This study investigates the potential efficacy of a pineapple and ginger elixir in alleviating primary dysmenorrhea pain among adolescents. Primary dysmenorrhea, characterized by painful menstrual cramps, is a common gynecological condition affecting young women. Pineapple and ginger have been traditionally used for their anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. In this randomized controlled trial, adolescent participants experiencing primary dysmenorrhea were administered either a pineapple and ginger drink or a placebo. Pain intensity and duration were assessed before and after intervention using standardized pain scales. Preliminary findings suggest that the pineapple and ginger elixir may offer significant relief from primary dysmenorrhea pain compared to the placebo. Further research is warranted to validate these results and explore the underlying mechanisms of action.

Glutathione, often hailed as the master antioxidant, plays a pivotal role in maintaining cellular health and protecting against oxidative stress. This review delves into the multifaceted functions of glutathione, exploring its intricate mechanisms of action and its profound impact on health and disease. Through its ability to neutralize free radicals and detoxify harmful substances, glutathione serves as a crucial defender against oxidative damage and inflammation. Moreover, glutathione's involvement in various physiological processes, including immune function, DNA repair, and protein synthesis, underscores its significance in maintaining overall well-being. Dysregulation of glutathione levels has been implicated in numerous pathological conditions, ranging from neurodegenerative diseases to cancer and aging-related disorders. Understanding the intricate interplay between glutathione and cellular homeostasis offers insights into potential therapeutic strategies for combating oxidative stress-related ailments. This review synthesizes current knowledge on glutathione biology, highlighting its mastery as an antioxidant and its therapeutic implications for promoting health and mitigating disease.

Background: According to some studies, patients with obesity seem to be more prone to have severe COVID-19 symptoms, than non-obese people. The association between obesity and an increased risk of hospitalization, critical conditions, or even death as a result of COVID-19 in Uzbekistan is currently under research. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of obesity on the severity and course of disease of COVID-19.

Design and methods: The design of the study is an observational cohort study. The patients were followed over 30 days, after COVID-19 disease to examine short-term outcomes. Among patients seeking medical treatment or receiving the initial medical communication in distribution centers in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, we selected 4675 consecutive patients, who had proven SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive test results. By using a t-test to continuous data related with an increased risk of hospitalization, critical conditions, or even mortality owing to COVID-19 in Uzbekistan, we compared individuals with obesity and those who did not have obesity. Furthermore, we chose to evaluate data from databases like as PubMED, Elsevier, Cochrane, Lancet, World Obesity, Science, and World Health Organization guidelines through to the end of the еar 2021, as well as data from existing databases. In addition, we investigated a number of scientific online sites, including karger.com, Medscape, CDC.gov, and Google scholar to find the association between COVID-19 and obesity.

Despite significant advances in acute stroke management and reducing stroke mortality, there has been limited progress in preventing complications such as post-stroke epilepsy. PSE research is scattered worldwide, with varying methodologies and data collection. To address these challenges, we have established the International Post-Stroke Epilepsy Research Consortium (IPSEC). This protocol outlines a meta-analysis of individual patient data to determine outcomes in patients with post-stroke seizures and develop/validate prediction models for PSE, comparing them with existing models. The protocol also describes the creation of the International Post-Stroke Epilepsy Research Repository, which will support future collaborative research.[1]

In today's world, depending on the degree of severity, shape and size of chest deformities, chest symmetry, patient heredity, children's age and accompanying functional disorders, each has its own positive and the development of new treatment methods with adverse properties remain among the most pressing researches in pediatric surgery, large randomized clinical trials comparing existing surgical techniques are being conducted and research is being conducted on new approaches that improve the effectiveness of existing techniques.

Study of the clinical condition of the mucous membrane of the oral cavity in hyperkeratotic (typical), erosive, ulcerated, pemphigoid and scaly forms of red flat iron.

The transmission of intercourse side effects from innovation to period is an enchanting and convoluted peculiarity that has gathered sizeable interest in the areas of science, hereditary qualities, and transformative science. Sex signs, furthermore viewed as intercourse qualities or intercourse attributes, allude to the substantial and conduct credits that recognize grown-up guys from ladies in an animal variety. The transmission of these side effects from one period to the resulting is fundamental for the endurance and propagation of an animal categories, as it guarantees the continuation of conceptive cycles and the transformation of populaces to their surroundings.

This article presents the most complex problems of heart disease in the present day and the assumption of disease on the topic. This article is written using other literature.

