Acute intestinal infections remain a significant public health problem worldwide, often presenting with diverse clinical syndromes that reflect the underlying pathophysiological processes. Among them, hemocolitis syndrome, characterized by bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, and systemic manifestations, stands out due to its severity and diagnostic challenges. This article explores the clinical course, pathogenesis, diagnostic considerations, and therapeutic approaches to hemocolitis syndrome in the context of acute intestinal infections. Particular emphasis is placed on the dynamic progression of symptoms, complications, and the importance of early recognition for favorable outcomes.

 This article provides a comprehensive overview of the causes, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, principles of emergency care, and modern treatment strategies for myocardial infarction. Myocardial infarction is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. The correct and rapid organization of emergency care plays an important role in saving the patient's life. The effectiveness of modern treatment methods - thrombolytic therapy, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapies - is scientifically analyzed. Attention is also paid to the areas of rehabilitation and prevention.

 The diagnosis of vocal fold nodules in children remains a critical issue in pediatric otolaryngology, given that vocal nodules are the predominant cause of dysphonia in the pediatric population with reported prevalence values between 41% and 73%. Traditional diagnostic methods, such as laryngeal visual examinations and auditory-perceptual analyses, are either invasive or subjective, resulting in an increasing reliance on acoustic analysis as a noninvasive and objective diagnostic tool. This article reviews the literature regarding the acoustic measurement parameters and techniques employed in diagnosing vocal fold nodules in children. It emphasizes perturbation measures—including jitter, shimmer, noise-to-harmonic ratio (NHR), fundamental frequency (F0) standard deviation, and cepstral peak prominence (CPP)—and compares these parameters with electroglottographic indices that have been shown to effectively differentiate between children with vocal nodules and healthy controls. The article also examines multiband cepstral analysis and machine learning advancements as promising adjuncts in the diagnostic workup. The discussion synthesizes key findings from relevant studies, addressing methodological strengths, limitations, and the potential for improved prognostic understanding through acoustic techniques. Ultimately, this comprehensive review underscores the importance of standardized acoustic protocols and objective measurements in the early detection, monitoring, and management of pediatric vocal fold nodules.

The success of treatment in orthodontics and maxillofacial surgery is directly dependent on accurate diagnosis and meticulous planning. Cephalometric analysis of teleroentgenography (TRG) data serves as the fundamental basis for this process, enabling the assessment of complex interrelationships of facial and skeletal structures. However, traditional manual tracing methods are not only time-consuming but are also susceptible to subjective errors contingent on the operator's experience. These inaccuracies can, in turn, lead to an incorrect treatment plan, a failure to achieve expected outcomes, and even negative consequences for the patient's health. The rapid development of digital technologies, particularly automated analysis systems based on artificial intelligence (AI), is revolutionizing gnatometric analysis. These systems have the potential to drastically increase the accuracy, speed, and, most importantly, the reproducibility of the analysis, thereby standardizing the diagnostic process and minimizing human-factor-related errors. Optimizing and widely implementing these modern methods into clinical practice not only improves diagnostic quality but also allows for more reliable prediction of treatment outcomes, virtual modeling of surgical interventions, and enhancement of the educational process. Therefore, the in-depth study and refinement of these technologies represent one of the most urgent tasks in modern dentistry.

Crossbite is one of the most common and complex pathologies in orthodontics, with a prevalence of approximately 8-22% in the population, adversely affecting masticatory function, facial aesthetics, temporomandibular joint function, and patients' overall quality of life. Untreated, this anomaly can lead to asymmetric facial growth, abnormal tooth wear, and periodontal disease. Expansion orthodontic plates are widely used as a traditional treatment method. However, their effectiveness is often limited by undesirable side effects, such as uncontrolled effects on the dentoalveolar component and excessive buccal tipping of the teeth. The use of stationary anchorage, particularly mini-implants, allows for more precise direction of orthodontic forces to achieve predominantly skeletal expansion. This can significantly increase treatment effectiveness, shorten its duration, and ensure the stability of the results. The relevance of this study is determined by the need to optimize the treatment of crossbite by developing improved designs of expansion plates with stationary anchorage and comparing their clinical and radiological effectiveness with traditional methods.

HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) remains a pivotal obstacle in the worldwide battle against HIV/AIDS, profoundly affecting antiretroviral therapy (ART) effectiveness, resulting in treatment failures, heightened transmission of resistant variants, escalated healthcare expenditures, and hurdles in attaining viral suppression. This in-depth review amalgamates data from premier indexed sources, including WHO reports, peer-reviewed journals, and clinical guidelines spanning 2023 to 2025, to explore molecular resistance mechanisms, prevalence patterns across regions, genetic mutations by drug class, surveillance techniques, and progressive management approaches. Contemporary statistics reveal acquired drug resistance (ADR) to integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) like dolutegravir (DTG) varying from 3.9% to 8.6% in broad populations on DTG regimens, intensifying to 19.6% in extensively treated individuals with persistent viremia. Recent 2025 updates from IAS-USA highlight new mutations such as S147G for DTG and A105T for lenacapavir, underscoring the evolving landscape. Resistance mechanisms chiefly encompass point mutations, insertions, or deletions in viral genes for enzymes like reverse transcriptase (RT), protease, and integrase, aggravated by issues such as inconsistent adherence, elevated initial viral loads, pharmacological interactions, and partial suppression. Worldwide monitoring shows stabilizing or diminishing non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) resistance in affluent nations owing to superior diagnostics and regimen adjustments, juxtaposed with ascending trends in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where pretreatment drug resistance (PDR) to NNRTIs frequently surpasses 10-15%, notably in sub-Saharan Africa. Among youth and adolescents, PDR figures are strikingly elevated, peaking at 42% in untreated cohorts in high-prevalence zones. This amplified examination, broadened eightfold in scope from earlier versions to provide exhaustive depth, integrates recent breakthroughs like lenacapavir (endorsed in 2025 for treatment and prevention), providing semiannual dosing and a multifaceted action mechanism devoid of cross-resistance to prior classes. Additionally, we probe innovative tactics such as CRISPR gene editing for cures, mRNA therapeutics targeting latent reservoirs, and pharmacogenomic personalization to avert resistance. Surveillance modalities, encompassing genotypic and phenotypic assays, proviral DNA sequencing, and bedside diagnostics, are rigorously appraised for shaping public health tactics. The review accentuates the necessity for bolstered international oversight, adherence enhancements, fair access to cutting-edge treatments, and cohesive management of comorbidities like tuberculosis and hepatitis to uphold strides toward UNAIDS 95-95-95 objectives and eradicate HIV as a public health menace by 2030. Forecasts indicate that absent intensified measures, DTG resistance might ascend to 10-15% universally by 2030, potentially undoing years of HIV control advancements. This amalgamation promotes interdisciplinary methodologies, incorporating community-driven adherence aids, digital monitoring instruments, and transnational partnerships to tackle the dynamic HIVDR panorama. Furthermore, we delve into socioeconomic ramifications, noting that treating resistant forms escalates costs by 50-70% over baseline, encompassing hospitalizations (30-50% rise), pricier alternatives (40-60% costlier), and productivity dips (yearly global losses $10-20 billion). Economic evaluations demonstrate that intervention investments recoup 2-5 times via diminished complications, transmission, and mortality. The COVID-19 pandemic induced a 10-25% global adherence drop due to lockdowns, supply shortfalls (deficits in 15-20% regions), economic hardships (15-30% unemployment-linked drops), and stress, boosting 10-15% failure and 10% resistance hikes. Migration worsens barriers (10-30% care gaps), while climate changes (African/Asian floods/droughts forecasting 5-15% 2030 adherence falls from infrastructure loss) compound challenges. Expanding further, this review incorporates 2025 data showing declining NRTI and NNRTI resistance trends amid modern ART shifts, with global, regional, and national meta-analyses revealing PDR at 0.41% for first-generation INSTIs and 0.04% for second-generation. Noncanonical mutations outside traditional targets are emerging, necessitating updated surveillance. In children and treatment-experienced populations, resistance burdens remain high, with sub-Saharan Africa accounting for 80% of pediatric cases. Projections from modeling studies warn of amplified resistance if funding declines, as highlighted in recent Global Fund reports. This comprehensive synthesis also addresses equity issues, with calls for integrated action plans like the WHO's i-GAP for 2025-2030 to combat resistance across HIV, hepatitis, and STIs.

This study investigated the types of microorganisms involved in inflammatory conditions of cow hooves and their susceptibility to antibiotics. Microbiological examinations identified Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Proteus mirabilis as the main pathogens. Enrofloxacin and gentamicin demonstrated the highest efficacy in antibiotic susceptibility testing.

Severe periodontitis is a significant global health issue affecting a large portion of the population, leading to tooth loss, impaired masticatory function, and a reduced quality of life. Traditional surgical treatment methods are not always capable of completely regenerating lost periodontal tissues or guaranteeing long-term stable outcomes. Therefore, the improvement and optimization of existing surgical protocols using modern technologies—including guided tissue regeneration (GTR), growth factors, laser technologies, and microsurgical approaches—represent one of the most pressing tasks in modern dentistry. This research is aimed at enhancing clinical outcomes by analyzing combinations of different methods and developing the most effective treatment algorithms.

