Сhronic pancreatitis – it is disease, prevalence of which has been steadly increasing during the last 30 years among the elderly people. Physiological, agespecific changes invariably influence the course of chronic pancreatitis, modifying clinical characteristics and treatment approaches to this disease in elderly people. Main etiological factors, developing mechanisms, clinical course options and basic approaches to medical therapy of chronic pancreatitis in elderly patients are described in the article.

 Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and obesity are two highly prevalent chronic conditions that share multiple pathophysiological mechanisms, including increased intra-abdominal pressure, lower esophageal sphincter dysfunction, and systemic inflammation. Recent studies suggest that effective obesity management may contribute to the improvement of GERD symptoms and reduce the risk of esophageal complications. This review aims to evaluate the impact of different obesity treatment strategies such as lifestyle modification, pharmacotherapy, and bariatric surgery on the clinical course, symptom severity, and objective diagnostic indicators of GERD.

 Glucocorticoids (GCs) are widely used to treat inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, yet long-term exposure may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). To summarize and evaluate the findings of van der Valk et al. (2024), who examined the association between chronic glucocorticoid therapy and incident cardiovascular events. A structured review of the original cohort study, including assessments of glucocorticoid dose, duration, and cardiovascular outcomes. Long-term GC exposure was associated with significantly increased CVD risk, including coronary artery disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, stroke, and MACE. A clear  relationship was observed, and the association remained significant after adjusting for multiple confounders. Chronic GC use independently increases cardiovascular risk, even at low doses. Careful prescribing, monitoring, and cardiovascular risk assessment are essential.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains a focus of medical science and practice. This article presents a review of the current literature on COPD in women. It presents data on the prevalence of the disease, specific susceptibility to risk factors, age-related aspects of development, progression, outcomes, and clinical manifestations of COPD, as well as differences in response to pharmacotherapy in women and men. Thus, a number of studies have demonstrated a high susceptibility of women to the effects of tobacco smoke, a predisposition to the development of the bronchitis phenotype of COPD, a severe course with frequent exacerbations, and a low risk of death after exacerbations. The results of this review suggest that gender differences can be explained by anatomical differences in the development of the respiratory system and the cyclical hormonal activity of the female body, which manifests itself in greater airway hyperreactivity and, consequently, a higher incidence of severe COPD.

Urticaria is a heterogeneous disorder characterized by transient wheals and/or angioedema, resulting from complex pathophysiological mechanisms (EAACI, 2021; Matos et al., 2022). Based on pathogenesis, urticaria can be broadly classified into mast cell–mediated and non–mast cell–mediated forms (Schettini et al., 2023). Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) represents an autoimmune or idiopathic mast cell–driven process, while inducible urticarias arise from physical triggers such as pressure, cold, or heat, leading to mast cell activation (EAACI, 2021). Urticarial vasculitis (UV) is an immune complex–mediated condition, with vascular inflammation and possible systemic involvement (Krause et al., 2023). Other forms include drug-induced and autoinflammatory urticaria, which involve distinct immunological pathways, including IgE- or complement-mediated mechanisms (Matos et al., 2022; Schettini et al., 2023). Accurate classification according to pathogenesis is critical for guiding diagnostic evaluation, laboratory testing, and targeted therapy (EAACI, 2021). Integrating recent evidence and international guidelines, this review provides a comprehensive overview of urticaria subtypes, emphasizing their underlying mechanisms, clinical features, and implications for management (EAACI, 2021; Krause et al., 2023).

This article explores the importance of teaching translation theory and practice to Uzbek future English teachers at the university level. It discusses the pedagogical value of translation as a cognitive, communicative, and cultural process. The article examines how translation instruction develops linguistic competence, intercultural awareness, critical thinking, and professional readiness. It also analyzes methodological approaches used in translation training, including comparative analysis, functional methods, contrastive linguistics, and project-based learning. The study emphasizes that translation is not only a linguistic skill but an essential element of language pedagogy in Uzbekistan’s multilingual context. It concludes that systematic instruction in translation theory and practice plays a vital role in preparing competent, culturally sensitive, and academically grounded English language teachers.

Insulin resistance has emerged as one of the most significant global health threats of the 21st century. Often asymptomatic for years, it serves as the metabolic foundation for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), cardiovascular disease, and multiple cancers. Despite its clinical and socioeconomic burden, insulin resistance remains underdiagnosed and underestimated. This review synthesizes recent epidemiological trends, pathophysiological mechanisms, environmental contributors, and long-term global risks, while highlighting urgent priorities for prevention and policy intervention.

This article discusses the age-related features of the functional and physical development of young athletes involved in football and martial arts. The study involved 84 athletes (42 athletes involved in football and 42 athletes involved in martial arts between the ages of 8-15 years old. Assessment of physical development included the measurement of morphological and functional indicators (body weight, height, waist and hips, body mass indices). The obtained data on age periods are compared, and the effects of various sports on the body of children and adolescents are revealed.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder often associated with psychological problems. This study aimed to examine the relationship between hormonal imbalance and mental health outcomes, including depression, anxiety, body-image dissatisfaction, and quality of life in women with PCOS. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 120 women aged 18–40 years diagnosed with PCOS according to the Rotterdam criteria. Clinical assessments included anthropometric measurements and hormonal tests (testosterone, LH, FSH, cortisol, fasting insulin, and glucose). Psychological status was evaluated using BDI-II, GAD-7, BIDQ, and PCOSQ questionnaires. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression. Elevated testosterone and cortisol levels were significantly associated with higher depression and anxiety scores (p < 0.01). Insulin resistance was linked to increased body-image dissatisfaction and lower quality-of-life scores. Regression analysis showed testosterone and cortisol as independent predictors of depression, cortisol and LH/FSH ratio as predictors of anxiety, and insulin resistance as a predictor of body-image dissatisfaction. Hormonal imbalance, particularly high androgens, elevated cortisol, and insulin resistance, plays an important role in psychological difficulties among women with PCOS. Integrating mental health assessment into routine PCOS care is recommended.

Objective — To assess the clinical-neurological and cognitive features in children who have sustained traumatic brain injury (TBI) and to identify factors associated with the severity of cognitive deficits. Materials and Methods — A prospective observation was conducted in children with mild, moderate, and severe TBI. Neurological status, cognitive functions (attention, memory, executive functions), and recovery dynamics were evaluated. Results — The most common impairments included attention disorders, reduced processing speed, and deficits in working memory. TBI severity, age at the time of injury, and the presence of post-concussive symptoms were associated with more pronounced cognitive impairment. Conclusion — Children with the consequences of TBI demonstrate persistent cognitive deficits, indicating the need for long-term follow-up and comprehensive rehabilitation.

