Breast cancer remains the most common malignancy among women worldwide and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Early detection plays a crucial role in improving survival rates and treatment outcomes. In recent years, significant advances have been made in diagnostic technologies that enhance the sensitivity and specificity of early breast cancer screening. Traditional imaging techniques such as mammography, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) continue to serve as the cornerstone of detection; however, new modalities including digital breast tomosynthesis, molecular breast imaging, and contrast-enhanced mammography have demonstrated superior diagnostic accuracy (Smith, 2020; Johnson et al., 2021). Furthermore, non-invasive biomarkers, liquid biopsy, and artificial intelligence–based image analysis are emerging as promising tools for early-stage diagnosis (Lee & Kim, 2022; Brown et al., 2023). This literature review aims to analyze current diagnostic strategies, evaluate their clinical effectiveness, and discuss the potential of innovative technologies in transforming early breast cancer detection. Understanding these modern approaches provides a foundation for developing personalized screening programs and improving patient outcomes.

Breast cancer; early diagnosis; mammography; digital breast tomosynthesis; molecular breast imaging; liquid biopsy; biomarkers; artificial intelligence.

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