This article presents the most complex problems of heart disease in the present day and the assumption of disease on the topic. This article is written using other literature. The new imaging technology is called HeartFlow, and it allows physicians to determine more easily if a patient needs an invasive procedure to clear blocked arteries or if a non-invasive treatment, such as medication, would work. Since 2018, more than 15,000 people around the world have used it, and it is offered in select locations throughout Banner Health.

This article talks about effective communication  and  building trust between doctor and patient relationship.

Tuberculosis or Tuberculosis is an infectious disease of bacterial etiology. The disease is considered not only medical, but also social: the most vulnerable to the tuberculosis pathogen are people with reduced immunity, those who do not eat enough, who do not follow hygiene standards, and people living in poor social conditions. The development of the disease is affected by the quality of human life. However, the entire population, regardless of age and gender, is at risk of tuberculosis.

The psycho-emotional state of 60 patients with irritable bowel syndrome was studied, as a result of which it was concluded that the emotional state is one of the contributing factors leading to the development of irritable bowel syndrome.

In this article, we are looking at traumatic papillomatosis, a complication that can occur when using improperly fitted removable dentures. This disease is characterized by the formation of papillomas on the mucous membrane of the oral cavity.

Cerebral palsy occupies a leading position among childhood neurological diseases, so this pathology requires a special approach. With this in mind, as a specific approach, the involvement of multiple specialist teams and long-term, ongoing rehabilitation will provide significant practical assistance to the patient. This rehabilitation should include clinical treatment, outpatient treatment and, of course, long-term treatment at home.

Cerebral palsy (CP) occupies a special place in the structure of morbidity and disability of the child population.[1] The term “cerebral palsy” (CP) unites a group of syndromes with different clinical manifestations that arise as a result of underdevelopment of the brain and its damage at various stages of ontogenesis and are characterized by the inability to maintain a normal posture and perform voluntary movements [5]. The success of rehabilitation depends not only on the severity damage to the central nervous system (CNS) of the child, but also from timely diagnosis, proper organization of the treatment process, starting from the first years of the child’s life. Only an analysis of the comprehensive development of a child with cerebral palsy is the basis for correct rehabilitation and prognosis. Recently, increased attention has been paid to new organizational forms in a complex multidisciplinary rehabilitation system. Among them, there is significant interest in treating children with cerebral palsy at home.

This article discusses the role of vitamin D in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT). The authors found that vitamin D levels were low in patients with AIT. In the article, the authors showed an inverse correlation between thyroid-stimulating hormone, antibodies to thyroperoxidase and thyroglobulin and vitamin D content, which indicates that vitamin D deficiency is also one of the pathogenetic links in the course of AIT.

Dry eye syndrome is a common disease characterized by rapid drying of tear fluid. Due to the decrease in the quality and quantity of tears, the surface of the cornea is not well moisturized, resulting in the appearance of microcracks and wounds. The disease causes a sharp decrease in visual acuity, so it requires treatment.

Of the large number of congenital heart defects, the leading position is occupied by congenital septal defects, among which the second place in frequency of occurrence is occupied by an isolated atrial septal defect (ASD), with a prevalence of about 7% among all congenital heart defects. The most common intercurrent pathology is pneumonia caused by hypervolemia of the small circle.  The study of the features of the course of pneumonia in young children with ASD showed that lung tissue damage was associated with hemodynamic disorders that influenced the course and outcome of pneumonia.

A comparison was made of the effectiveness of assisted reproductive technology (ART) programs in patients after surgical treatment of endometrioid ovarian cyst (EOC) and after transvaginal puncture of the EOC. The study group consisted of 47 patients who underwent the ART program after puncture of the EOC, and 48 patients who entered the ART program after surgical treatment of EOC using laparoscopic enucleation of the cyst capsule using electrocoagulation. The control group consisted of 50 patients with male factor infertility.

The oral cavity is the main gateway for infection to enter the human body. With inhaled air and food, a huge number of different microorganisms, including pathogens, are deposited on the mucous membrane. Most currently known AMPs have a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity, acting against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as yeast and some viruses. In addition, convincing evidence has been obtained that a number of AMPs have anticarcinogenic activity, as well as immunomodulators. The article examines in detail the biochemical and immunological features of antimicrobial peptides in the oral cavity. Due to the fact that oral AMPs are diverse and act on microorganisms very quickly, the likelihood of developing resistance to them is quite small. This gives hope that AMPs can be used to produce antimicrobials, resistance to which develops very slowly. Therefore, it is proposed to use AMPs with antiviral and antifungal activity in immunocompromised individuals, including AIDS patients, for the prevention and treatment of candidiasis and herpetic gingivostomatitis. The use of AMP for the prevention and treatment of gingivitis and periodontitis seems promising.     

