Congenital heart defects (CHDs) represent the most common congenital malformations in neonates, accounting for nearly one-third of all congenital anomalies and a leading cause of infant morbidity and mortality. Advances in prenatal imaging, echocardiography, and surgical techniques have dramatically improved early diagnosis, treatment, and survival outcomes. This article discusses the embryological basis, classification, and pathophysiology of CHDs, emphasizing modern diagnostic modalities such as fetal echocardiography, cardiac MRI, and 3D CT angiography. The paper also reviews current surgical correction methods, including open-heart procedures, catheter-based interventions, and hybrid surgical approaches. Understanding the evolution of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies is crucial for optimizing the management and prognosis of patients with congenital heart defects.

congenital heart defects, fetal echocardiography, cardiac surgery, MRI, cyanotic heart disease, pediatric cardiology

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