Age-related structural and functional changes in bone and muscle tissue have critical importance in forensic medicine, particularly for biological age estimation and the identification of unknown remains. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of skeletal and muscular alterations across the human lifespan and evaluates their forensic applications. The research draws on peer-reviewed forensic, anatomical, and medical literature, integrating morphological, histological, radiological, and biochemical approaches. The results demonstrate that bone tissue undergoes progressive demineralization, cortical thinning, and trabecular porosity, while osteocyte density and collagen content decline significantly with age. Concurrently, muscle tissue exhibits sarcopenia, characterized by type II fiber atrophy, intramuscular fat accumulation, fibrosis, and reduced mitochondrial activity. These changes, detectable through histological staining, imaging modalities such as X-ray and CT scans, and biochemical assays, serve as reliable markers for forensic age estimation.

forensic medicine, bone tissue, muscle tissue, age-related changes, age estimation

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