 Qizilqum is the second largest desert in Central Asia after the Karakum desert. It is extremely complex in terms of its natural climatic environment, with sand dunes of various shapes and sizes, flat mountain ranges, plains, low depressions, shorkhok, is a geographical area consisting of a complex of gypsum fields. Geomorphologically, Kyzylkum has a very complex structure. There are hills of the Paleozoic era, which are composed of limestones, slats, and sands of various forms. The terrain characteristic of Kyzylkum is the priority of sandy areas. Saline deserts are another ecological environment characteristic of Kyzylkum, in which there are different levels of salinity and non-uniformly distributed sedimentary areas. Common grassland species occur in all soil conditions and ecological environments; Plants such as white saxovol, black saxovol, black Circassian, chogon, kandym, and izen are found in sandy deserts.

Recently, due to the increase in cases of negative impact of various anthropogenic factors on flora and fauna, there are many cases of plant poisoning among the population and livestock. The main task at the moment is to know what should be done to reduce poisoning of people and livestock from poisonous plants. In Uzbekistan, along with useful plants, there are also poisonous plants that harm humans and animals. It is important to know them and protect people and livestock from poisonous plants.

Steroids belonging to the class of unsaponifiable lipids are steranines and are derivatives. Currently, more than 20,000 steroids are known and more than 100 of them are used in medicine. They perform various functions in the body.

The steroid molecules are based on the structure of the polycyclic saturated hydrocarbon estrane, built from four fused carbon rings. Many steroids contain hydrocarbon side chains, such as cholestane shown in the diagram, which is the basis of many sterols (steroid alcohols).

The variety of treatment options for trigeminal neuralgia (TN) reported in the literature reflects clinicians' dissatisfaction with the results of treatment of this severe disease. The search for new methods of treatment is going in two directions: by improving drug therapy through the introduction of new drugs and their combinations and through the development of new surgical techniques affecting the trigeminal nerve (TN) system. Each of the therapeutic methods of treatment is mainly aimed at only one of the links in the pathogenetic chain of trigeminal neuralgia development: either at increasing the threshold of excitability of sensitized neurons of the brain stem and cortex, or at switching off the trigger zone. The main link, where the pathological focus of demyelination (the site of neurovascular conflict) is formed, remains outside the sphere of influence of existing therapeutic methods. The need to improve therapeutic methods is also due to the fact that, in addition to primary TN patients, patients who have no conflict detected during microvascular decompression (MVD), in whom pain relapse occurred after successful MVD, in those cases when root compression by a vessel is detected, but for technical reasons it is impossible to perform safe repositioning of the vessel, when there are medical contraindications to general anesthesia, etc., need treatment.

Mucous membrane of the oral cavity, its diseases, causes of origin, examination methods, symptoms, classifications and patalogical processes. Stamatites causes, types, symptoms and course.

Dental pulp represents a specialized connective tissue enclosed by dentin and enamel, the most highly mineralized tissues of the body. Consequently, the direct examination as well as pathological evaluation of dental pulp is difficult. Within this anatomical context, our study aimed to evaluate the correlation between dental pulp lesions and clinical diagnosis.

Big date deep learning and high-performance computing are pushing society into the era of data intelligence. The emergence of artificial intelligence and the development of the sharing economy have brought about a radical change in the traditional way of life in the past. The concept of “smart+” has also become more and more popular. The improvement of living standards has caused more and more serious dental problems. The pressure on dental hospitals has increased, and the upgrading of dental chairs is imminent. The purpose of this article is to analyze the application of technology in modern dental equipment for analysis and research, so as to expand its future development prospects.

This chapter provides basic information regarding teeth, composition, decay, curing decayed teeth with different filling materials. The composition and types of various dental fillings is also included. A brief overview of shortcomings related to amalgam fillings is also discussed. The precursors, superiority, and types of composite filling materials compared with amalgam fillings are also listed. It also includes several unique features of nanocomposite dental restorative materials. A list of various antibacterial nanocomposites applicable in the field of dentistry is incorporated. The basic requirements and different types of monomers (polymers) used for restorative purposes in the field of dentistry are also included.