Preterm birth remains a major challenge in obstetrics, contributing significantly to neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate current methods for predicting and preventing preterm birth, including clinical risk assessment, cervical length measurement, fetal fibronectin testing, progesterone therapy, cervical cerclage, and lifestyle modifications. Data were collected through a comprehensive review of 65 studies involving over 120,000 pregnant women. Key maternal risk factors identified included prior preterm birth, multiple gestations, cervical insufficiency, infections, and maternal comorbidities, while psychosocial and lifestyle factors further increased risk. Predictive methods combining maternal history, biomarkers, and imaging demonstrated improved accuracy. Preventive interventions, particularly progesterone supplementation and cervical cerclage, effectively reduced the incidence of preterm birth. These findings highlight the importance of a multidisciplinary, individualized approach for optimizing maternal and neonatal outcomes.

This report examines the critical role of endothelial glycocalyx damage as a central mechanism linking type 2 diabetes and arterial hypertension, with a focus on its structural and functional significance, the pathological consequences of its degradation, and potential therapeutic approaches. The endothelial glycocalyx, a dynamic layer composed of proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, and associated plasma proteins, is essential for maintaining vascular homeostasis. It regulates endothelial barrier function, mechanotransduction, blood flow, and selective permeability while preventing leukocyte adhesion and vascular inflammation. Disruption of the glycocalyx leads to impaired endothelial function, characterized by increased vascular permeability, inflammation, and oxidative stress, which are pivotal contributors to the pathogenesis of both type 2 diabetes and hypertension.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has become the preferred surgical approach for gallbladder disease due to its minimally invasive nature and favorable postoperative outcomes. Despite its widespread adoption, both advantages and limitations exist that influence clinical decision-making. This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in modern surgical practice, comparing it with traditional open cholecystectomy (OC).

A descriptive narrative review was conducted, synthesizing evidence from peer-reviewed articles, clinical trials, meta-analyses, and surgical guidelines. Databases including PubMed, Cochrane Library, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar were searched using relevant keywords such as “laparoscopic cholecystectomy,” “open cholecystectomy,” “postoperative outcomes,” and “surgical complications.” Comparative data on operative time, blood loss, hospital stay, complications, and patient satisfaction were extracted and analyzed qualitatively.

This article provides a comprehensive overview of acute appendicitis in children, focusing on early diagnosis, clinical presentation, and appropriate management strategies. It outlines typical and atypical symptoms, key physical examination findings, and the role of laboratory tests and imaging—particularly ultrasound—in establishing the diagnosis. Treatment approaches for both uncomplicated and complicated appendicitis are discussed, including surgical and non-operative antibiotic management. The article emphasizes the importance of timely intervention to prevent complications such as perforation or abscess formation, and it concludes with an overview of postoperative care and prognosis. The content serves as an educational resource for students, clinicians, and caregivers seeking to understand current practices in pediatric appendicitis care

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 The article examines the features of the course of acute respiratory diseases in children with bronchial hyperreactivity. It highlights the specific clinical manifestations, risk factors, and the influence of bronchial hyperreactivity on disease progression and treatment outcomes. The study emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis, personalized therapy, and careful monitoring to prevent complications and improve recovery in pediatric patients with hyperreactive airways. The findings provide practical recommendations for clinicians to optimize management strategies and reduce the severity and recurrence of acute respiratory episodes in this vulnerable population.

 Chronic heart failure is one of the most prevalent and life-threatening cardiovascular conditions worldwide. Among its various complications, iron deficiency anemia plays a crucial role in worsening patients’ overall condition, reducing exercise tolerance, and increasing fatigue. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in patients with chronic heart failure, evaluate its clinical manifestations, and explore laboratory parameters for early detection. The research highlights the significance of timely diagnosis and appropriate management of iron deficiency to improve functional capacity, quality of life, and treatment outcomes in affected patients. Modern diagnostic markers, including ferritin, transferrin saturation, and hepcidin, are emphasized as valuable tools for accurate assessment, while parenteral iron therapy is recognized for its effectiveness in clinical improvement. Understanding the interaction between chronic heart failure and iron deficiency anemia is essential for optimizing patient care and developing targeted therapeutic strategies.

 English: Background: Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB) is a frequent gynecological complaint in premenopausal women. In many cases, structural causes are absent, leading to a diagnosis of "unexplained" AUB. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of underlying coagulation disorders (coagulopathies) in women with non-structural AUB and assess the diagnostic utility of routine coagulation profiling. Methods: A prospective case-control study was conducted involving 150 premenopausal women with AUB (excluding structural pathology like fibroids/polyps) and 100 healthy controls. The diagnostic panel included Prothrombin Time (PT), Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT), Fibrinogen, von Willebrand Factor (vWF) antigen, and platelet aggregation tests. Results: Hemostatic abnormalities were identified in 19.3% of patients with unexplained AUB compared to only 2.0% in the control group (p < 0.001). The most common disorder was von Willebrand Disease (Type 1), followed by platelet function defects. A significant correlation was found between prolonged bleeding time and severity of menorrhagia. Conclusion: Subclinical coagulopathies represent a significant etiology in women with unexplained AUB. The integration of a comprehensive coagulation profile into the diagnostic algorithm is crucial for accurate management and avoiding unnecessary surgical interventions such as hysterectomy.

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) constitute the leading cause of global mortality. This article investigates the distinct hygienic determinants driving NCD prevalence in urban versus rural populations. While urban areas face health risks associated with industrial pollution, high population density, and sedentary lifestyles (the "urban penalty"), rural populations encounter specific challenges related to agricultural chemical exposure, indoor air pollution from biomass fuels, and limited sanitation infrastructure. Utilizing a comparative analytical approach, this study highlights that while urbanization correlates with higher rates of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes due to environmental stressors, rural areas exhibit elevated risks for chronic respiratory diseases and pesticide-related malignancies. The findings emphasize the need for location-specific public health hygiene interventions.