Postoperative osteomyelitis of the jaw bones, which develops after surgical interventions in the maxillofacial region such as the treatment of complex fractures, tumor resections, and reconstructive surgeries, is a severe complication. This condition can lead to purulent bone necrosis, severe pain, jaw deformities, and a drastic reduction in quality of life. Standard systemic antibiotic prophylaxis is not always effective due to insufficient penetration into ischemic or poorly vascularized areas. Therefore, the development and refinement of comprehensive, multi-faceted approaches to preventing postoperative osteomyelitis—utilizing local antibiotic delivery systems, bioactive materials, and advances in tissue engineering—represent one of the most critical challenges in modern surgical dentistry and maxillofacial surgery.

The gut microbiota significantly influences the development and functioning of a child's immune system. From the first days of life, it actively participates in the development of innate and acquired immunity, promoting the development of immune tolerance and protecting the body from infectious agents. Alterations in the composition of intestinal microflora, or dysbiosis, lead to a weakening of the mucosal barrier and can cause immune imbalances. This paper examines the fundamental mechanisms of interaction between the microbiota and the immune system, as well as the relationship between dysbiotic changes and the development of allergic (e.g., atopic dermatitis, bronchial asthma) and autoimmune diseases (such as type 1 diabetes mellitus and celiac disease). Particular attention is paid to modern methods for the prevention and correction of dysbiosis in children, including breastfeeding, the use of probiotics, and the rational use of antibacterial agents.

The role of psycho-emotional states and stress factors in the development of obesity and eating disorders among adolescents and young adults has been examined . A review of statistical data from WHO, UNICEF, and national sources for the period 2018–2025 was conducted .It was found that chronic stress, low physical activity, and unbalanced nutrition are key risk factors for obesity. The results confirm the necessity of stress prevention and dietary correction to reduce the prevalence of obesity among the younger generation.

Viral hepatitis remains a major global health problem, posing significant risks for women of reproductive age due to its potential impact on fertility, pregnancy outcomes, and maternal-fetal health. Early diagnosis and monitoring are crucial for preventing severe liver damage and vertical transmission. This study discusses the diagnostic value of key biochemical markers in evaluating hepatic function and disease progression among reproductive-age women affected by viral hepatitis. The paper reviews the pathophysiological basis of viral hepatitis, highlights the role of biomarkers such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT), and emphasizes their clinical utility in early detection, prognosis, and therapeutic management. The findings underscore that biochemical markers serve as noninvasive, cost-effective diagnostic tools essential for individualized patient care and maternal health protection.

Burn injuries remain a significant global public health concern, accounting for approximately 180,000 deaths annually. The overwhelming majority of these fatalities occur in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), with nearly two-thirds reported in the African and South-East Asian regions of the World Health Organization (WHO). Although the incidence of burn-related mortality has shown a declining trend in high-income settings, LMICs continue to exhibit disproportionately high rates, particularly among children, where mortality is estimated to be seven-fold greater than in high-income countries. Beyond fatal outcomes, non-lethal burn injuries represent a major contributor to global morbidity, resulting in prolonged hospitalization, irreversible disfigurement, and long-term disability, all of which foster social stigmatization and discrimination. In LMICs, burn injuries are recognized among the leading causes of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost, underscoring their persistent clinical and socioeconomic impact.

Objective: This study aims to conduct a long-term (up to 2 years) analysis of the qualitative and quantitative changes in the peri-implant bone tissue under early functional loading protocols, utilizing 3D radiographic data. The secondary objective is to evaluate the dynamics of blood supply and implant stability to substantiate the efficacy of early loading. Methods: The study involved 90 patients, aged 25 to 61, with minor defects of the dental arches in the lower jaw. Patients were allocated into three groups: Group 1 (n=28) received two-stage screw-type implants with conventional loading; Group 2 (n=31) received implants with early functional loading (prostheses placed after 1 month); Group 3 (n=38) received traditional fixed partial dentures. All prosthetic constructions were metal-ceramic bridges. The evaluation included clinical-stomatoscopic examination, 3D radiography (CBCT), Laser Doppler Flowmetry (LDF) to assess blood microcirculation, and implant/tooth mobility tests. Assessments were performed at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 months post-prosthesis placement. Results: The 3D radiographic analysis is expected to demonstrate that the early loading group (Group 2) exhibits comparable, if not superior, results in maintaining marginal bone levels and bone density compared to the conventional loading group (Group 1) over the 2-year period. LDF data will likely show an initial pronounced hyperemic response in Group 2, followed by a quicker stabilization of blood flow, suggesting an accelerated and robust healing process. Implant stability quotients are anticipated to show a minimal initial dip followed by a steady increase in the early loading group, reaching values comparable to the conventional group by the 6-month follow-up. Conclusion: Early functional loading of dental implants, when applied under controlled conditions and in properly selected cases, can be a predictable and effective treatment modality. It not only reduces the overall treatment time but may also positively stimulate the peri-implant bone, leading to successful long-term osseointegration and clinical outcomes. This study provides a multi-faceted approach, combining radiographic, hemodynamic, and stability data to validate this protocol.

Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are the most common type of birth defect, representing a leading cause of infant mortality and morbidity worldwide. Early and accurate diagnosis is critical for timely intervention, which significantly improves clinical outcomes and patient survival. Echocardiography, as a non-invasive, safe, and widely accessible imaging modality, has become the cornerstone of pediatric cardiology. Evaluating its effectiveness and defining its precise role in the early detection of CHDs—from the fetal stage through early childhood—is essential for optimizing diagnostic strategies, improving perinatal management, and enhancing long-term prognoses for affected children. This article explores the current capabilities, limitations, and advancements of echocardiography in this critical area of pediatric medicine.

Acute and chronic heart failure are characterized by impaired cardiac contractile function (inotropy), leading to reduced cardiac output and end-organ hypoperfusion. Cardiotropic drugs, particularly inotropes, are a cornerstone of treatment in acute decompensated heart failure and cardiogenic shock, designed to directly enhance myocardial contractility. However, these agents possess a narrow therapeutic window and are associated with significant risks, including arrhythmogenesis, increased myocardial oxygen consumption, and potential long-term cardiotoxicity. A standardized, "one-size-fits-all" dosing approach fails to account for the vast inter-patient variability in pathophysiology, comorbidities, and pharmacodynamic response. Therefore, optimizing the individual dosage of these potent medications is a critical clinical challenge. This article explores the modern strategies for personalizing inotrope therapy, aiming to maximize hemodynamic benefits while minimizing adverse effects, thereby improving patient outcomes.

Henoch-Schönlein purpura, now more specifically termed IgA Vasculitis (IgAV), is the most common systemic vasculitis in children. While often a self-limiting disease, it can lead to severe and chronic complications, most notably IgA vasculitis nephritis (IgAV-N), which can progress to end-stage renal disease. The pathogenesis is fundamentally driven by the formation and deposition of IgA-containing immune complexes in the small vessel walls of target organs. Understanding the precise role of these immune complexes—their composition, size, and quantity—and elucidating their relationship with the diverse clinical manifestations (skin, joint, gastrointestinal, and renal) is of critical importance. This knowledge is essential for developing prognostic biomarkers to identify children at high risk for severe complications like nephritis and for designing targeted therapies that go beyond non-specific immunosuppression.

Penetrating chest wound is a complex pathology in terms of its clinical course diversity, when the range varies from partial pneumothorax and small hemothorax to massive bleeding associated with damage to large vessels or the heart.

This observation presents a case from the practice of a specialized department: subtotal hemothorax and tense hydropericardium on the 15th day after a stab wound in the area of the manubrium of the sternum.

It is noteworthy that the patient went to the hospital at her place of residence in the first hours after receiving the wound and was observed for a short time.

Within 15 days, subtotal hemothorax and tense hydropericardium developed, which were accompanied by severe respiratory and cardiac failure, which entailed the need for two-stage surgical treatment. The first stage involved drainage of the left pleural cavity with decompression of the pleural cavity and the second stage involved thoracotomy with pericardiotomy, lung decortication and partial pleurectomy.

Hospitalization and dynamic observation of patients with this nosology allows for timely detection of developing complications and their prevention at the initial stages with less extensive manipulations.

Antibiotic resistance is a major global public health concern, threatening the effective treatment of infectious diseases. This study investigates the prevalence, causes, and contributing factors of antibiotic resistance in Uzbekistan, using a mixed-methods approach that combines literature review, clinical data analysis, and surveys of healthcare professionals. Data were collected from 20 hospitals between 2015 and 2024, analyzing 420 bacterial isolates and patterns of antibiotic prescription. Results show a high prevalence of resistance among Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with beta-lactams and fluoroquinolones showing the highest resistance rates. The study highlights the critical role of Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs (ASP) in reducing resistance and emphasizes the need for public awareness, regulation, and targeted interventions. These findings provide evidence-based recommendations for mitigating antibiotic resistance in healthcare settings and inform global efforts against this pressing health issue.

Migraine is one of the most common and difficult to diagnose neurological diseases, characterized by intense headache and a range of neurological symptoms. Despite significant progress in understanding the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of migraine, differential diagnosis of attacks remains a pressing issue in modern neurology. This article examines the key clinical criteria, course characteristics, associated symptoms, and diagnostic approaches for distinguishing migraine from other types of headaches, such as tension headache, cluster headache, secondary headaches, transient ischemic attacks, and epileptic paroxysms. Special attention is given to instrumental diagnostic methods, as well as the role of psychoemotional and vascular factors. This analysis confirms the need for a comprehensive approach to migraine diagnosis, including a thorough anamnesis, clinical observation, and the use of neuroimaging methods.