In the structure of congenital heart defects (CHD), septal defects with left-right blood bypass, such as ventricular and atrial septal defects, occupy a leading place. In most cases, with the natural course of CHD with left-right blood bypass surgery, a complication in the form of pulmonary arterial hypertension often develops. Endothelial dysfunction of the vessels of the small circulatory circle leads to a violation of the systolic or diastolic function of the heart, which is quite often the cause of the formation of heart failure.

Eczema is an acute or chronic recurrent disease characterized by an inflammatory reaction formed under the influence of exogenous or endogenous factors, polymorphism of rash elements, and severe itching. The problem of eczema is currently becoming more and more urgent. In the structure of the incidence of chronic dermatoses, eczema accounts for up to 40% of all skin diseases. The incidence of eczema occurs in all age groups and often accompanies occupational diseases. The incidence of eczema is higher among women than among men.

In the world of natural science, it is an important issue to determine the ways of biological protection of plants, to study useful and effective flora and fauna in this regard. Biological protection of plants means fighting against some parasites that are dangerous for them, treating various diseases. There are many insects with this characteristic in nature. Weevils are one of them. This article provides information about the importance of weevils in the fight against harmful insects.

In one-stage recovery of cicatricial deformities of the forearm, back of the hand, fingers with syndactyly, the most effective is plastic surgery of the forearm, back of the hand with one wide full-layer skin graft after preliminary restoration of the interdigital commissures with П-shaped patches. This method operated 103 patients. Long-term results were studied in 97 (94.2%) of 103 patients. In 91 (93.8%) patients, good functional and aesthetic results were obtained. Satisfactory results were achieved in 6 (6.2%) patients. In the control group, good results were noted in 31 (36.5%) of 85 patients, satisfactory - in 40 (47%) patients. In 14 (16.5%) patients, the results were considered unsatisfactory.

In this article, we looked at Black's types of caries classification and class types, Dentists use various classifications of caries to determine the degree of its development. One of the oldest such systems is the scale created by the American scientist, Green Black. With its help, doctors evaluate the condition of teeth with carious lesions and determine the method of treatment. Let's take a closer look at the features of this classification.

The development of modern methods in the treatment of chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is one of the pressing problems of modern otiatrics. Among the various methods of treating chronic purulent otitis media, currently there is a rational combination of general measures of influence on the body with local treatment. A comparative analysis of the level of effectiveness of a solution of decasane o.oo2% in combination with O3 and YAG-Ho laser radiation in special therapeutic modes was carried out, the advantage of this technique and its mechanism were outlined. The results of treatment of 30 patients are presented. All patients underwent lavage of the middle ear cavity with antiseptic solutions, followed by the administration of decasan solution, alternating in a combination of oxygen and IAN-No laser. Despite this, in patients 1 – group 12% of patients, 2 – group 4.56% of patients, 3 – group 31% of patients, a short-term effect was noted with subsequent recurrence of the disease.

Intense viral encephalitis is a limit and most likely perilous neurological infection that influences youth around the world. Encephalitis, which really potential "irritation of the mind," is welcomed on through a viral tainting that desires the focal unfortunate framework, primary to a differ of decimating signs and side effects that can have long haul punishments for the youngster's mental, engine, and conduct improvement. The meaning of early discovery and cure of intense viral encephalitis in teenagers couldn't possibly be more significant, too planned mediation can impressively improve outcomes and diminishing the opportunity of outrageous neurological sequelae. This article will outfit a total outline of the contemporary writing on the early location and treatment of intense viral encephalitis in youngsters, featuring the key difficulties, symptomatic techniques, and helpful strategies that can illuminate logical practice.

The counteraction of torment condition in babies is a urgent part of neonatal consideration, as it not just influences the quick prosperity of the baby yet additionally has long haul suggestions for their turn of events and wellbeing. The American Foundation of Pediatrics (AAP) suggests that medical services suppliers adopt a proactive strategy to forestalling and overseeing torment in babies, perceiving that youngsters are equipped for encountering agony and pain (AAP, 2016). This exposition means to assess the adequacy and wellbeing of different techniques for forestalling torment disorder in babies, looking at the flow proof and exploration around here.