The transition to electronic libraries represents a crucial step in the modernization of the healthcare education system, offering innovative opportunities for improving the accessibility, efficiency, and quality of medical training. As digital technologies continue to transform educational environments, electronic libraries provide flexible access to up-to-date scientific literature, interactive learning resources, and evidence-based medical databases. This shift enhances students’ ability to engage in independent learning, supports instructors in delivering modernized curricula, and strengthens research activities across medical institutions. Furthermore, electronic libraries contribute to the development of digital literacy among future healthcare professionals—an essential competency in contemporary medical practice. Despite challenges such as technological infrastructure, digital resource management, and user preparedness, the adoption of electronic libraries remains a foundational element for creating an integrated, technologically advanced healthcare education ecosystem. This paper explores the significance, benefits, and implementation considerations of transitioning to electronic libraries within the healthcare education system.

Styrene polymers are widely used in various industrial applications, but occupational exposure to styrene vapors can adversely affect human health. One of the underexplored effects is on the oral mucosa, where chronic exposure may reduce mucosal resistance, predisposing individuals to inflammation, ulceration, and secondary infections. This study aims to evaluate the impact of occupational styrene exposure on oral mucosal resistance and discuss potential methods for its restoration. Evidence-based approaches, including preventive, pharmacological, and regenerative strategies, are highlighted. Findings suggest that early intervention and occupational safety measures are crucial in maintaining oral health in exposed workers [1], [2].

Acute bronchiolitis is one of the leading causes of hospitalization in infants and young children. The disease is characterized by inflammation and obstruction of small airways, most commonly caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Despite generally favorable outcomes, a part of patients develop severe hypoxemia and respiratory failure requiring intensive care. The study investigates clinical predictors, laboratory markers, and instrumental criteria associated with severe bronchiolitis in children under two years.

This article scientifically analyzes the importance of nurses’ activities in the process of improving health literacy among the population. Health literacy is one of the key factors ensuring the strengthening of health, prevention of diseases, and effective use of quality medical care. The article substantiates how the preventive, educational, and health‑promoting activities carried out by nurses improve public awareness about health, change behavioral habits, and support the formation of a healthy lifestyle. Modern approaches and the possibilities of using digital resources in improving health literacy are also discussed.

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a complex set of pathophysiological conditions characterized by abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, and disorders of carbohydrate metabolism. In recent years, the prevalence of MS has been sharply increasing both worldwide and among the population of Uzbekistan. The clinical importance of this condition lies in the fact that it is a strong independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, and myocardial infarction.
Genetic predisposition, unhealthy diet, insufficient physical activity, stress, and hormonal imbalances play leading roles in the development of MS. Early detection and comprehensive preventive strategies are essential for reducing the burden of cardiovascular diseases.

Gastritis is an inflammatory condition of the gastric mucosa that manifests in acute or chronic forms. Chronic gastritis affects approximately 50–60% of the global population and is most commonly associated with Helicobacter pylori infection, unhealthy dietary habits, stress, harmful lifestyle behaviors, and prolonged use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
Changes in lifestyle among young people, increased fast-food consumption, and rising stress levels contribute to the growing incidence of gastritis.

according to the World Health Organization, 130-175 million inhabitants worldwide are infected with hepatitis C (HCV) virus, which causes more than 350,000 deaths each year. Chronic HCV is a major cause of cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer), and the last stage of liver disease. In this article, you will get acquainted with the mechanics of infection of the hepatitis C virus ( HCV) into the human body, one of the most dangerous viruses currently, with cases of infestation and inflammation that it produces after infection. You can get information about the changes that the hepatitis C virus ( HCV) makes in the blood cells of patients and their pathology.

Pregnancy toxicosis is a disease that occurs during pregnancy; it occurs due to changes in the nervous, cardiovascular, endocrine systems and metabolism, and passes after childbirth. Pregnancy toxicosis is caused by existing diseases in the pregnant woman's body. Therefore, a woman in her twenties should visit an antenatal clinic as early as possible (up to 2 months) and consult a doctor.

Many women try to determine whether they are pregnant or not, and begin to listen to every change in their body. Not every woman knows when toxicosis can begin during pregnancy. Doctors set the following time limits:

• Early toxicosis - can begin in the first days of a missed period or at 5-6 weeks of pregnancy. Early toxicosis ends by 13-14 weeks, but can end earlier, each case is individual.
• Late toxicosis - its manifestations begin in the last trimester of pregnancy, and sometimes in the middle of the second trimester, which is much more dangerous for the fetus and mother.

 This article discusses the COVID-19 infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent of COVID-19 disease, which has caused a pandemic, severely affecting not only the lungs but also the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the acute toxicity and anti-inflammatory activity of new 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives to assess their potential as pharmacological agents. Methods: Acute toxicity was evaluated in outbred white male mice using the fixed-dose procedure according to OECD Guideline No. 420. The substances were administered orally at a dose of 2000 mg/kg. The anti-inflammatory potential was assessed using a carrageenan-induced paw edema model in rats. The animals were treated with the test substances at doses of 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg prior to carrageenan injection. Results: In the acute toxicity test, no mortality or significant changes in body weight were observed. The average lethal dose (LD50) was determined to be greater than 2000 mg/kg, classifying the substances as Class V (practically non-toxic) according to the OECD classification. In the anti-inflammatory assay, the derivatives demonstrated significant activity. Specifically, substances administered at a dose of 50 mg/kg showed the most pronounced inhibition of paw edema compared to the control group. Conclusion: The studied 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives exhibit a high safety profile with low toxicity and possess significant anti-inflammatory properties, particularly at lower doses, suggesting their potential for further pharmaceutical development.

The relationship between the incidence rate of the population living in Fergana and different levels of air pollution was studied. The statistical reliability of the relationship between the incidence rate and the average annual emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air of the region and different years was determined.

This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the phytochemical composition, extraction-dependent variability, and multifunctional biological activities of isoquinoline alkaloids found in Berberis vulgaris L. Drawing upon extensive literature, the review highlights berberine, palmatine, jatrorrhizine, berbamine, and magnoflorine as the principal bioactive constituents responsible for the plant’s pharmacological potential. The findings demonstrate that alkaloid concentration is strongly influenced by ecological conditions, plant organ, growth stage, and extraction parameters such as solvent polarity, temperature, pH, and extraction duration. Advanced analytical studies confirm that different extraction techniques (Soxhlet, ultrasound-assisted, microwave, maceration, supercritical CO₂ extraction) yield distinct chemical profiles.

Clouding of the eye lens is a condition that leads to a decrease in vision due to the loss of lens transparency. It can result from various causes, including trauma, infections, aging changes, or metabolic disorders. This article discusses the causes, symptoms, diagnostic methods, and treatment options for lens clouding in a clear and engaging manner. Early diagnosis and timely intervention are crucial for maintaining visual health.

