This review synthesizes research on technologies like virtual reality, simulation software, and online platforms for developing students' diagnostic competence through clinical cases in medical education, using ophthalmology as an example, to address limitations in traditional teaching methods regarding immersive and scalable learning. The review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of immersive technologies, benchmark existing platforms, identify features enhancing engagement and reasoning, compare pedagogical outcomes with conventional methods, and analyze integration challenges. A systematic analysis of global studies employing randomized trials, pilot projects, and reviews from diverse geographic contexts was conducted. Findings indicate that virtual reality and simulation significantly improve diagnostic accuracy, clinical reasoning, and surgical skills, with platforms like Eyesi and RetinaVR demonstrating superior outcomes over traditional training. Advanced features such as artificial intelligence and haptic feedback enhance personalized learning but remain underexplored and face implementation barriers. Technology-enhanced methods generally yield higher learner engagement and accessibility, particularly through online and metaverse-based platforms, though they complement rather than replace direct patient interaction. Integration challenges include cost, curriculum alignment, and regulatory concerns.

virtual reality (vr), simulation-based learning, diagnostic competence, ophthalmology education, clinical case-based learning, medical education technology

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