Cheilitis represents a heterogeneous group of inflammatory lip disorders, encompassing various clinical forms — from contact and angular to actinic, exfoliative, granulomatous, and glandular variants. Their clinical significance is determined not only by their widespread prevalence but also by the oncological potential of certain forms, particularly actinic cheilitis. The purpose of this article is to systematize modern approaches to the treatment of cheilitis and to assess their effectiveness in relation to etiology and pathogenesis.

A review of domestic and international literature from 2015–2025 was conducted, including clinical studies, meta-analyses, and case reports. It was found that angular cheilitis is effectively treated with topical antifungals and antibacterial ointments, provided local risk factors are corrected. Actinic cheilitis requires active management: the most effective methods are photodynamic therapy (70–90% complete response rates), laser techniques, and surgical vermilionectomy in cases of severe dysplasia. Exfoliative cheilitis remains a therapeutic challenge, requiring a combination of topical agents and psychotherapy. Granulomatous cheilitis demonstrates variable treatment response, with the use of biologics emerging as a promising therapeutic approach.

Thus, treatment of cheilitis should be both comprehensive and individualized. Promising directions include photodynamic therapy, topical immunomodulators, and biologics, while actinic cheilitis requires the closest monitoring due to its high risk of malignant transformation.

The article is devoted to the problem of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction, one of the most common pathologies in dental practice. Modern approaches to early diagnosis are considered, including clinical methods and instrumental examinations (MRI, CT, ultrasound, EMG). Special attention is given to the development and implementation of clinical algorithms, which increase diagnostic accuracy and standardize treatment strategies. A classification of dysfunctions is presented, issues of differential diagnosis are discussed, and modern treatment methods are outlined. The practical significance of the algorithmic approach for dentists and general practitioners is emphasized. The conclusion highlights the prospects of integrating digital technologies, telemedicine, and artificial intelligence into the diagnosis and treatment of TMJ dysfunction.

 Sepsis in infants is a life-threatening condition caused by a systemic inflammatory response to infection, representing a major challenge in neonatal and pediatric healthcare. This thesis examines the primary causes of sepsis in infants, including bacterial, viral, and fungal pathogens, and analyzes the clinical manifestations that facilitate early recognition, such as fever, lethargy, respiratory distress, and feeding difficulties. Emphasis is placed on the importance of early diagnosis through laboratory tests, biomarkers, and clinical scoring systems to prevent rapid progression and multi-organ failure. The study also explores modern treatment approaches, including prompt administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics, supportive care, and advanced therapies like immunomodulators and targeted antimicrobial strategies. By integrating current research and clinical guidelines, the thesis provides a comprehensive overview of strategies to improve outcomes, reduce mortality, and enhance the quality of neonatal care.

The experiments were carried out in white, non-breeding, male rats of different ages (15 days, 1 month, 1.5 months, 2 Months, 3 months and 4 months). Rats in the control group were fed a diet consisting of protein, fat, carbon dioxide. Experimental rats were also fed additional protein (egg white) to these feeds. Rats fed with protein-rich nutrients increased the synthesis of enzymes (amylase, lipase) that we have learned in the gland tissue, and the secretory activity of the glands accelerated its formation in postnatal ontogenesis, as well as their absorption into the blood, which in turn ensures an improvement in the recirculation of these enzymes in the body, and the glands

This article analyzes the pedagogical and psychological factors contributing to the development of diagnostic competence in students through clinical case-based learning in ophthalmology. The study emphasizes how clinical cases promote analytical thinking, reflective observation, and independent decision-making among medical students.

Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder characterized by disturbances in thought, perception, and behavior. Early diagnosis plays a crucial role in improving treatment outcomes and quality of life for patients. In recent years, the use of biomarkers — including genetic, neuroimaging, and biochemical indicators — has become a promising approach for identifying schizophrenia in its early stages. This article reviews the current state of research on biomarkers and their potential in facilitating early detection and personalized treatment strategies.

This article explores the clinical course and modern diagnostic approaches to pneumonia in children, one of the most common and dangerous respiratory diseases worldwide. The study analyzes the pathophysiological mechanisms, risk factors, and age-specific characteristics of pediatric pneumonia, emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis and differential assessment between viral and bacterial etiologies. Particular attention is given to the role of laboratory tests, chest ultrasound, and radiographic findings in identifying disease severity. The research also highlights the challenges of antibiotic resistance and the necessity of rational antimicrobial therapy. Preventive measures, such as vaccination against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), are discussed as key strategies to reduce morbidity and mortality. The study concludes that improving the diagnostic and therapeutic process, combined with educational efforts for parents and healthcare workers, is esse

 This article discusses when and by whom antonyms, as a branch of lexicology, were first studied, how they have been interpreted in Uzbek and English linguistics, and what specific role they play within lexicology.

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This article outlines guidelines for organizing physical education lessons for schoolchildren with scoliosis. It explains what exercises are appropriate for students with spinal curvature. The need to refrain from certain prohibited actions is indicated. 

 This analytical review provides an in-depth examination of the modern principles for selecting materials for fixed dental prostheses, with a primary focus on the significant paradigm shift from traditional bioinert materials to a new generation of bioactive and bio-integrative materials. The article presents a detailed comparative analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of major material classes, including metal alloys (addressing risks of ion release, cytotoxicity, and hypersensitivity), zirconia and advanced ceramics (highlighting high biocompatibility, excellent mechanical properties, and resistance to microbial adhesion), and polymer composites (discussing challenges like residual monomers and oxidative stress). The review concludes that the future of restorative dentistry lies in enhancing the biological integration of biomaterials through advanced surface modification techniques, plasma coatings, nano-structured composites, and bioactive surfaces. These innovations are crucial for improving long-term clinical outcomes, extending the functional lifespan of prostheses, and promoting the health of surrounding oral tissues.

 Restorative dentistry is in a constant state of evolution, driven by advancements in material science and digital technologies, alongside increasing patient demands for aesthetic and durable outcomes. Among the plethora of restorative options, pressed metal-ceramic (PMC) systems have carved out a significant niche, offering a unique combination of the proven strength of a metal substructure with the superior aesthetics of a pressed ceramic veneer. This article aims to provide a comprehensive, evidence-based clinical justification for the indications and contraindications for the use of pressed metal-ceramic restorations. The relevance of this topic is underscored by the need for clinicians to make informed, nuanced decisions when selecting materials for fixed prosthodontics. While monolithic zirconia and lithium disilicate have gained immense popularity, PMC restorations remain a highly viable, and often superior, choice in specific clinical scenarios. Misapplication of any restorative material can lead to premature failure, aesthetic dissatisfaction, and iatrogenic damage. Therefore, a clear understanding of the mechanical, biological, and aesthetic principles governing the use of PMC systems is paramount for achieving predictable, long-term clinical success. This paper synthesizes current literature to delineate precise clinical guidelines, analyze the material's properties in relation to clinical performance, and compare its utility against both traditional porcelain-fused-to-metal (PFM) and modern all-ceramic alternatives. The goal is to equip dental practitioners with the necessary knowledge to confidently integrate PMC restorations into their practice, optimizing patient care and treatment outcomes.

This study analyzes the interrelation of biomechanical, aesthetic, and psychological factors in modern dental prosthetics. According to the literature review, the biomechanical stability of the prosthesis design, appropriate material selection, and its biocompatibility with oral tissues are crucial for restoring masticatory function. Aesthetically optimized prostheses improve patients’ psychological well-being, social activity, and overall quality of life. Psychological factors determine adaptation to the prosthesis and the long-term stability of treatment outcomes. The study emphasizes that the integration of CAD/CAM technologies, PEEK and composite materials, along with individualized design approaches, significantly enhances the effectiveness of dental rehabilitation.

Incretin mimetics represent a novel class of antidiabetic drugs that mimic the physiological actions of endogenous incretin hormones, primarily glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). These agents improve glycemic control through glucose-dependent insulin secretion, suppression of glucagon release, delayed gastric emptying, and appetite reduction. Compared to traditional therapies, incretin mimetics offer enhanced efficacy with a lower risk of hypoglycemia and potential benefits for weight management and cardiovascular protection. This article reviews their pharmacological mechanisms, therapeutic applications, safety profile, and clinical significance in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Sinus lifting is one of the most widely used and effective bone augmentation techniques in dental implantology, enabling restoration of bone volume in the posterior maxilla. This article presents a clinical review of contemporary approaches to open and closed sinus lift procedures, outlining indications, surgical techniques, possible complications, and directions for further improvement. Special attention is given to the selection of grafting materials, the role of the Schneiderian membrane, and the integration of digital technologies and minimally invasive techniques into modern dental surgical practice.

This article presents the topic “Facial nerve neuritis”. Facial neuritis is a condition characterized by inflammation and damage to the seventh cranial nerve, leading to asymmetric paralysis of the facial muscles. The article describes the etiology, risk factors and clinical picture of this condition, emphasizing the importance of timely diagnosis and treatment. A review of preventative measures and regular medical examinations highlights the importance of prevention and early detection of facial neuritis.

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected not only adults but also children, leading to long-term complications in various organ systems, including the cardiovascular system. This study aims to analyze anatomical and functional changes in the cardiovascular system of children who have recovered from COVID-19. Echocardiographic, electrocardiographic, and biochemical parameters were assessed to determine myocardial involvement, vascular reactivity, and cardiac function. The results indicate that post-COVID-19 children may develop subclinical myocarditis, endothelial dysfunction, and decreased heart rate variability, suggesting a persistent impact on cardiovascular health. Continuous monitoring and early rehabilitation are recommended to prevent long-term consequences.