This article is dedicated to a comprehensive analysis of the procedural and legal significance of the institute of preliminary securing of testimony in criminal justice. The research substantiates that the key objective of this institute is to ensure the reliability, immutability, and admissibility of testimony in conditions where there is a threat of evidence loss (e.g., serious illness of a witness, their prolonged departure, or other objective reasons). The article thoroughly examines the procedural grounds, competent subjects, procedure for preliminary securing of testimony, as well as the legal force of the obtained evidence in subsequent judicial proceedings. The role of this institute in ensuring the principle of adversariality of the parties is separately considered, including guarantees for the participation of the defense and prosecution in the evidence securing procedure. The conclusions present scientific and practical recommendations for further enhancing the significance of this procedural tool for achieving fair justice and establishing the truth.

The article provides information on the state of education in Bukhara during the Mangit dynasty in the mid - 18^th -19^th centuries, the role of schools and madrasahs in the life of the population, the subjects and textbooks taught in them, the social status of teachers and students in madrasahs, the provision of educational institutions and their daily lives, and some considerations are put forward based on their analysis.

This article discusses the early diagnosis and modern treatment strategies of endometriosis. Endometriosis is a complex hormonal and immunological disease that negatively affects women’s reproductive health. The article analyzes the importance of early diagnostic methods such as ultrasound examination, MRI, biomarkers (CA-125, HE4), and laparoscopy. Additionally, the role of genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors in the development of the disease is highlighted. Based on research results, it is emphasized that early detection and individualized treatment approaches play a significant role in preserving women’s fertility.

At first glance, it is paradoxical that more people suffer from gastrointestinal bleeding, against the background of an emerging trend towards a decrease in the incidence of peptic ulcer disease, especially gastric ulcers. This trend is largely associated with the widespread use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs ) , which cause erosions and ulcers of the gastrointestinal tract.

Laryngeal cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors of the head and neck. Its development is associated with multiple factors, including the influence of bad habits such as smoking and alcohol consumption, as well as the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV). Understanding the morphological characteristics of laryngeal cancer is essential for diagnosis, prognosis, and determining optimal treatment approaches.

Ankle fractures are among the most common injuries of the musculoskeletal system and require not only high-quality surgical intervention but also comprehensive postoperative rehabilitation to restore the function of the ankle joint. The presented study analyzed the treatment results of 162 patients with various types of ankle fractures who underwent osteosynthesis followed by a standardized rehabilitation program.

Rehabilitation measures included gradual weight-bearing on the limb, physiotherapy procedures, exercises to restore mobility, and proprioception training. The effectiveness of restorative treatment was assessed using the AOFAS and VAS scales, as well as the range of motion in the joint. The results showed that 96.9% of patients who followed rehabilitation recommendations experienced complete restoration of joint function and significant reduction in pain syndrome by the 20th week.

The obtained data confirm the key role of postoperative rehabilitation in achieving high functional outcomes and preventing complications such as contractures and chronic pain. The implementation of comprehensive rehabilitation protocols should become an integral part of the treatment of ankle fractures.

Tuberculous coxitis is one of the most severe forms of osteoarticular tuberculosis, characterized by a prolonged chronic course, pronounced morphological changes in the hip joint, and a high rate of disability among patients. In the Aral Sea region, where adverse environmental conditions persist, including high levels of dust and toxic-chemical exposure as well as reduced overall resistance of the population, there has been an increase in the incidence of extrapulmonary forms of tuberculosis, including lesions of the osteoarticular system. In patients living in the Aral Sea area, tuberculous coxitis is more often manifested by: a protracted latent onset with nonspecific symptoms; delayed diagnosis due to its resemblance to nonspecific arthritis; severe pain syndrome and restricted hip joint mobility; rapid progression of destructive processes in bone and joint tissues; and a high frequency of drug resistance of the pathogen to first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs. The clinical course of the disease in the Aral Sea region is aggravated by social factors such as low living standards, limited access to specialized medical care, and delayed initiation of chemotherapy. All these factors contribute to the development of complicated forms of coxitis, accompanied by deformities, limb shortening, ankylosis, and persistent loss of working capacity.

Pregnancy is a unique physiological state associated with profound and dynamic changes in the endocrine system, which are essential for the maintenance of pregnancy, fetal growth and development, and maternal adaptation to increased metabolic demands. These changes involve complex interactions between maternal endocrine glands and the placenta, which functions as a temporary but highly active endocrine organ. Hormonal adaptations affect almost all endocrine axes, including the hypothalamic–pituitary axis, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, and reproductive hormones. This review analyzes the major physiological endocrine changes occurring during pregnancy and explains their role in maintaining maternal–fetal homeostasis. Special attention is given to metabolic regulation, hormonal control of uterine function, and preparation for parturition and lactation. Understanding normal endocrine adaptations during pregnancy is crucial for distinguishing physiological changes from pathological conditions and for improving maternal and fetal health outcomes.

Insulin resistance (IR) is a key pathophysiological feature of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and plays a central role in the development of hyperglycemia and metabolic disturbances. The phenomenon of insulin resistance refers to the impaired ability of insulin to exert its biological effects on target tissues, particularly skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue, resulting in reduced glucose uptake, increased hepatic glucose production, and altered lipid metabolism. This article explores the physiological mechanisms underlying insulin resistance, including defects in insulin signaling pathways, inflammatory processes, alterations in adipokine release, and the impact of genetic and environmental factors. Understanding the complex mechanisms of insulin resistance is essential for the development of effective therapeutic strategies to prevent and manage diabetes and its complications.

Allergic diseases are one of the most prevalent health concerns worldwide, significantly affecting the quality of life of millions of individuals. The immune system, which is designed to protect the body against pathogens and harmful substances, sometimes misinterprets harmless substances as threats, resulting in hypersensitivity reactions known as allergies. The pharmaceutical management of allergies plays a pivotal role in alleviating the symptoms, controlling immune responses, and improving patient outcomes. Understanding the underlying mechanisms by which anti-allergic drugs exert their effects is crucial for developing targeted therapies and refining treatment protocols.

