Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and beta-cell dysfunction. This study aimed to investigate the metabolic integration among key endocrine organs, including the pancreas, liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle, in a rat model of T2DM. Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control, high-fat diet (HFD), and T2DM experimental group induced by HFD and low-dose streptozotocin. Biochemical analyses, including fasting blood glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, liver enzymes, adipokines, and incretin hormones, were performed. Histological and immunohistochemical evaluations assessed pancreatic islet morphology, hepatic glycogen content, adipose tissue signaling, and skeletal muscle GLUT4 expression. The T2DM group exhibited significant hyperglycemia, impaired insulin secretion, altered adipokine profiles, reduced incretin hormone levels, hepatocyte vacuolization, fibrosis, adipocyte hypertrophy, and decreased GLUT4 expression in skeletal muscles. These findings indicate that T2DM disrupts inter-organ metabolic communication, highlighting the systemic nature of the disease. Understanding these complex interactions is essential for developing multi-targeted therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring metabolic homeostasis.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus; Metabolic integration; Endocrine organs; Insulin resistance; Pancreas; Liver; Adipose tissue; Skeletal muscle; Adipokines; Incretin hormones

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