This article examines contemporary research approaches to understanding genetic and molecular biological factors contributing to disabilities in children. The findings emphasize the multifactorial nature of childhood disabilities and underscore the importance of integrating genetic counseling with molecular diagnostics for early intervention strategies. This review demonstrates that modern molecular biology techniques, including next-generation sequencing and whole-exome sequencing, have revolutionized our understanding of disability causation while revealing the complex interplay between genetic predisposition and environmental factors in developmental disorders.

genetic factors, molecular biology, childhood disabilities, chromosomal abnormalities, genomic technologies, epigenetics, biomarkers

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