The liver is the largest gland of the human body and the most vital organ of the digestive system, playing a central role in metabolism, detoxification, and bile secretion. Histologically, the liver is a complex parenchymal organ composed of hepatocytes, sinusoids, Kupffer cells, and bile canaliculi arranged in a lobular pattern. The structure and interactions of these components ensure the physiological activity of the liver. Cytologically, hepatocytes are highly differentiated, multifunctional cells containing numerous mitochondria, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes, indicating their active roles in energy metabolism, protein, lipid, and carbohydrate synthesis. Embryologically, the liver originates from the ventral outgrowth of the anterior portion of the embryonic gut at 4–5 weeks of development. Initially, it functions as a hematopoietic organ, later differentiating into a metabolically active and bile-producing gland. Studying the histological, cytological, and embryological basis of liver structure and function is crucial for early diagnosis of liver diseases, cellular-level treatment, and modern medical research. Thus, investigating the liver’s role in the digestive system is a timely issue for contemporary medicine and biology.

The study was conducted in patients with malignant tumors of the epigastric region, and the prevalence of personality changes includes information on the characteristics, principles of adaptation, structural features and comorbidity. Personality changes in patients with malignant tumors of the epigastric region are determined by the character and characteristics of each person, the severity of the disease, typological characteristics, the prevalence of psychopathological symptoms characteristic of the disease, polymorphism, and clinical examples of patients with schizotypal, hysterical and paranoid disorders are presented. When comparing the prevalence of personality changes, explanations are given about the differences between paranoid, schizotypal, and phobias in patients with gastroesophageal reflux, gastric and duodenal malignant tumors, and irritable bowel syndrome.

The aim of the study: early diagnosis of bone demineralization in patients with exocrine insufficiency and vitamin D deficiency. Material and methods: The research was conducted in the Department of gastroenterology at the multidisciplinary clinic of TMA. 92 patients with CP (29 men and 63 women) aged 31-83 years (mean age 58.40±1.29 years) and 15 practically healthy individuals (mean age 39.73±4.92 years) were examined.

Studies have shown impaired extracretory insufficiency in patients with CP, manifested by a decrease in elastase activity from 208.27+10.83 to 176.69+7.12 in biliary, to 169.75+25.88 in idiopathic, and to 125+5.44 in mixed forms of CP. It should be noted that the patients we had examined gastric digestive insufficiency: with biliary CP, it was detected in 19.18%, with idiopathic CP – in 25%, with mixed form – in 18.18% of the examined patients. However, pancreatic insufficiency was more often detected in the examined patients: 69.86% with CP of the biliary tract and 81.81% with mixed form. At the same time, bile insufficiency was more characteristic of the idiopathic form of CP, being detected in 75% of patients, whereas with biliary and mixed genesis it was detected in 50.68 and 55% of the examined, respectively. This is confirmed by the presence of bile acid salts in the feces of 75% of patients with idiopathic form of the disease, in 31.51 and 45.45% of those examined with biliary and mixed forms of CP. Digestive insufficiency in the small intestine was detected with a lower frequency: in 21.92% of patients with biliary form and in 36.36% with mixed forms of the disease. Similar dynamics were typical for dyspepsia in the colon, which was observed in 10.96% and 18.18% of the examined patients with biliary and mixed forms of chronic pancreatitis.

With the growing demand for biologically active substances in the modern world, the importance of medicinal plants has become even more obvious. As natural remedies, they are used in medicine, pharmacy and cosmetology. However, unlike Evangelical Baptist Christians, the Jewish degradation caused by religious experiences and the influence on human activity did not lead to the revival of Christianity. Thus, their role is to ensure the ecological and economic well-being of the country. The flora of Uzbekistan includes about 4,500 plant species, of which about 600 species are endemic to Uzbekistan. It follows from them that Judah is Issyk-Kul, a faithful servant of Genghis Khan.

Congenital spinal hernias (Spina bifida) result in severe organic damage to the central and peripheral nervous systems, leading to considerable motor, sensory, and autonomic impairments. The early postoperative rehabilitation period is often complicated by prolonged pathological processes, muscle atrophy, and disrupted segmental innervation. In recent years, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and electroneuromyographic stimulation (ENMG-stimulation) have emerged as neuromodulatory therapeutic methods that significantly accelerate neurological recovery.

This study evaluated the clinical significance of TMS and ENMG during early rehabilitation in 30 patients with spina bifida who underwent surgical treatment at the Neurosurgery Department of the Andijan Regional Multidisciplinary Children’s Hospital. The results demonstrated that combined neuromodulatory therapy markedly improved muscle strength, sensation, reflexes, psychomotor development, and functional independence. Barthel Index and Denver test outcomes indicated that TMS showed superiority over ENMG across several parameters. Overall, the findings suggest that integrating neuromodulatory technologies into early rehabilitation improves motor development prognosis in children with spina bifida.

Pregnancy is a unique physiological state associated with profound and dynamic changes in the endocrine system, which are essential for the maintenance of pregnancy, fetal growth and development, and maternal adaptation to increased metabolic demands. These changes involve complex interactions between maternal endocrine glands and the placenta, which functions as a temporary but highly active endocrine organ. Hormonal adaptations affect almost all endocrine axes, including the hypothalamic–pituitary axis, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, and reproductive hormones. This review analyzes the major physiological endocrine changes occurring during pregnancy and explains their role in maintaining maternal–fetal homeostasis. Special attention is given to metabolic regulation, hormonal control of uterine function, and preparation for parturition and lactation. Understanding normal endocrine adaptations during pregnancy is crucial for distinguishing physiological changes from pathological conditions and for improving maternal and fetal health outcomes.

In recent years, systematic work has been carried out in our country to improve the quality and effectiveness of the education system, the formation of modern knowledge and skills among student youth, close cooperation and integration between educational systems and the field of science, and ensuring the continuity and consistency of education. Socio-economic changes in Uzbekistan require a radical modernization of the education system. Innovation in education occupies an important place among other spheres. Pedagogical innovations in education are a tool for updating educational policy. The emergence of new academic disciplines and the replenishment of the information base constantly require the development of new pedagogical technologies and forms of teaching. The study and analysis of pedagogical innovations in Uzbekistan are directly related to the renewal process taking place in our country. New pedagogical technologies are aimed at improving the quality of education and forming modern education in Uzbekistan.

This work analyzes methods of enhancing students' professional interest and developing stable professional motivation using modern innovative technologies. The study highlights the effectiveness of innovative tools in the educational process, such as digital learning platforms, multimedia resources, virtual and blended learning environments, training simulators, gamification, and distance learning technologies. Additionally, it outlines the scientific and pedagogical foundations for selecting and applying innovative pedagogical methods, taking into account students' individual needs, interests, and abilities.