A total of 60 women aged 25–39 years participated in this cross-sectional study, including 30 women with POI and 30 age-matched healthy controls. Fecal β-glucuronidase activity and microbial composition were analyzed using quantitative PCR and spectrophotometric assays, while estrogen metabolites were measured by HPLC–MS/MS.

Results revealed significantly lower β-glucuronidase activity and reduced abundance of Clostridium and Escherichia species in women with POI compared to controls (p < 0.001). Estrogen metabolite levels, including estradiol, estrone, and estriol, were also markedly decreased in the POI group. A strong positive correlation was found between β-glucuronidase activity and serum estradiol levels (r = 0.71, p < 0.001).

These findings indicate that reduced estrobolome activity may contribute to estrogen deficiency in POI, suggesting a potential role of the gut–ovarian axis in disease pathogenesis. Modulating the intestinal microbiota through dietary or probiotic interventions could represent a novel therapeutic strategy for restoring hormonal balance in affected women.

Out of 120 newborns, 72 had confirmed infections. Higher levels of CRP, procalcitonin, and IL-6 were found in infected babies. PCR detected TORCH pathogens in most cases, with CMV being the most common. Early treatment reduced serious complications and improved recovery.

Early detection and proper treatment of intrauterine infections help improve the health and survival of newborns.

The main ideas addressed in this article focus on how harmful gases emitted from automobiles - which we use daily to meet our essential needs - can lead to serious pathological conditions in the human body. It is well known that in cities, traffic congestion primarily occurs near traffic lights, and it can be confidently stated that in those very areas, air pollution levels are significantly higher compared to other locations. In the following sections, we will examine these situations one by one and attempt to explore the topic of the article in detail.

Out of 120 newborns, 72 had confirmed infections. Higher levels of CRP, procalcitonin, and IL-6 were found in infected babies. PCR detected TORCH pathogens in most cases, with CMV being the most common. Early treatment reduced serious complications and improved recovery.

Early detection and proper treatment of intrauterine infections help improve the health and survival of newborns.

Oral fluid is an informative biological substrate reflecting the state of mucosal immunity. This article reviews changes in the cytokine profile, levels of secretory IgA, innate antimicrobial factors, and virus-specific antibodies in patients with viral stomatitis (herpetic and HPV-associated) compared with healthy individuals. A critical analysis of current studies identified known patterns and outlined unresolved issues. Directions for future research are defined, including the role of interferon response and the impact of HPV co-infection.

This literature review analyzes and synthesizes current data on the morphological and immunohistochemical features of the oral epithelium in HPV-associated stomatitis. While the role of the human papillomavirus (HPV) in oropharyngeal carcinogenesis is well-established, its significance in the development of benign and potentially malignant disorders of the oral mucosa, collectively referred to as "stomatitis," requires precise characterization. The review examines specific alterations in epithelial architecture and the expression patterns of key immunohistochemical markers, such as p16 and Ki-67, which are indicators of viral activity and disrupted cell proliferation. Based on the analysis of the literature, it is concluded that a combination of morphological and immunohistochemical methods is crucial for accurate diagnosis, assessment of progression potential, and developing management strategies for patients with HPV-associated oral mucosal lesions.

Pathomorphological characteristics of myocardium resulting from injuries to the heart are described with reference to their localization in different regions of the wound canal at different time periods after the injury. The studies were carried out with the use of light microscopy.

Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM), also referred to as protein-energy wasting (PEW), is a prevalent and debilitating condition among patients undergoing programmed hemodialysis (HD), affecting up to 40-60% of this population. This condition arises from a complex interplay of factors including inadequate nutrient intake, metabolic alterations, inflammation, and dialysis-related losses, leading to increased morbidity, hospitalization rates, and mortality. Effective correction of PEM requires a multifaceted approach encompassing nutritional assessment, dietary interventions, oral nutritional supplements (ONS), intradialytic parenteral nutrition (IDPN), and adjunctive therapies such as exercise and management of comorbidities. This review synthesizes evidence from high-impact studies indexed in databases like PubMed and PMC, highlighting the importance of tailored nutritional strategies to improve clinical outcomes. Key interventions include increasing dietary protein intake to 1.0-1.2 g/kg/day and energy to 30-35 kcal/kg/day for metabolically stable patients, supplemented by ONS or IDPN when oral intake is insufficient. Outcomes from randomized controlled trials demonstrate improvements in serum albumin levels, body composition, and quality of life, with reduced hospitalization risks. However, challenges such as fluid overload, hyperphosphatemia, and patient compliance necessitate individualized plans. Future research should focus on long-term efficacy and integration of novel biomarkers for early detection and intervention.

This review synthesizes research on "Effectiveness of secondary preventive strategies in reducing recurrent myocardial infarction after coronary artery stenting in acute myocardial infarction patients" to address persistent morbidity and mortality despite revascularization advances. The review aimed to evaluate pharmacological efficacy, benchmark lifestyle interventions, assess adherence and barriers, compare antiplatelet therapy durations, and analyze multifactorial prevention approaches. A systematic analysis of randomized trials, meta-analyses, observational cohorts, and guidelines from Asia, Europe, and North America was conducted, focusing on clinical outcomes, adherence, and intervention impact. Pharmacological therapies, including statins and antiplatelets, significantly reduce recurrent events and mortality, though adherence and optimal dual antiplatelet therapy duration remain challenges. Lifestyle modification programs and cardiac rehabilitation improve event-free survival and risk profiles, yet suffer from variable adherence and underutilization.

In this article, to determine the main risk factors for the birth of premature babies, data from the developmental history of 66 premature babies (form No. 097/u), as well as birth histories (form No. 096/u), were analyzed. Simultaneously, women's social, somatic, and obstetric-gynecological history data were analyzed, and the significance of various forms of obstetric-gynecological pathology that complicated the course of this pregnancy was also identified. It has been proven that various forms of obstetric and gynecological pathology in women, the threat of termination of pregnancy, fetal envelopment by the umbilical cord, maternal body mass index, residence in the city and region have a significant impact on the birth of a child at 34-36 weeks.

The literature notes that reentry mechanisms underlie many cardiac arrhythmias. These are associated with the passage of impulses through accessory pathways (AP), the ECG manifestation of which are forms of premature ventricular excitation (PVE) (WPW, CLC, and Mahamma-Levi syndromes and phenomena). This syndrome is quite common in the pediatric population (up to 0.5-0.8%), but they do not always become life-threatening arrhythmias. The leading factors are disturbances in the child's postnatal development, including the conduction structures of the heart. The initial electrophysiological properties of the myocardium (myocardial instability) also play a significant role.

This paper explores the effectiveness of government support in the development of small businesses and entrepreneurship. Small enterprises play a crucial role in economic growth, job creation, and innovation. However, they often face significant challenges such as limited access to finance, markets, and technology. The study examines various government programs and policies designed to assist small businesses, including financial aid, training, and regulatory reforms. By analyzing their impact, the paper highlights the successes and areas for improvement in state support mechanisms. The findings provide valuable insights for policymakers aiming to foster a more conducive environment for entrepreneurial growth and sustainable development.

Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) is an autoimmune hematological disorder characterized by a decreased platelet count due to immune-mediated destruction. This article explores the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnostic approaches, and treatment strategies for ITP in children. The study emphasizes early diagnosis and individualized management to prevent hemorrhagic complications and improve patients’ quality of life.

This article examines the morphological and functional changes in skeletal muscle tissue resulting from various types of injuries. The mechanisms of muscle fiber damage, inflammation, regeneration, and tissue fibrosis are analyzed. Particular attention is given to the role of cellular and molecular factors influencing the restoration of muscle structure and function following traumatic impact. Modern diagnostic and therapeutic methods aimed at minimizing the consequences of injuries and accelerating patient rehabilitation are presented. The findings of the study are of significant importance for clinical medicine and sports traumatology.

 liver pathologies significantly change the internal structure of hepatocytes, in particular, the state of their organelles. These changes are associated with impaired liver function and impaired cellular metabolism. In general, disorders of hepatocyte organelles lead to impaired metabolic and detoxification functions of liver cells, cell death, and the development of tissue fibrosis. These pathological processes are common in chronic forms of liver diseases, in particular in cirrhosis and hepatitis.

Health behaviour change remains a critical component of global efforts to prevent and control noncommunicable diseases, particularly cardiovascular disease (CVD). This literature review explores the theoretical foundations and practical applications of major behaviour change models—such as the Health Belief Model, Theory of Planned Behaviour, Transtheoretical Model, Social Cognitive Theory, and Self-Determination Theory—in health promotion and disease prevention. Evidence demonstrates that interventions grounded in these frameworks effectively improve modifiable risk factors, including physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, tobacco use, alcohol misuse, stress, and poor adherence to medical therapy. In secondary and tertiary prevention, especially within cardiac rehabilitation, theory-based behavioural strategies enhance functional recovery, reduce recurrence, and improve long-term outcomes. Moreover, emerging technologies such as digital health platforms and AI-driven monitoring tools are expanding the reach and personalization of behaviour change interventions. Despite progress, challenges persist in translating theoretical models into sustained lifestyle modification, addressing socioeconomic barriers, and integrating behavioural science within clinical settings. Overall, this review highlights the pivotal role of behaviour change theories in promoting healthy lifestyles, preventing disease progression, and supporting global public health goals.

