Cervical cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer among women and is currently the fourth most common cancer worldwide. According to WHO estimates, 604,000 new cases of cervical cancer and 342,000 deaths from it were registered in 2020[1]. Cervical cancer is most prevalent in low- and middle-income countries, which is associated with low levels of vaccination and screening of vulnerable groups of women. It is known that the main cause of cervical cancer is the human papillomavirus (HPV), especially its highly oncogenic strains (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 45, 52 and 58). The presence of these types of virus is mandatory, but is not sufficient for the development of the disease. Understanding the extent to which external factors contribute to the progression of oncogenic strains of the virus into cervical dysplasia and/or cervical cancer can help improve methods of preventing this disease.

Cervical cancer, cervical dysplasia, cervical intraepithelial dysplasia, combined oral contraceptives, intrauterine device, contraception.

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