According to the research findings, innovative technologies stimulate students' independent learning, develop practical skills, increase interest in the subject matter, and strengthen their pursuit of professional competence. The work substantiates the role and significance of innovative approaches in the modern education system and reveals ways to effectively utilize them in developing students' professional competence and interest.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common inflammatory lung disease characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), COPD is the third leading cause of mortality in the world. For now, COPD has been a worldwide public health challenge to be paid attention to urgently.

Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines recommend pharmacologic therapy, primarily inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilators, as the preferred treatment for patients with stable COPD. However, these therapies do not effectively halt disease progression. Due to the complexity of its pathophysiology, non-pharmacologic interventions (e.g., physical activity) can have significant effects in improving the quality of life and prognosis, with favorable socioeconomic benefits.

The main objective of this article is to identify the specific pathomorphological changes characteristic of lymphocytic leukemia in young children. From a pathomorphological perspective, childhood lymphocytic leukemia is manifested by focal leukemic infiltration in the bone marrow and almost all lymphoid organs at the early stages of the disease. Depending on whether the lymphocytic leukemia develops from T or B lymphocytes, leukemic infiltration appears in specific areas of the lymphoid organs. In lymphocytic leukemia, pathomorphological changes initially occur in the stromal-vascular structures of the organs and subsequently spread to the parenchyma.

The aim of this study was to examine the pathomorphological changes associated with childhood lymphocytic leukemia. In children, lymphocytic leukemia is manifested by the appearance of focal leukemic infiltrates in the bone marrow and in all lymphoid organs. Depending on whether the leukemia originates from T or B lymphocytes, the leukemic infiltrates are localized in the corresponding T- or B-cell zones. Initially, leukemic cells appear in the stroma of the organs and subsequently infiltrate the parenchyma.

Research Objective: To assess the impact of hypovolemia during surgical intervention on the development of neurological symptoms in encephalopathy among children with congenital heart defects, and to ensure timely identification of neurological complications.

Materials and Methods: The study will employ standard clinical, neurological, instrumental, and laboratory methods for examining children with congenital heart defects. Sixty children with congenital heart defects are scheduled to be examined in the cardiac intensive care unit of TSMU clinic.

Isсhеmiс соnditiоns саusеd bу оссlusivе-stеnоtiс lеsiоns оf thе mаin аnd реriрhеrаl аrtеriеs still оссuру а signifiсаnt раrt in thе struсturе оf disеаsеs оf thе сirсulаtоrу sуstеm. Ассоrding tо thе Russiаn Sосiеtу оf Аngiоlоgists аnd Vаsсulаr Surgеоns, thе оvеrаll рrеvаlеnсе оf сhrоniс оblitеrаting disеаsеs оf thе аrtеriеs оf thе lоwеr ехtrеmitiеs (СОLАЕ) vаriеs within 3-10%, inсrеаsing tо 15-20% аmоng раtiеnts оvеr 70 уеаrs оf аgе. Аt thе sаmе timе, thе numbеr оf раtiеnts with sеvеrе dеgrееs оf isсhеmiа оf thе аffесtеd limb is quitе lаrgе. Fоr ехаmрlе, 15-20% аnd ассоrding tо sоmе аuthоrs, 35-64% оf раtiеnts with СОLАЕ dеvеlор сritiсаl lоwеr ехtrеmitу isсhеmiа (СLЕI). Thе mаin mеthоd оf trеаtmеnt fоr this саtеgоrу оf раtiеnts shоuld bе rесоnstruсtivе surgеrу оn thе vеssеls. Hоwеvеr, its imрlеmеntаtiоn is nоt аlwауs роssiblе duе tо thе usuаllу sеvеrаl lеvеls оf vаsсulаr оссlusiоn, рrimаrilу dаmаgе tо thе distаl аrtеriаl bеd, аs wеll аs duе tо thе high risk оf surgiсаl intеrvеntiоn. Thе imроssibilitу оf реrfоrming rесоnstruсtivе vаsсulаr surgеriеs lеаds tо а high реrсеntаgе оf рrimаrу аmрutаtiоns. Stаndаrd соnsеrvаtivе thеrару in suсh раtiеnts is usuаllу inеffесtivе. Thе gеnеrаllу ассерtеd соursе оf thеrару hеlрs tо rеliеvе thе sуmрtоms оf СLЕI in оnlу 15-17% оf раtiеnts аnd соnsеrvаtivе trеаtmеnt аt thе stаgе оf tеrminаl isсhеmiа in 92% оf раtiеnts dоеs nоt givе а роsitivе rеsult Trеаtmеnt оf СОLАЕ, inсluding сritiсаl isсhеmiа, is tоdау оnе оf thе urgеnt рrоblеms оf аngiоlоgу аnd vаsсulаr surgеrу. Сurrеntlу, thе mаin rоlе in thе trеаtmеnt оf СОLАЕ is givеn tо rесоnstruсtivе surgеriеs. It must bе rесоgnizеd thаt bу nоw thе роssibilitiеs оf stаndаrd surgiсаl mеthоds оf trеаting раtiеnts with distаl fоrms оf аrtеriаl bеd lеsiоns hаvе bееn рrасtiсаllу ехhаustеd, whiсh lеаds tо а high реrсеntаgе оf аmрutаtiоns in this саtеgоrу оf раtiеnts, tо а lоw quаlitу оf lifе, tо high соsts fоr trеаtmеnt аnd rеhаbilitаtiоn. Аll this diсtаtеs thе nееd tо imрrоvе surgiсаl аnd соmрlех соnsеrvаtivе trеаtmеnt, dеvеlор аnd imрlеmеnt nеw mеthоds оf trеаtmеnt аnd rеhаbilitаtiоn оf раtiеnts. In this rеgаrd, а sеаrсh is undеrwау fоr nеw аррrоасhеs tо sоlving this рrоblеm. In раrtiсulаr, thе роssibilitу оf using gеnеtiс еnginееring tесhnоlоgiеs tо stimulаtе аngiоgеnеsis in аffесtеd limbs, thе usе оf intrаvаsсulаr lаsеr irrаdiаtiоn оf blооd thе usе оf рlаsmарhеrеsis with рhоtоmоdifiсаtiоn оf blооd (Е.S. Nаzаrоvа еt аl., 2006), оstеоtоmу, оstеоtrераnаtiоn is bеing асtivеlу disсussеd. It shоuld bе еsресiаllу nоtеd thаt in rесеnt уеаrs thеrе hаvе bееn rероrts оf thе suссеssful usе оf еlесtriсаl stimulаtiоn оf thе sрinаl соrd in thе trеаtmеnt оf СLЕI. Hоwеvеr, thе high соst оf trеаtmеnt аnd imрlаntеd sуstеms, thе invаsivеnеss оf thе mеthоd аnd роssiblе соmрliсаtiоns limit its widеsрrеаd usе. In this rеgаrd, rеsеаrсh in rесеnt уеаrs hаs bееn аimеd аt dеvеlорing nоn-invаsivе аnd lеss ехреnsivе tесhnоlоgiеs fоr еlесtriсаl stimulаtiоn оf thе sрinаl соrd.