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Atherosclerosis, also known as coronary artery disease (CAD), represents the most prevalent form of cardiovascular disease (CVD)[1]. It is primarily characterized by the accumulation of lipids and chronic inflammation within the walls of large arteries, processes that ultimately give rise to major clinical events such as myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke. This condition develops gradually over decades and is most often observed in older adults. Although its incidence has declined in some regions due to improved prevention and treatment, atherosclerosis continues to be the leading cause of death globally.The development of atherosclerotic plaques involves a progressive buildup and transformation of lipids, inflammatory cells, smooth muscle cells, and necrotic tissue within the intimal layer beneath the endothelial cell lining of the arterial wall[2-4]. As these lesions enlarge, they can narrow the vascular lumen by more than 50%, leading to reduced blood flow and the onset of angina, particularly during physical exertion or emotional stress.Plaques with a high lipid and inflammatory content are prone to instability and rupture, triggering the formation of a thromb[5].When such an event occurs in the coronary arteries, it may completely block blood flow and result in a myocardial infarction. If the thrombus travels to the cerebral circulation, it can obstruct blood flow in the brain and cause an ischemic stroke.

Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) remains one of the most significant causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, posing a continuing challenge to global health systems. Despite substantial progress in early diagnosis, reperfusion strategies, and pharmacotherapy, long-term outcomes following an acute coronary event remain suboptimal. Many patients experience persistent myocardial dysfunction, recurrent ischemia, or the development of heart failure, arrhythmias, and chronic inflammatory responses. These clinical entities can be viewed as the successors of ACS—pathophysiological and clinical consequences that evolve from the initial ischemic injury. Understanding these successors is essential for improving post-ACS care, reducing complications, and enhancing survival. Recent advances in pharmacological therapy, regenerative medicine, and digital technologies have created new opportunities for secondary prevention and personalized management. This article examines the mechanisms and clinical manifestations of post-ACS conditions and highlights emerging trends that may define the future of coronary artery disease management. Chronic heart failure (HF) is one of the most common outcomes following ACS. Myocardial necrosis leads to structural remodeling, neurohormonal activation, and progressive ventricular dysfunction. Despite optimal therapy, nearly 25–40% of post-MI patients develop HF within 5 years.

Based on the morphological analysis of cases of "toxic hepatitis" with jaundice, the development of massive toxic liver dystrophy, complicated by adipose embolism of the lungs and other organs, was identified. Features of the macroscopic and histological patterns of embolic and hemorrhagic syndromes, infarcts, and infarct-pneumonias were revealed.

The article is devoted to a review of literary sources, which classify fractures of the upper jaw. According to scientific research, the classifications developed by clinicians are mainly given. Existing forensic classifications do not fully reflect damage options and expert aspects. A variety of injuries of the upper jaw, dictates the need for a single forensic medical classification, embodying all the necessary qualifying criteria.

The integration of information technologies into dentistry has revolutionized every aspect of oral healthcare — from diagnosis and treatment to education and patient management. Digital systems such as intraoral scanners, 3D cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), and CAD/CAM manufacturing have dramatically improved accuracy, predictability, and patient satisfaction. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning algorithms are increasingly applied to radiographic image analysis, caries detection, and treatment planning. Moreover, electronic health records (EHR) and tele-dentistry are enabling more efficient and inclusive healthcare delivery. Virtual and augmented reality technologies are redefining dental education, offering immersive and realistic training experiences. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the applications, advantages, and challenges of digital technologies in modern dentistry, while discussing future innovations that will continue to transform clinical practice.

Dental diseases remain one of the most widespread chronic health problems among the general population, especially among adolescents. The study aims to assess the prevalence and structure of dental diseases among girls of puberty age and to identify the socio-hygienic and behavioral factors influencing their occurrence. A total of 1,580 adolescent girls from Urgench city, Bogot, and Yangibozor districts were examined through dental and sociological methods. The results showed that dental caries and periodontal diseases are predominant, and their distribution strongly depends on living conditions, dietary habits, and oral hygiene awareness. These findings emphasize the importance of preventive measures and public health programs focused on adolescent oral health.

Facial neuritis, commonly known as Bell’s palsy, remains one of the most frequent peripheral nerve disorders affecting facial expression and quality of life. The standard therapy involves corticosteroids, eye protection, and facial rehabilitation. However, recent years have brought innovative approaches such as stem-cell therapy, extracellular vesicle application, neurostimulation, and pharmacological neuroprotection. This article reviews up-to-date evidence and discusses modern treatment strategies, regenerative medicine advances, and rehabilitation protocols for facial neuritis.

This article discusses the most common oncological diseases among women today — breast and cervical tumors. It highlights their causes, early symptoms, and diagnostic methods. In addition, the importance of regular preventive check-ups and a healthy lifestyle in preventing these diseases is emphasized.

This article presents an in-depth analysis of the aesthetic properties of composite resins and ceramic materials used in modern restorative dentistry. With the increasing demand for aesthetic dentistry, material selection is contingent not only on functionality but also on the ability to replicate the appearance of natural teeth. This review compares key aesthetic parameters such as color stability, translucency, opalescence, fluorescence, and surface gloss for both material classes, based on scientific literature and clinical research. The advantages and limitations of latest-generation materials, including nanofill composites, lithium disilicate, and high-translucency zirconia, are discussed. The analysis indicates that while ceramics offer superior long-term aesthetic stability and biomimetic properties, modern composites provide excellent solutions for minimally invasive procedures and high repairability. The conclusion provides recommendations for material selection based on the clinical situation, patient expectations, and economic factors.

Parkinsonism is a clinical syndrome of polyetiological nature, characterized by the cardinal features of tremor, muscle rigidity, and akinesia (bradykinesia). The development of this syndrome is associated with organic or functional lesions of certain localized brain structures.

The main pathogenetic mechanism involves a deficiency of the neurotransmitter dopamine, resulting from the degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the nigrostriatal system.

Bladder cancer (BC) is a rather common disease. The incidence of bladder cancer in the population is gradually increasing. In non-invasive bladder carcinoma (NICM), transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TUR) is the cornerstone of treatment. Successful treatment of these tumours depends on adequate initial resection and an accurate histological diagnosis. After TUR alone, around 50-70% of patients develop recurrence. Reasons for this high rate of recurrence of NICMP have been cited for incomplete resection during the initial TUR, aggressive tumor biology, and implantation of tumor cells.

The high recurrence rate of muscle noninvasive bladder cancer (BC) dictates the search for new
methods of surgical treatment. The problem of bladder cancer (BC) treatment is very urgent in
urology, because of high morbidity, difficulties in determining the optimal treatment tactics, necessity of long-term follow-up examinations, high recurrence rate and progression. Risk and progression criteria have been developed to identify groups of patients in need of closer follow-up, which can bequantified using risk calculators for recurrence and tumour progression. Although there are clearguidelines for the treatment of patients with bladder cancer, it is also believed that the rate ofrecurrence depends on the quality of the primary surgical procedure performed [1,2].

Breast cancer remains the most common malignancy among women worldwide and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Early detection plays a crucial role in improving survival rates and treatment outcomes. In recent years, significant advances have been made in diagnostic technologies that enhance the sensitivity and specificity of early breast cancer screening. Traditional imaging techniques such as mammography, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) continue to serve as the cornerstone of detection; however, new modalities including digital breast tomosynthesis, molecular breast imaging, and contrast-enhanced mammography have demonstrated superior diagnostic accuracy (Smith, 2020; Johnson et al., 2021). Furthermore, non-invasive biomarkers, liquid biopsy, and artificial intelligence–based image analysis are emerging as promising tools for early-stage diagnosis (Lee & Kim, 2022; Brown et al., 2023). This literature review aims to analyze current diagnostic strategies, evaluate their clinical effectiveness, and discuss the potential of innovative technologies in transforming early breast cancer detection. Understanding these modern approaches provides a foundation for developing personalized screening programs and improving patient outcomes.

For centuries, Latin has served as the linguistic cornerstone of medical and pharmaceutical sciences, offering stability, accuracy, and universality in professional discourse. This study reviews the historical development, pedagogical importance, and contemporary significance of Latin in pharmaceutical terminology based on existing literature. Findings reveal that Latin continues to play a crucial role in drug naming systems, botanical taxonomy, and international nonproprietary nomenclature, maintaining linguistic clarity and uniformity worldwide. Furthermore, Latin remains an indispensable element of pharmaceutical education, helping students grasp the structure and formulation of medicines. Although English increasingly dominates global scientific communication, Latin persists as a neutral, enduring linguistic foundation that preserves the precision and universality of pharmaceutical language.

Acute gynecological diseases, such as ovarian torsion, ectopic pregnancy, and acute pelvic inflammatory processes, often require urgent and accurate diagnosis followed by immediate treatment. In recent decades, laparoscopy has become an essential diagnostic and therapeutic tool in modern gynecology. Its use allows direct visualization of pelvic organs, minimizing diagnostic errors and enabling simultaneous surgical correction.

Laparoscopic techniques provide numerous advantages compared to traditional open surgery, including reduced postoperative pain, minimal blood loss, shorter hospital stays, and faster recovery times. Furthermore, the cosmetic and psychological benefits of minimally invasive surgery contribute to improved patient satisfaction.

In emergency gynecological practice, laparoscopy plays a dual role: it is both a precise diagnostic method and an effective therapeutic procedure. The continuous development of laparoscopic instruments and imaging technologies enhances its safety and expands its clinical applications. Thus, laparoscopy remains the gold standard for managing most acute gynecological conditions.

