Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome characterized by the inability of the heart to maintain adequate blood circulation to meet the metabolic demands of the body. The development of HF is underpinned by intricate pathophysiological mechanisms, particularly neurohumoral activation and structural remodeling of the myocardium. Neurohumoral mediators such as the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS), sympathetic nervous system (SNS), and natriuretic peptides play pivotal roles in the progression of HF. Meanwhile, myocardial remodeling, including hypertrophy, fibrosis, and apoptosis, significantly alters cardiac architecture and function. This article aims to review the mechanisms of neurohumoral regulation and remodeling in HF, emphasizing their pathological and clinical implications.

heart failure, neurohumoral regulation, cardiac remodeling, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, sympathetic activation

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