The economics of medical services encompasses a complex interplay of pricing strategies, demand dynamics, and advertising strategies that shape the delivery, accessibility, and affordability of healthcare. This paper explores key concepts in healthcare economics, including pricing strategies such as fee-for-service, bundled payments, and value-based pricing, as well as the concept of price elasticity of demand and the role of advertising in healthcare. By examining real-world examples and case studies, we illustrate how these concepts impact patient behavior, healthcare utilization patterns, and the overall dynamics of the healthcare marketplace. Through a comprehensive understanding of these principles, healthcare stakeholders can navigate the evolving landscape of healthcare economics, optimize pricing strategies, and enhance patient outcomes.

Many years of research by scientists in the field of psychology, pedagogy, and education have proven that the type of parent-child relationships in the family is one of the most important factors that shapes the child’s character and the characteristics of his behavior. Therefore, a violation of the family education system and disharmony in parent-child relationships often becomes the cause of psychological problems in a child and can even provoke the occurrence of childhood neuroses. Therefore, this article aims to analyze the parenting styles and their effect on the development of children.

It's heart problems caused by narrowed heart arteries. When arteries are narrowed, less blood and oxygen reach the heart muscle. This is also called coronary artery disease and coronary heart disease. This can lead to heart attack. Ischemia often causes chest pain or discomfort known as angina pectoris.

Распространенность стоматологических заболеваний среди детского населения колеблется в пределах от 75 до 98%. Такая ранняя и высокая заболеваемость обусловлена не только состоянием здоровья ребенка и образом жизни в первые годы, но и в значительной мере течением антенатального периода развития. Формирование полноценных тканей зубов ребенка находится в прямой зависимости от состояния здоровья матери до и во время беременности. Антенатальный период является самым ответственным в формировании пороков не только твердых тканей зубов, но и всей челюстно-лицевой области.

The article examines the digitalization of corporate governance processes. Segments of digitalization of management processes in the corporation have been identified. The author distinguishes between the digitalization of information and operational processes aimed at increasing the efficiency of decisions made and the digitalization of corporate governance processes aimed at simplifying interaction between owners and managers. The problems of using digital management processes by corporations are identified. A roadmap for the implementation of digital management technologies has been developed, including recommendations for the development of internal corporate documents aimed at regulating the conduct of remote meetings and electronic voting, such as the Corporate Governance Code, Regulations on the Board of Directors or Regulations on the General Meeting of Shareholders.

The article will focus on practical activities and their content on improving the process of using pedagogical design and vitagenic educational opportunities in the development of speech communicative competencies of future educators, the dominant aspects and content of vitagenic education in the use of educational technologies, the concept of pedagogical design and the degree of its application.

This article examines the impact of cultural and humanitarian relations on the development of civil society in Uzbekistan and Turkey. Based on the analysis of historical, political and sociological sources, the author shows how cooperation in the field of education, culture, art and tourism contributed to an increase in the level of education and cultural development of the population, the formation of an active civic position and the development of civil society institutions. Special attention is paid to the role of cultural and humanitarian relations in strengthening intercultural dialogue and tolerance.

Endometrial cancer, a type of cancer that affects the lining of the uterus, is one of the most common gynecologic malignancies worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), endometrial cancer is the sixth most common cancer in women, with approximately 320,000 new cases and 76,000 deaths reported annually. In the United States alone, the American Cancer Society estimates that approximately 61,380 new cases of endometrial cancer will be diagnosed in 2022, resulting in approximately 10,920 deaths. Despite the alarming incidence and mortality rates, endometrial cancer remains a significant public health concern, warranting a comprehensive understanding of its crash rate, risk factors, and pathological anatomy.

The purpose of this study is to study the features of the course of gout in combination with metabolic syndrome (MS) and to assess the impact of an integrated therapeutic approach on the course of joint syndrome and the dynamics of metabolic disorders. 89 patients with primary chronic gout were examined, verified based on the classification criteria of S. Wallace et al., mainly men – 74 (86.0%), average age 57.35 ± 12.41 years, median duration of the disease at the time of treatment 5.0 (2.0–10.0) years. MS was detected in 63 % of patients with primary chronic gout. The age of gout onset is significantly lower in patients with gout in combination with MS – 47.51 ± 11.03 years (p < 0.001). In the main group, there was a high frequency and duration of gout exacerbations per year (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). The maximum serum uric acid (MC) values were detected in the gout group in combination with MS, and have strong direct correlations with the duration of the disease (R = 0.31 at p < 0.05), as well as the frequency exacerbations over the past year (R = 0.37 at p < 0.001). Against the background of allopurinol therapy, all patients showed a decrease in the frequency and duration of exacerbations, in the "MK level control" group, the frequency (median 1.0 [0.0-2.5]) and duration (median 2.5 [0.0–4.0]) of exacerbations were significantly lower compared with the "no MK level control" group (p < 0.01). Among the patients who reached the target values of serum MC in the control period, there was a significantly greater decrease in such indicators as cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins and triglycerides.

