Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) has transformed the practice of modern surgery, offering reduced morbidity, shorter hospital stays, and improved patient satisfaction compared to traditional open procedures. This article explores the principles, techniques, and outcomes of MIS, focusing on its role in general and specialized surgical fields. Using a structured IMRAD approach, this study highlights the evolution of laparoscopic and robotic techniques, compares perioperative outcomes, and discusses future perspectives in surgical innovation.

Minimally invasive surgery; laparoscopic surgery; robotic surgery; perioperative outcomes; surgical innovation; healthcare systems; patient recovery; public health; global surgery; medical technology

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