Pylоrоduоdеnаl stеnоsis (PDS) is а sеriоus cоmplicаtiоn оf pеptic ulcеr disеаsе thаt аdvеrsеly impаcts gаstrоintеstinаl functiоn аnd оvеrаll pаtiеnt wеll-bеing. This rеsеаrch еxplоrеs mоdеrn diаgnоstic аnd thеrаpеutic strаtеgiеs fоr mаnаging PDS, with аn еmphаsis оn еndоscоpic surgicаl intеrvеntiоns. А tоtаl оf 59 pаtiеnts wеrе еvаluаtеd thrоugh еndоscоpic bаllооn dilаtiоn (ЕBD), multislicе cоmputеd tоmоgrаphy (MSCT), аnd histоlоgicаl еxаminаtiоns. Findings indicаtе thаt minimаlly invаsivе аpprоаchеs, pаrticulаrly еffеctivе in еаrly-stаgе PDS, оffеr significаnt clinicаl bеnеfits. Hоwеvеr, аdvаncеd cаsеs still nеcеssitаtе surgicаl prоcеdurеs. Thе study prоvidеs dеtаilеd insights intо thе durаtiоn, frеquеncy, аnd оutcоmеs оf еndоscоpic trеаtmеnts. Furthеrmоrе, а cоmpаrаtivе аnаlysis with cоnvеntiоnаl surgicаl mеthоds wаs cоnductеd, fоcusing оn rеcоvеry rаtеs, rеcurrеncе, аnd pоstоpеrаtivе cоmplicаtiоns.

Оvеr thе pаst fеw уеаrs, thе prоblеm оf оbеsitу with mеtаbоliс disоrdеrs lеаding tо аthеrоsсlеrоsis аnd its sеvеrе соmpliсаtiоns аnd high mоrtаlitу hаs bесоmе glоbаl. Pаrtiсulаrlу dаngеrоus is thе mеtаbоliс sуndrоmе (MS), whiсh bеlоngs tо this grоup аnd is сhаrасtеrizеd bу а соmbinаtiоn оf оbеsitу, аrtеriаl hуpеrtеnsiоn, dуslipidеmiа, tissuе insulin rеsistаnсе, hуpеrinsulinеmiа, impаirеd gluсоsе tоlеrаnсе оr tуpе 2 diаbеtеs mеllitus (T2DM) [1]. Аll thеsе соmpоnеnts оf MS in thеmsеlvеs lеаd tо sеvеrе соmpliсаtiоns аssосiаtеd with lоss оf аbilitу tо wоrk аnd thе nееd fоr ехpеnsivе trеаtmеnt, whiсh in 20% оf саsеs is inеffесtivе [4, 5]

 Thе fight аgаinst саrdiоvаsсulаr disеаsеs (СVD), thе mаin саusе оf whiсh is аthеrоsсlеrоsis, hаs bееn аnd rеmаins а рriоritу hеаlth рrоblеm nоt оnlу in sоmе соuntriеs, but thrоughоut thе wоrld. Ассоrding tо WHО, 10-15% оf thе wоrld's рорulаtiоn suffеrs frоm аthеrоsсlеrоsis (Lаmbеrt А., 2020). Thе mоrtаlitу rаtе оf thе рорulаtiоn оf thе Rерubliс оf Uzbеkistаn frоm саrdiоvаsсulаr disеаsеs in thе оvеrаll struсturе is 59.3% (Stаtе Stаtistiсs Соmmittее оf Uzbеkistаn, 2022). Mоdеrn mеdiсinе hаs vаst ехреriеnсе in саrrуing оut vаriоus vаsсulаr intеrvеntiоns, duе tо whiсh thе trеаtmеnt оf раtiеnts with this раthоlоgу is саrriеd оut аt а high lеvеl. Hоwеvеr, реriрhеrаl аrtеriаl disеаsе is usuаllу а mаnifеstаtiоn оf sуstеmiс аthеrоsсlеrоsis, sо mоrbiditу аnd mоrtаlitу аrе сlоsеlу rеlаtеd tо similаr indiсаtоrs in mуосаrdiаl infаrсtiоn аnd strоkе.

This study evaluates the morphological and morphometric characteristics of the stenotic area in pyloroduodenal stenosis according to disease stages. The study included 54 patients, with biopsy samples obtained exclusively from the ulcer-scarred pyloroduodenal region at five points per patient. The specimens were analyzed at the levels of the mucosal, submucosal, and upper muscular layers. The results demonstrated progressive mucosal thinning, reduction of glandular volume, and intensification of inflammatory and fibrotic changes with advancing stages of pyloroduodenal stenosis.

This article discusses the concept of immunopathology, its role in the development of neoplastic (tumor) cells, as well as the mechanisms of development and regulation of opportunistic infections in conditions of immunodeficiency. The study reveals the molecular basis of pathological processes arising as a result of immune system dysfunction.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of interrelated metabolic abnormalities—including central obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension—that significantly increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. This review summarizes current evidence regarding the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, preventive strategies, and treatment modalities of metabolic syndrome. Understanding the multifactorial mechanisms underlying MetS is essential for developing effective public health policies and clinical interventions.

Imagine you or someone you love has a stroke. You get through the scary first days, maybe some rehab, and things start to feel a bit more normal. Then, weeks, months, or even years later… a seizure happens out of nowhere. That’s post-stroke epilepsy (PSE), and it’s a lot more common than most people realize.

If someone over 60 suddenly starts having seizures for the first time in their life, there’s a 30–50% chance it’s because of an old stroke—even if the stroke seemed mild or happened years ago. It has officially overtaken Alzheimer’s, head injury, and brain tumors as the top trigger.

