the way for novel treatments that selectively modulate inflammatory responses while preserving host defense mechanisms. Additionally, the importance of preventive strategies—including nutrition, physical activity, and lifestyle interventions—in reducing low-grade systemic inflammation is discussed. Understanding the pathophysiology of inflammation is therefore crucial not only for explaining the course of acute disease but also for addressing the global burden of chronic inflammatory disorders and developing innovative therapeutic approaches.

inflammation, pathophysiology, cytokines, acute inflammation, chronic inflammation, therapeutic targets

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