The prenatal development of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems represents one of the most complex and interdependent processes in human embryology. Both systems originate early in gestation and undergo progressive morphological and functional differentiation to ensure adequate oxygen exchange and circulation after birth. This study reviews the sequential stages of respiratory and cardiovascular organogenesis, focusing on the structural transformation of the heart, major vessels, lungs, and pulmonary circulation. Understanding these developmental events is essential for identifying congenital malformations and improving prenatal diagnosis and neonatal outcomes.

embryology, fetal circulation, heart development, lung morphogenesis, prenatal physiology, congenital anomalies

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