Goal. To evaluate the dynamics of clinical symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and the activity index under careful control in routine clinical practice.

Material and methods. 112 patients with a reliable (according to the criteria of the ACR) diagnosis of RA were observed (88 women and 24 men, average age 37.8±1.9 years). The patients were divided into 2 groups: Group I was observed for 2 years by a rheumatologist in real clinical practice, 1 time every 3-4 months, group II was under the careful supervision of a rheumatologist-researcher (control of NPV, BBS, NEO, VAS pain, ESR level, counting DAS 28 and the functional index according to HAQ) 1 time per month. The reliability of the differences between the groups was assessed using the t-test Student (significant difference at p<0.05).

Results. In group I, 32.8% of patients achieved acceptable activity (<grade II) of RA within 2 years. Remission was registered in 8.6% of cases. Functional activity according to HAQ did not reach the target level (after 12 months — 1.8±0.4; after 24 months — 1,7 ± 0,8). In group II (n=54), tight control, remission was observed in 47 patients (87%): "induced" in 17 cases (31.5%) and "remission during therapy" — in 30 patients (55.6%). The rate of decrease in all clinical parameters of RA is significantly higher in group II. The changes were noted already by the 3rd month, a significant improvement was achieved by the 6th month (p<0.05), and by the 12th and 24th months this difference is obvious (p<0.01 and p<0.001).

Conclusion. Thus, with careful monitoring, there is a great opportunity for timely and adequate correction of treatment under the control of DAS 28 and HAQ, remission or decrease in RA activity is achieved faster.

A comparative assessment of the therapeutic effects of sulfasalazine (C), methotrexate (MT) and leflunomide (LV) was performed in 151 patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RRA) during 12 months of follow-up. SS therapy in RPA was not effective enough. MT therapy and LF significantly reduced clinical and laboratory activity and improved the quality of life of RA patients after 12 months months of observation. In 16 patients with moderate and high degrees of disease activity, despite previous therapy with C, MT and LF, combination therapy with infliximab and MT for 24 weeks resulted in to a significant improvement in the clinical course of the disease and the quality of life. A direct correlation was noted between the functional index of the NAI health assessment and the number of RA patients with anxiety and depressive disorders.

Goal. Analysis of the prevalence and structure of mental disorders among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Material and methods. 115 patients with reliable SLE aged 34 (24-45) years (median and interquartile range) were included, the duration of the disease was 8

(4-17) years old. The activity of SLE was assessed using the SLEDAI scale. Mental disorders were diagnosed by a psychiatrist in accordance with ICD-10 using a number of psychiatric and psychological scales.

Results. Mental disorders were detected in 76 out of 115 (66%) patients. Anxiety-depressive spectrum disorders prevailed (83%): depressive episodes (40%), adjustment disorders (24%), generalized anxiety disorders (10%) and dysthymia (9%). Severe cognitive impairment was detected in 7% of patients. There were no differences in age, gender, duration and degree of SLE activity, duration and cumulative dose of HA and cytotoxics in patients with and without mental disorders.

Conclusion. Mental disorders are common among patients with SLE (66%). In their anxiety and depressive disorders occupy the main place in the spectrum (83%). The nature of the relationship between SLE and mental disorders requires further study.

The relationship of electrophysiological and structural-functional parameters of the heart with ventricular arrhythmias in patients with diastolic heart failure with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) was studied. 128 patients with DM2 and coronary heart disease with signs of CHF of functional class I—III, with a left ventricular ejection fraction of more than 50% were observed. Three groups of patients were identified: group 1 (n=55) with abnormal relaxation of the left ventricle, group 2 (n=44) — with a pseudonormal type of diastolic dysfunction, the 3rd (n=29) — with its restrictive type. Marked high frequency of complex forms of ventricular arrhythmia in group 3: ventricular extrasystole of IV—V grades (in 48.3% of patients) and grade III (in 34.5%). In diastolic dysfunction of the left ventricle of the restrictive type , delayed fragmented activity at the end of the ventricular complex was diagnosed in 72.4% of patients. A close correlation was revealed between the diastolic function of the left ventricle and the parameters of electrical remodeling of the myocardium.

