Urolithiasis, or urinary stone disease, remains one of the most prevalent urological disorders worldwide, affecting up to 10% of the global population. Advances in diagnostic and therapeutic technologies over the past decade have dramatically improved patient outcomes while reducing invasiveness and complication rates. This literature review analyzes recent developments in the treatment of urolithiasis based on scientific publications from 2015–2025. Modern management focuses on minimally invasive and non-invasive techniques such as flexible ureteroscopy (FURS), thulium fiber laser (TFL) lithotripsy, and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), as well as emerging methods like burst wave lithotripsy (BWL) and robot-assisted ureteroscopy. In addition, the review discusses metabolic and preventive strategies, including alkali citrate therapy, which target stone recurrence and long-term patient management. The analysis reveals that the combination of endoscopic innovation, laser technology, and artificial intelligence is transforming clinical approaches to urolithiasis. However, challenges remain in optimizing stone-free rates for large or complex calculi and in developing individualized, metabolically oriented treatment protocols. Future directions emphasize precision medicine, robotic assistance, and AI-based prediction models to enhance treatment efficiency and recurrence prevention.

Urolithiasis; urinary stone disease; kidney stones; flexible ureteroscopy (FURS); thulium fiber laser lithotripsy (TFL); extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL); burst wave lithotripsy (BWL); robot-assisted ureteroscopy; minimally invasive surgery; metabolic therapy; prevention; artificial intelligence; precision medicine.

Chew, B. H., Humphreys, M. R., & Shah, O. (2021). Advances in ureteroscopy and laser lithotripsy. Nature Reviews Urology, 18(3), 175–189.

Duryea, A. P., Maxwell, A. D., & Bailey, M. R. (2023). Clinical evaluation of burst wave lithotripsy for kidney stone fragmentation. Journal of Urology, 209(4), 872–881.

He, D., Dong, Y., Cai, C., et al. (2024). Flexible ureteroscopy for renal stones: Current status and future perspectives. International Journal of Surgery, 107, 106–114.

Lingeman, J. E., Miller, N. L., & McAteer, J. A. (2018). Contemporary shock wave lithotripsy: Techniques and outcomes. Urology, 120, 4–10.

Liu, Y., Chen, Y., Liao, B., & Xu, X. (2020). Metabolic management of recurrent kidney stones: Current strategies and future directions. World Journal of Urology, 38(2), 309–318.

Maxwell, A. D., Cunitz, B. W., & Bailey, M. R. (2022). Burst wave lithotripsy: A noninvasive ultrasonic approach for kidney stones. IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, 69(3), 751–762.

Miller, N. L., & Lingeman, J. E. (2020). Management of kidney stones: Surgical perspectives. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(11), 1092–1102.

Skolarikos, A., & Papatsoris, A. (2019). Contemporary management of urolithiasis: An update. European Urology Focus, 5(5), 752–758.

Taratkin, M., Enikeev, D., & Glybochko, P. (2021). Thulium fiber laser in endourology: A new era of lithotripsy. World Journal of Urology, 39(4), 1031–1040.

Türk, C., Petřík, A., & Sarica, K. (2022). EAU Guidelines on Urolithiasis 2022. European Association of Urology.

Tzou, D. T., Usawachintachit, M., & Taguchi, K. (2023). Artificial intelligence and precision medicine in urolithiasis management. Frontiers in Urology, 3, 104–117.

Zhou, H., Wang, L., & Chen, Y. (2023). Artificial intelligence-assisted endourology: Applications in stone detection and laser guidance. BJU International, 132(1), 10–19.

Zhu, W., Li, J., & Liu, L. (2023). Single-use digital ureteroscopes: Clinical outcomes and cost-effectiveness. Urolithiasis, 51(2), 231–240.