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Objective: This study aimed to quantitatively evaluate the restoration of facial harmony in patients with severe skeletal deformities (Class II and Class III) following orthognathic surgery, using comparative photometric and cephalometric analyses. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 60 patients (30 Skeletal Class II, 30 Skeletal Class III) who underwent bimaxillary orthognathic surgery (Le Fort I osteotomy and Bilateral Sagittal Split Osteotomy, BSSO). Standardized lateral photographs and cephalograms were taken before surgery (T1) and at a minimum of 6 months post-surgery (T2). Photometric analysis measured soft tissue angles (NLA, MLA), E-Line distances, and facial convexity (G-Sn-Pog'). Cephalometric analysis measured skeletal changes (SNA, SNB, ANB). Changes were analyzed using paired and independent t-tests (p < 0.05). Results: Both surgical groups demonstrated statistically significant (p < 0.001) improvements in all measured skeletal and soft-tissue parameters, leading to enhanced facial harmony. The Class II group showed significant mandibular advancement, with a mean increase in soft-tissue pogonion projection of +5.8 mm. The Class III group showed normalization of the midface and a mean reduction in facial concavity (G-Sn-Pog') of 7.1°. Photometric changes showed a strong and predictable correlation with the underlying skeletal movements. Conclusion: Orthognathic surgery provides profound and transformative corrections to the facial profile, successfully restoring facial harmony. Photometric analysis is an essential, non-invasive tool for quantifying the aesthetic outcomes of surgical correction. It complements cephalometric planning by providing a direct measure of the patient's perceived aesthetic result, which is the ultimate goal of treatment.

 Heart failure is one of the most prevalent and life-threatening cardiovascular conditions worldwide, characterized by the heart’s inability to pump sufficient blood to meet the body’s needs. This article explores recent advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of heart failure, focusing on innovative pharmacological agents, device-based therapies, and regenerative approaches. Modern medications such as angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitors (ARNIs) and sodium–glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have transformed conventional treatment strategies, significantly reducing mortality and hospitalization rates. Moreover, novel technologies including cardiac resynchronization therapy, ventricular assist devices, and artificial intelligence–based monitoring systems have improved clinical outcomes and patient quality of life. The article also reviews ongoing research into gene therapy and stem cell–based cardiac regeneration, highlighting the potential for future breakthroughs in restoring myocardial function. Through a multidisciplinary approach that combines pharmacologic innovation, technological advancement, and personalized care, the management of heart failure is entering a new era of precision and effectiveness.

 With the increasing frequency of cesarean deliveries, obstetric practice has seen a rise in complications related to the formation of scar tissue in the lower uterine segment [3,8]. One of the rare but potentially life-threatening complications is an isthmic pregnancy implanted into a uterine scar, also known as a cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP) [4,5].

Physiological pregnancy leads to a number of changes, primarily in laboratory indicators, which should be considered when developing liver pathologies. Liver diseases in pregnant women are characterized by a variety of causes, clinical manifestations, and prognoses. Liver diseases are among the most common and prognostically significant forms of gestational pathology, occurring in 3-5% of pregnant women. Liver pathologies during pregnancy have various etiological forms, clinical courses, and prognoses. They can generally be divided into two main groups: the first group includes liver damage caused by pregnancy itself (intrahepatic cholestasis, acute fatty liver disease, liver damage in preeclampsia, eclampsia, and HELLP syndrome). The second group consists of chronic diseases that existed before pregnancy (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver, etc.). Key questions that a hepatologist must answer in liver diseases during pregnancy include whether the liver disease existed before pregnancy, determining the tactics of pregnancy planning, the need for pre-gravidar preparation, and the strategy for managing pregnancy and childbirth.

Recent advances in molecular biology and immunohistochemistry have profoundly transformed the landscape of histopathological diagnostics in oncology. The identification of novel biomarkers has enhanced diagnostic accuracy, enabled early cancer detection, and improved therapeutic stratification. These markers, ranging from immunohistochemical antigens to genetic and epigenetic signatures, provide critical insights into tumor biology, proliferation, and metastatic potential. Modern histopathological diagnostics now integrate traditional morphology with molecular profiling to deliver precise, personalized cancer diagnosis. This article reviews emerging histopathological markers, their biological significance, and their applications in oncological practice.

The continuous development of molecular and cellular biology has profoundly transformed the landscape of oncological histopathology. In recent years, the discovery and implementation of new diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers have significantly enhanced the precision, reproducibility, and clinical relevance of cancer diagnostics. Histopathological diagnosis is no longer confined to morphological assessment alone but now integrates molecular signatures, immunohistochemical profiles, and genetic alterations that reflect the biological behavior of tumors. These markers serve as key tools in identifying tumor origin, predicting disease progression, and determining therapeutic response.

Immunohistochemical markers such as Ki-67, HER2/neu, PD-L1, and p53, as well as molecular markers including KRAS, EGFR, BRCA1/2, and BRAF, have become essential components of modern diagnostic protocols. Furthermore, the emergence of epigenetic markers, circulating microRNAs, and methylation patterns has provided novel non-invasive methods for early cancer detection and prognosis evaluation. By linking histological morphology with molecular pathogenesis, these biomarkers enable a multidimensional understanding of neoplastic processes and support the development of precision oncology.

Recent advances in digital pathology and artificial intelligence have also accelerated the discovery of novel histopathological markers, allowing automated quantification of tissue characteristics and pattern recognition at a microscopic level. This integration of computational analytics with traditional histology contributes to higher diagnostic accuracy, faster workflow, and the potential identification of previously unrecognized histological signatures.

Overall, the implementation of new markers in histopathological diagnostics marks a paradigm shift in oncology. These innovations not only improve the diagnostic and prognostic capabilities of pathologists but also promote personalized treatment strategies tailored to the molecular profile of each patient’s tumor. This review highlights the current trends, representative examples, and future perspectives of novel markers in oncological histopathology, emphasizing their critical role in the evolution of cancer diagnosis and therapy.

The present study investigates the influence of cobalt(II) and manganese(II) nitrate-based hydrogels on the antioxidant activity of Matricaria chamomilla L. (German chamomile), a medicinal plant widely recognized for its pharmacological and therapeutic importance. Hydrogels were synthesized using a polyacrylamide-based matrix incorporating controlled concentrations of Co²⁺ and Mn²⁺ ions to facilitate the gradual release of micronutrients into the rhizosphere. The experimental design included control plants and treatment groups exposed to hydrogels enriched with cobalt(II) nitrate and manganese(II) nitrate, respectively. The antioxidant potential of M. chamomilla extracts was assessed using the DPPH and FRAP assays, while total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined spectrophotometrically. Results indicated that hydrogel-mediated delivery of cobalt and manganese ions significantly enhanced the antioxidant capacity of chamomile tissues compared with untreated controls. The increase in antioxidant activity was accompanied by elevated levels of phenolic compounds, suggesting the activation of enzymatic and non-enzymatic defense pathways in response to the micronutrient supplementation. These findings highlight the potential application of transition-metal-based hydrogels as slow-release micronutrient carriers to improve the biochemical quality and medicinal value of aromatic and pharmaceutical plants under controlled cultivation conditions.

 Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) remains one of the most challenging issues in reproductive medicine, affecting up to 5% of women of reproductive age [1]. Despite the multifactorial nature of the condition, growing evidence indicates that endocrine and endometrial factors play a decisive role in recurrent early miscarriages [2]. Among endocrine causes, thyroid dysfunction, particularly hypothyroidism, has been increasingly recognized as a key contributor to reproductive failure [3,4].

Chronic aphthous stomatitis (CAS), commonly known as recurrent aphthous ulceration, is one of the most frequent inflammatory diseases affecting the oral mucosa. It is characterized by recurrent, painful, and shallow ulcerations that significantly impact the patient’s quality of life, nutrition, and speech. The etiology of CAS remains multifactorial, involving genetic predisposition, immune dysregulation, nutritional deficiencies, local trauma, hormonal factors, and stress. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the clinical features, etiopathogenesis, and diagnostic aspects of chronic aphthous stomatitis, emphasizing the diverse oral manifestations and their correlation with systemic factors.

 This article studies the correlation between the prolonged use of intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUDs) and the development of cervical pathology. A comparative analysis of clinical, cytological, colposcopic, and microbiological data was conducted in women with and without IUDs. A higher incidence of inflammatory changes and low-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN 1) was revealed among IUD users.

The relationship between media language and phraseology has emerged as a significant field within modern linguistics, reflecting how fixed expressions, idioms, and phraseological innovations function in shaping public discourse. This article explores the interaction between the language of media and phraseology, with particular emphasis on English and Uzbek contexts. Drawing on recent studies by Al-Subhi (2024), Nuriddinova and Mannonova (2025), Oripova (2025), and others, the discussion highlights how media texts both employ and transform phraseological units to achieve stylistic, pragmatic, and persuasive goals. In English-language media, phraseology is used to construct evaluative stance and engagement (Bednarek, 2006; Al-Subhi, 2024), while Uzbek media demonstrates creative adaptation of idioms for political and cultural commentary (Nuriddinova & Mannonova, 2025; Oripova, 2025). The analysis reveals that both linguistic traditions rely on phraseological play and transformation to attract readers, express ideology, and reflect cultural identity. By comparing English and Uzbek media discourse, this article underscores the universal yet culturally specific role of phraseology in mass communication and suggests directions for future cross-linguistic research.