The aim of the work is to study the type, frequency and features of the course of rhythm disturbances in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF), depending on the etiology, including in the presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM).

Material and methods. In-depth clinical observations were carried out with the analysis of indicators obtained by electro- and echocardiography, performing a 6-minute walking test, and monitoring the ECG by Holter, in 197 patients with the presence of registered cardiac arrhythmias. Men predominated (56-61%), the average age was 61.3 ± 0.63 years. CHF was determined in 74 patients (group 1), in 80 — a combination of CHF mainly of the II functional class according to NYHA and type 2 diabetes (group 2), in 43 - type 2 diabetes (group 3) according to the criteria American Diabetes Association (2011). The groups were comparable in gender, age, severity and presence of complications. The exclusion criteria are acute forms of coronary heart disease, decompensation of CHF and DM, the presence of CHF according to the National Recommendations of the IOC and the OSS (2009).

Results. In patients with CHF, the highest frequency of ventricular arrhythmias was found — about half (43.2%; p < 0.02) of patients, atrial fibrillation — in every tenth (10.8%). In combination with CHF and type 2 diabetes, combined cardiac arrhythmias prevailed (41.2%; p < 0.01): supraventricular and ventricular, including such hemodynamically and prognostically significant arrhythmias as atrial fibrillation and ventricular arrhythmias of high gradations. Supraventricular cardiac arrhythmias have been reported mainly in patients with DM Type 2 (62.8%).

Conclusion. A high frequency of hemodynamically and prognostically unfavorable arrhythmias is diagnosed mainly in patients with CHF in combination with type 2 diabetes, which is due to both aggravation of myocardial insufficiency and pathogenetic factors associated with diabetes (dysglycemia, cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy).

The aim is to determine the frequency of autoantibody detection in a cohort of Uzbek patients with systemic scleroderma (SSD), to study the clinical associations of the detected antibodies.

Material and methods. From 2021 to 2024. The study included 60 patients (12 men and 48 women) who met the criteria of the American College of Rheumatology/European Antirheumatic League (ACR/EULAR) SSDs. All patients underwent an immunological examination, including determination of antinuclear antibodies, antibodies to topoisomerase I (anti-Scl-70), to centromeres (ACA), to ribonucleoproteins (anti-UI-RNP), to ribonucleoprotease III (anti-RNCP III).

Results and discussion. The vast majority of patients were female, middle-aged, with a moderate duration of the disease. Patients with a limited form prevailed (55.3%), 37.4% patients had diffuse, 5.9% – cross (overlap syndrome); <1% - visceral and juvenile forms of SSD. The vast majority (83.8%) of patients had an antinuclear factor. The most common of the SSD-associated antibodies (approximately half of the patients) were antiScl-70. ACA occurred in only 9 (14.6%) patients. A combination of ACA positivity and anti-Scl-70 was observed in three patients with limited SSD, including one with an early form of the disease. 5 patients were positive for anti-UI-RNP. Among them, patients with limited and cross-sectional forms of SSD prevailed. Anti-RNCP III was detected in 5.5% of cases, mainly in the group patients with a limited form of SSD; in one case, they were detected in a patient with diffuse skin lesions and severe interstitial lung damage. Kidney damage was not observed in this group of patients.

Conclusion. The peculiarities of the Russian cohort are the predominance of the limited form of SSD and the frequent detection of anti-Scl-70 in both diffuse and limited forms of SSD; the absence of correlations of anti-Scl-70 with rapid progression of the pathological process, kidney pathology.

The validation and study of the psychometric properties of the questionnaire for self-assessment of disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was carried out. The study included 129 patients with different levels of activity and variable clinical manifestations. Factor and cluster analysis revealed the internal structure of the questionnaire, reflecting the activity of SLE in the musculoskeletal system, internal organs, constitutional manifestations, nervous system and skin. The conducted Rush analysis allowed us to confirm the uniformity and internal validity of the questionnaire with satisfactory parameters of separation and reliability of items. The external validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by correlation with the values of SLE activity obtained using generally accepted indices. It was found that the perception of SLE activity by the patient is influenced not only by the obvious clinical manifestations of the disease, but also by a number of laboratory parameters.

The purpose of the study. To study the features of psychosomatic pathology in patients with limited scleroderma.

Materials and methods. A questionnaire on the severity of psychopathological symptoms was used SCL-90-R to determine the assessment of patterns of psychological signs in 95 patients suffering from limited scleroderma. The control group consisted of 30 respondents without skin pathology.