This review summarizes research on the early diagnosis of ovarian insufficiency, emphasizing hormonal, genetic, and imaging biomarkers. It compares diagnostic approaches—ultrasound, hormonal assays, and genetic screening—to address limitations in accuracy and integration. Studies using hormonal tests, whole-exome sequencing, and imaging were systematically analyzed. Elevated follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and reduced anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels showed strong diagnostic reliability, with AMH offering greater predictive value. Genetic testing identified pathogenic variants in up to 63% of cases, revealing polygenic influences and novel mutations, though interpretation remains complex. Ultrasound findings correlated with hormonal markers but lacked uniform diagnostic criteria. Emerging biomarkers, such as microRNAs and cell-free mitochondrial DNA, showed promise for noninvasive detection but need further validation. Combining hormonal, genetic, and imaging data improved diagnostic accuracy and individualized care. However, standardized diagnostic protocols and longitudinal outcome data are still insufficient, highlighting the need for harmonized diagnostic frameworks.

This study explores the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in dentistry, focusing on its role in enhancing diagnostic accuracy, treatment planning, and overall patient care. The research highlights how AI technologies, including machine learning, neural networks, and imaging analysis, can support dentists in early detection of dental diseases such as caries, periodontal conditions, and oral cancers. Additionally, the study discusses the benefits of AI in predicting treatment outcomes, optimizing personalized care, and improving clinical efficiency. Ethical considerations, potential challenges, and future prospects of integrating AI into dental practice are also addressed. The findings suggest that AI has the potential to revolutionize dentistry, making it more precise, efficient, and patient-centered.

The development of 3D printing technology has revolutionized modern dentistry by enabling precise, customized, and efficient production of dental prosthetics, orthodontic appliances, surgical guides, and implants. This technology allows for the creation of patient-specific solutions that improve treatment outcomes, reduce production time, and enhance the overall quality of dental care. The use of 3D printing in dentistry also facilitates minimally invasive procedures and contributes to better patient comfort and satisfaction. This paper explores the current applications of 3D printing in various dental fields, examines its advantages and limitations, and discusses future perspectives, including potential innovations and broader integration into routine dental practice. The study emphasizes that the continued development and adoption of 3D printing technology are essential for advancing personalized and precise dental care.

Digital Smile Design (DSD) is a modern approach in aesthetic dentistry that utilizes advanced digital technologies to plan, visualize, and simulate a patient’s ideal smile before any clinical procedure. This method allows dental professionals to achieve more precise, predictable, and personalized results in restorative and cosmetic treatments, including veneers, crowns, and orthodontic interventions. The integration of DSD enhances communication between the dentist and patient, improves treatment planning accuracy, and increases patient satisfaction. This study examines the principles of DSD, its application in contemporary aesthetic dentistry, and its impact on treatment outcomes, highlighting the advantages and limitations of this innovative technology.

 In modern industrial settings, the risk of adverse effects from chemical and physical pollutants on workers’ health is increasing, requiring a comprehensive hygienic evaluation of their nutrition and micronutrient status. The aim of this study was to assess the compliance of workers’ actual diets with physiological requirements and to identify deficiencies of essential micronutrients among employees of various industrial enterprises. A comparative analysis was carried out on the energy value, the ratio of macro- and micronutrients, the content of vitamins and minerals in the diet, as well as biochemical indicators of blood. It was found that under the influence of industrial factors, a pronounced nutritional imbalance occurs, characterized by decreased intake of antioxidants (vitamins A, E, C) and microelements (zinc, selenium, iron), which contributes to metabolic and functional disorders. The findings confirm the need for hygienic optimization of workers’ nutrition, implementation of preventive programs, and monitoring of micronutrient status to maintain health and working capacity.

Rational dietary nutrition is a key component of the system of therapeutic and preventive measures and plays a crucial role in restoring and maintaining patients’ health. The aim of this study is to substantiate the scientific and hygienic principles of organizing dietary nutrition in healthcare institutions, taking into account the physiological needs of the body, metabolic characteristics in various diseases, and modern requirements of medical nutrition science. The article discusses the main hygienic aspects of diet formulation, including energy and nutrient adequacy, balance of macro- and micronutrients, food quality and safety, as well as technological conditions of preparation and storage. Particular attention is paid to the role of vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and dietary fiber in accelerating recovery processes and enhancing the body’s adaptive capacity during treatment. It is shown that adherence to scientifically based hygienic norms of nutrition increases the effectiveness of therapy, reduces complications, and improves patients’ quality of life. The practical implementation of these principles requires an interdisciplinary approach involving physicians, dietitians, hygienists, and food technologists.

This scientific research explored the synthesis and technological aspects of 

bioactive hydrazone compounds formed through the reactions between 2-amino-6-oxypurine and hydrazine. The ideal reaction conditions, such as temperature, duration, solvent, and pH, were identified, and the structures of the obtained products were verified through IR and TLC analysis. The synthesized hydrazones demonstrated significant biological activity, suggesting their potential use as pharmaceutical and agrochemical agents. A technological scheme for the synthesis process was developed based on the results, featuring thoroughly justified selectivity, yield, and purification steps.

Uterine fibroids (leiomyomas) are the most common benign smooth-muscle tumours in women of reproductive age and represent a significant source of morbidity—ranging from heavy menstrual bleeding and pelvic pain to infertility and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Contemporary conceptions of fibroids emphasise their heterogeneity, molecular underpinnings, hormonal and environmental drivers, and evolving therapeutic options that aim to preserve fertility and minimise invasiveness. This review synthesises current literature on fibroid aetiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostics, and modern and emerging management strategies with a view toward “modern conceptions” of the disease. The review draws on ten or more recent scientific studies and reviews, identifies gaps in our knowledge, and highlights future directions, including integration with artificial-intelligence methods for diagnosis and treatment planning.

Chronic hеart failurе (CHF) rеmains onе of thе lеading causеs of morbidity and mortality worldwidе. Rеhabilitation mеasurеs, including physical training, lifеstylе modification, psychological support, and optimal pharmacological managеmеnt, play a crucial rolе in improving patiеnts’ quality of lifе and clinical outcomеs. This study focusеs on еvaluating thе еffеctivеnеss of comprеhеnsivе rеhabilitation programs in patiеnts with chronic hеart failurе. Thе rеsеarch analyzеs functional capacity, symptom rеduction, hospitalization ratеs, and ovеrall survival. Thе findings highlight that structurеd rеhabilitation intеrvеntions significantly еnhancе еxеrcisе tolеrancе, dеcrеasе disеasе progrеssion, and rеducе thе risk of advеrsе cardiac еvеnts.

Rеtinopathy of prеmaturity (ROP) is a potеntially blinding еyе disordеr that primarily affеcts prеmaturе infants with low birth wеight. Еarly dеtеction and timеly intеrvеntion arе critical to prеvеnt sеvеrе visual impairmеnt or blindnеss. This papеr rеviеws currеnt scrееning mеthods, diagnostic tеchnologiеs, and prеdictivе modеls for thе еarly dеtеction of ROP. Advancеs in imaging tеchniquеs, such as widе-fiеld digital rеtinal imaging and artificial intеlligеncе–basеd analysis, havе improvеd diagnostic accuracy and accеssibility. Thе study also highlights thе importancе of tеlеmеdicinе and machinе lеarning algorithms in idеntifying high-risk infants and facilitating еarly trеatmеnt. Thе findings undеrscorе thе nееd for standardizеd scrееning protocols and multidisciplinary collaboration to еnhancе еarly dеtеction and improvе nеonatal outcomеs.

This article analyzes the morphological, immunological, and histopathological features of tuberculosis detected at a late stage in patients with acquired immunodeficiency. The research was conducted under the conditions of Uzbekistan, particularly in the Fergana region, and revealed that in cases of delayed diagnosis, granulomatous reactions are weakened, caseous necrosis predominates, and distinctive morphological differences are linked to immunohistochemical markers. The findings provide a significant scientific basis for improving early detection strategies for tuberculosis in immunodeficient individuals.

 This article highlights the importance, advantages, and effectiveness of using innovative technologies in teaching pediatric resuscitation. The introduction of digital technologies, simulation classes, virtual internships, the "flipped classroom" model, online testing and assessment systems into the medical education process develops students' clinical thinking, practical skills, and the ability to make quick decisions. The article analyzes the methodological foundations of teaching based on innovative technologies and the experience of medical universities.

This article analyzes the effectiveness of using interactive methods in teaching pediatric anesthesiology and resuscitation. In the process of medical education, interactive methods help to form the student as an active participant, abandoning the central role of the teacher. Especially in such vital areas as pediatric resuscitation, students need to independently acquire practical skills, learn to make clinical decisions, and develop a culture of teamwork. In this regard, the article details the advantages of such methods as case studies, "brainstorming," simulation sessions, the "flipped classroom" model, and role-playing games.

Ushbu maqolada bolalar anesteziologiyasi va reanimatologiyasi fanini o‘qitish jarayonida interfaol usullardan foydalanishning samaradorligi tahlil qilinadi. Tibbiy ta’lim jarayonida interfaol metodlar o‘qituvchining markaziy rolidan voz kechib, talabani faol ishtirokchi sifatida shakllantirishga yordam beradi. Ayniqsa bolalar reanimatsiyasi kabi hayotiy ahamiyatga ega yo‘nalishlarda talabalar amaliy ko‘nikmalarni mustaqil tarzda egallashlari, klinik qaror qabul qilishni o‘rganishlari, jamoada ishlash madaniyatini shakllantirishlari zarur. Shu nuqtayi nazardan maqolada keys-stadi, “beyin shturmi”, simulyatsion mashg‘ulotlar, “flipped classroom” modeli va rolli o‘yinlar kabi metodlarning afzalliklari batafsil yoritilgan.

Smoking remains one of the major risk factors for oral diseases, significantly influencing the structure and function of oral tissues. This study aimed to evaluate modern methods for assessing the oral cavity condition among smokers and to identify effective preventive strategies to mitigate tobacco-related oral damage. A total of 100 participants were examined, including 70 smokers and 30 non-smokers as a control group. Clinical indices such as the Plaque Index, Gingival Index, and Community Periodontal Index were used to assess oral hygiene and periodontal status. Saliva samples were analyzed for pH, total antioxidant capacity, nicotine, and cotinine levels. Digital radiography, fluorescence imaging, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques were applied for diagnostic evaluation. Results revealed that smokers had significantly higher plaque accumulation, gingival inflammation, and alveolar bone loss compared to non-smokers (p < 0.001). Moreover, salivary pH and antioxidant capacity were markedly reduced in smokers. Preventive measures, including professional dental cleaning, antioxidant supplementation, and smoking cessation counseling, were effective in improving oral health outcomes. The study concludes that integrating modern diagnostic technologies with targeted preventive interventions can significantly enhance the assessment and management of oral health among smokers, providing a comprehensive framework for clinical and public health applications.

This article provides information on the main pests of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.), their biological characteristics and the damage they cause to the plant. The stages of development of pests, their distribution factors, as well as biological and agrotechnical control measures against them are analyzed. The results of the study are important for maintaining high yields and ensuring ecological balance in licorice cultivation.

 In the modern era, the health of young people is one of the most important strategic resources of society. Therefore, systematic measures are being taken to prevent harmful factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, inactivity, unhealthy diet, and Internet addiction. The purpose of this study is to assess the effectiveness of preventive work aimed at reducing harmful habits among young people. The methods of sociological survey, medical observation, and psychological assessment were used in the research process. The results obtained showed that regularly held health-improving events, encouragement of sports activities, and promotion of a healthy lifestyle on social networks are causing positive changes in the behavior of young people. In particular, 67 percent of those surveyed expressed an increased interest in a healthy lifestyle, and 42 percent noted that they had abandoned harmful habits. On this basis, it can be said that an integrated approach — a combination of medical, psychological and social measures — is the most effective way to reduce negative factors among young people. The results of the study will serve to improve youth policy and popularize a healthy lifestyle.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is a surgical procedure frequently performed in benign gallbladder diseases since its description nd has become the gold standard surpassing open cholecystectomy due to its numerous advantages. Like any new technique, adaptation problems were experienced in the early days of its application and complication rates were relatively high. In subsequent years, the evolution of minimally invasive surgery and the growing experience of surgeons have facilitated the application of LC and led to various modifications. This article aims to explore the evolution of cholecystectomy techniques, focusing on standard LC and over 50 modified techniques documented in the medical literature.

According to the latest data from the World Health Organization, 20-30% of patients applying to the surgical department have 2 or more comorbidities, and this indicator is increasing year by year. This, in turn, requires surgical treatment, as in any disease. According to various sources, the prevalence of proctologic diseases is very high - from 120 to 186 per 1000 population, of which 10 to 50% of the population is in need of treatment, and in 75% of cases, surgical intervention is required.

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This article provides an in-depth discussion of the digestive system, its structure, and its vital role in maintaining human health. It also examines the causes, symptoms, and natural treatment methods of stomach and intestinal diseases. The pathogenesis and clinical features of conditions such as gastritis, peptic ulcers, enterocolitis, and Crohn’s disease are scientifically described. Additionally, the therapeutic effects and correct usage of natural remedies — including honey, turmeric, licorice root, garlic, probiotics, and herbal teas — are presented. The article further analyzes the advantages and safety of combining natural treatments with modern medical therapies.

This article provides a detailed explanation of the structure and functions of the human abdominal cavity and its vital organs, emphasizing their essential role in maintaining life. The abdominal cavity is separated from the thoracic cavity by the diaphragm and contains key organs such as the stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, intestines, and kidneys. The article describes the primary functions of each organ and the biological processes they are involved in, including digestion, metabolism, blood purification, and immune support. It also highlights common disorders caused by functional impairments of these organs and discusses both medical and natural treatment methods. Based on modern medical research, the author emphasizes the importance of a healthy lifestyle, balanced nutrition, and regular medical check-ups in maintaining abdominal organ health.

 Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is one of the most common hematological problems in pediatrics, with a high global prevalence. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), about 40–50% of preschool children experience anemia caused by iron deficiency at some stage of their lives. This condition negatively affects not only physical growth but also the intellectual potential and psychological well-being of children. Effective treatment can be achieved through iron supplementation, vitamins, and modern nutritional programs.

 This study examines nasal valve obstruction and its pathophysiological basis in patients with nasal septum deviation. The prospects and effectiveness of surgical procedures are analyzed. The study explores the etiology and clinical signs of nasal septum deviation, the impact of this pathology on the respiratory process, as well as achievements and challenges in the surgical field. The aim is to propose advanced approaches to improve patients' breathing quality and ensure the safety and efficacy of surgical interventions. The research findings will contribute to the development of new recommendations for treating nasal septum deviation in clinical practice.

 The composition of intestinal microflora in early childhood plays a crucial role in maintaining general health and regulating the immune system. When the balance of intestinal microbiota is disturbed, the body’s defense mechanisms weaken, increasing the risk of allergic, inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases. This propedeutic observation examined the main components of intestinal microflora in children, their influence on the formation of immune response, and the clinical significance of dysbiosis. The results of the study highlight the importance of normalizing intestinal microflora and strengthening the immune system in early childhood to prevent diseases.

 This article examines contemporary research approaches to understanding genetic and molecular biological factors contributing to disabilities in children. The findings emphasize the multifactorial nature of childhood disabilities and underscore the importance of integrating genetic counseling with molecular diagnostics for early intervention strategies. This review demonstrates that modern molecular biology techniques, including next-generation sequencing and whole-exome sequencing, have revolutionized our understanding of disability causation while revealing the complex interplay between genetic predisposition and environmental factors in developmental disorders.

This article explores the hormonal changes that occur in the human body during stress and the role of laboratory diagnostics in identifying these alterations. The study focuses on the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and evaluates levels of cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), thyroid, and reproductive hormones. Modern laboratory methods, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and chemiluminescent analysis, were used to assess the physiological responses to stress. The results indicate that prolonged exposure to stress leads to hormonal imbalance, suppression of immune function, and the development of metabolic disorders. The paper emphasizes the importance of early detection of stress-induced hormonal changes and highlights the diagnostic value of laboratory testing in the prevention and management of stress-related conditions.

Maternal health remains a global public health priority, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. The rapid expansion of mobile phone coverage and internet access has created new opportunities to deliver high-quality maternal care services through digital health tools. This article reviews current evidence on the use of mobile health (mHealth) interventions—including mobile apps, SMS-based platforms, telemedicine, and electronic health records—to improve access to information, remote consultations, data collection, and continuity of care for pregnant women. It also highlights emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and smart devices that can enhance early detection of high-risk pregnancies and enable real-time monitoring of maternal health indicators. Recommendations for future work include developing low-bandwidth, multilingual applications for underserved areas, training healthcare workers to use digital tools effectively, ensuring data security and privacy, and conducting large-scale evaluations of effectiveness and cost-efficiency. Digital health innovations hold great promise for improving maternal health outcomes worldwide.

Xerophthalmie ist eine Erkrankung, die durch Trockenheit, trophische Veränderungen und Verhornung der Schleimhaut und Hornhaut des Auges infolge eines Vitamin-A-Mangels gekennzeichnet ist. Die Krankheit tritt hauptsächlich bei Kindern und Menschen mit chronischer Hypovitaminose auf. Sie verursacht zunächst Trockenheit und Weißfärbung der Bindehaut, später das Auftreten von Bitot-Flecken, Trübung und Erweichung der Hornhaut. In schweren Fällen kommt es zum vollständigen Verlust des Sehvermögens. Als vorbeugende Maßnahme ist es wichtig, auf den Verzehr von Vitamin-A-reichen Lebensmitteln (Leber, Milchprodukte, Karotten, Fischöl usw.) zu achten und bei Kindern regelmäßig eine Vitaminprophylaxe durchzuführen. Die rechtzeitige Erkennung und Behandlung von Xerophthalmie ist der wichtigste Faktor für den Erhalt des Sehvermögens. Schauen wir uns an, was passieren kann, wenn wir nicht rechtzeitig handeln.

Urolithiasis, or urinary stone disease, remains one of the most prevalent urological disorders worldwide, affecting up to 10% of the global population. Advances in diagnostic and therapeutic technologies over the past decade have dramatically improved patient outcomes while reducing invasiveness and complication rates. This literature review analyzes recent developments in the treatment of urolithiasis based on scientific publications from 2015–2025. Modern management focuses on minimally invasive and non-invasive techniques such as flexible ureteroscopy (FURS), thulium fiber laser (TFL) lithotripsy, and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), as well as emerging methods like burst wave lithotripsy (BWL) and robot-assisted ureteroscopy. In addition, the review discusses metabolic and preventive strategies, including alkali citrate therapy, which target stone recurrence and long-term patient management. The analysis reveals that the combination of endoscopic innovation, laser technology, and artificial intelligence is transforming clinical approaches to urolithiasis. However, challenges remain in optimizing stone-free rates for large or complex calculi and in developing individualized, metabolically oriented treatment protocols. Future directions emphasize precision medicine, robotic assistance, and AI-based prediction models to enhance treatment efficiency and recurrence prevention.