Results. In patients with limited scleroderma, higher indicators were found for the general index of symptom severity (GSI), the index of present symptomatic distress (PTSD), the total number of affirmative responses of the questionnaire (PST). In the group of patients with limited scleroderma, higher levels of distress were determined on the scales of somatization, obsessive-compulsive disorders, depression, and anxiety.

Conclusion. Patients with limited scleroderma have a wider range of psychosomatic symptoms. The predominant characteristics of psychosomatic changes are somatization, obsessive-compulsive disorders, depression, and anxiety.

Systemic scleroderma (SSD) is a systemic disease based on microcirculation disorders, inflammation and generalized fibrosis. Interstitial lung disease (IPL) is one of the main manifestations of SSD. Determining the activity and severity of SSD is difficult, since it is very difficult to distinguish between fibrous and inflammatory changes, which in most cases are interrelated and have a similar clinical picture.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the value of the activity index (IA) and the total severity index (SIT) for the dynamic observation of patients with SDS with different course of IPL.

Menopause is a physiological stage in a woman’s life, during which, in the context of general age-related changes in the body, involutionary processes occur in the reproductive system. This period is characterized by a gradual decline in reproductive function, and then the cessation of menstrual activity. The health status of premenopausal women will change significantly in comparison with the previous period and in connection with modern living conditions. In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of cases of pathological menopause, affecting approximately half of women in the general population.  In the menopausal period, low estrogen and high follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) concentrations are observed due to the decrease or disappearance of ovarian follicles. This hormonal instability in menopausal period may cause a number of physical and psychological complaints such as vasomotor symptoms, genio-urinary symptoms, mood and sleep disturbance. These menopause related symptoms can negatively affect the individual’s quality of life, work life and personal relations. And sometimes due to lack of vitamin D in the body, calcium and phosphorus metabolism is disturbed and several vasomotor symptoms occur. Vitamin D plays an important role in the body of women before menopause, during menopause and even after menopause.

Adolescence is a complex period in which some diseases and deficiencies occur in adulthood. In this scientific article clinical and diagnostic features of iron deficiency anemia in adolescent schoolgirls living in rural areas of Bukhara region are analyzed.

Bees actively participate in pollination of cotton as a result of pollination with the help of bees, the yield is 20-25% higher. Therefore, pollination with bees can be included among grotechnical measures that increase cotton productivity.

Purpose of the study: To study the effect of drugs on the severity and outcome of the disease used in the treatment of patients with concomitant diseases during COVID-19 infection.

The use of sedative medicines obtained from plant materials is becoming popular every year. Interest in herbal medicines is explained by their effectiveness and safety. The increased interest in such drugs is primarily due to the possibility of self-medication, ease of use, simplicity of dosage, and a minimum of contraindications and side effects. In this regard, the creation of a herbal sedative “Leoglycirflom” is relevant.

The article discusses the knowledge, abilities, skills and goals of teaching the native language, including the methodology of teaching nouns in secondary schools, as well as the process of teaching nouns. The process is covered in a number of practical problems and examples.

Hypertensive encephalopathy (HE) is an acute neurological emergency caused by severe hypertension, leading to cerebral edema and symptoms such as dizziness, headaches, visual disturbances, and confusion. Endothelial dysfunction is a critical factor in the pathophysiology of HE, impairing cerebral autoregulation and increasing blood-brain barrier permeability. This review explores how endothelial dysfunction contributes to dizziness in HE patients, highlighting its impact on cerebral perfusion and neurological function. Diagnostic approaches include neuroimaging and markers of endothelial dysfunction, while therapeutic strategies focus on antihypertensive medications with endothelial-protective properties and lifestyle modifications. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for developing effective treatments and improving patient outcomes.

Cervical cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer among women and is currently the fourth most common cancer worldwide. According to WHO estimates, 604,000 new cases of cervical cancer and 342,000 deaths from it were registered in 2020[1]. Cervical cancer is most prevalent in low- and middle-income countries, which is associated with low levels of vaccination and screening of vulnerable groups of women. It is known that the main cause of cervical cancer is the human papillomavirus (HPV), especially its highly oncogenic strains (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 45, 52 and 58). The presence of these types of virus is mandatory, but is not sufficient for the development of the disease. Understanding the extent to which external factors contribute to the progression of oncogenic strains of the virus into cervical dysplasia and/or cervical cancer can help improve methods of preventing this disease.