This article describes the origin, transmission routes, and spread of HIV infection among the global population, as well as its occurrence among pregnant women and the peculiarities of the antenatal period. It also includes comparative and analytical data based on statistics provided by the World Health Organization (WHO). Additionally, the role of breast milk in the vertical transmission of HIV infection, the use of artificial formula, and the results of scientific studies conducted by global researchers are presented. It has been proven by various sources that breastfeeding by mothers infected with HIV significantly increases the risk of transmitting the infection to the infant through breast milk.

Human genetics and medical genetics are rapidly advancing fields that provide essential insights into the inheritance, molecular mechanisms, and clinical manifestations of genetic disorders. This study presents a comprehensive overview of monogenic, chromosomal, and polygenic conditions, emphasizing their pathophysiology, prevalence, and impact on human health. Monogenic disorders, such as cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia, result from mutations in a single gene and follow Mendelian inheritance patterns, whereas chromosomal abnormalities, including Down syndrome and Turner syndrome, involve structural or numerical variations that affect multiple organ systems. Polygenic and multifactorial disorders, including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, arise from complex interactions between multiple genes and environmental factors, highlighting the need for integrative diagnostic and preventive approaches. Advances in genomic technologies, including whole-genome sequencing, exome sequencing, comparative genomic hybridization, and non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT), have significantly improved early detection, accurate diagnosis, and risk assessment of genetic disorders. Furthermore, medical genetic counseling plays a pivotal role in translating genetic knowledge into clinical practice by providing risk evaluation, patient education, psychosocial support, and ethical guidance. Effective counseling empowers individuals and families to make informed reproductive and health-related decisions while addressing ethical, social, and legal considerations. Despite considerable progress, challenges remain in the interpretation of polygenic disorders, equitable access to genetic services, and responsible utilization of genomic information. This study underscores the critical role of human and medical genetics, combined with genetic counseling, in enhancing personalized medicine, disease prevention, and public health outcomes.

Diffuse toxic goiter (DTG), also known as Graves’ disease, is an autoimmune disorder of the thyroid gland characterized by diffuse enlargement of the gland and excessive production of thyroid hormones. This condition leads to thyrotoxicosis, which affects multiple organs and systems. DTG predominantly occurs in women of working age and has a strong genetic and immunological background. The present article reviews the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, ophthalmopathy, systemic involvement, and severity classification of diffuse toxic goiter.

This scientific article provides a comprehensive overview of the anatomical and functional structure, embryological development, and clinical significance of nerve plexuses (plexus nervorum) in the human body. As integral components of the peripheral nervous system, nerve plexuses serve as essential connections between the central nervous system and peripheral organs. The article systematically analyzes the formation mechanisms, anatomical localization, principal branches, and innervation areas of the cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerve plexuses. In addition, the coordinated integration of motor, sensory, and autonomic nerve fibers within these plexuses and their role in regulating the activity of muscles, skin, internal organs, and blood vessels are elucidated on a scientific basis. The functional significance of each nerve plexus is explained in relation to everyday physiological processes. The article also addresses clinical aspects associated with nerve plexuses, including traumatic injuries, inflammatory conditions, neuropathies, and degenerative disorders, with an emphasis on their pathogenesis. Furthermore, the importance of precise anatomical knowledge of nerve plexuses in surgical practice is highlighted, emphasizing the necessity of considering their topographic features in diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. This article is intended for medical students, residents, and practicing physicians, aiming to strengthen both theoretical understanding and practical application of nerve plexus anatomy in clinical practice.

This article provides a scientific and comprehensible overview of pharmaceutical agents used in ocular diseases, their types, and mechanisms of action. Detailed information is presented on antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, antiglaucoma agents, as well as artificial tear preparations. The article also discusses pharmaceutical dosage forms, the preparation of sterile and isotonic ophthalmic solutions, storage and administration requirements, and the pharmacist’s critical role in the treatment process.

 The article analyzes the effectiveness of early detection (screening) of cervical cancer in Uzbekistan and the population’s awareness of this issue. Screening methods such as PCR, cytological examination, HPV tests, and the results of pilot projects are highlighted. The population’s level of knowledge, screening practices, and barriers are studied. Based on the research, effectiveness indicators, opportunities for increasing awareness, and future strategies are presented.

Tension-type headache (TTH) is the most common primary headache disorder. Intracranial hypertension (ICH), especially idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), is a secondary cause of headache that can threaten vision if not promptly diagnosed and treated.To review the clinical phenotype, pathophysiology, diagnostic overlap, and management considerations of TTH-like headaches in the context of elevated intracranial pressure. Narrative synthesis of classification criteria, clinical studies, and recent literature on headache phenotypes in intracranial hypertension. Headache in IIH can mimic TTH and migraine phenotypes, lacking unique clinical features, thus complicating diagnosis. Comprehensive evaluation including neuroimaging, funduscopic examination, and cerebrospinal fluid pressure measurement is crucial.  TTH-like headache may represent symptomatic headache attributed to intracranial hypertension. Awareness of subtle distinguishing features and appropriate diagnostic workup is critical to prevent delayed diagnosis and adverse outcomes.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia resulting from impaired insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Prolonged hyperglycemia affects multiple organ systems, including the visual system. Diabetic eye disease is one of the most common and serious chronic complications, potentially leading to visual impairment and blindness if not properly managed. This review discusses the pathophysiology, major ocular manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and current management strategies for diabetic eye complications.

Hemorrhoids are one of the most common chronic diseases in proctological practice, and the views on its pathomorphology have fundamentally changed in recent decades. Previously, this disease was interpreted as a simple varicose vein dilation, but now it is considered a complex degenerative-inflammatory disease of the anorectal cavernous structures, connective tissue, and musculo-ligamentous apparatus. This article analyzes modern pathomorphological aspects of hemorrhoids, microcirculatory disorders, inflammatory and degenerative processes, and their clinical significance.

The article analyzes the main causes, mechanisms, and epidemiology of sudden cardiac death (SCD). The main mechanism of SCD is associated with ventricular fibrillation, asystole, and electrical instability of the heart, and 80-90% of cases are caused by coronary heart disease. Globally, about 9 million TPPs are registered annually, the incidence of which is higher in men than in women. Age, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, hypertension, arrhythmias, metabolic syndrome, and thyroid dysfunction, in particular hypothyroidism, are of particular importance as risk factors. It has been shown that the relationship between thyroid changes in the zone of endemic goiter and SCD and atherosclerosis has not been sufficiently studied. Autopsy reveals morphological signs characteristic of SCD - atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, thrombosis, myocardial necrosis, cardiosclerosis, and varying degrees of left ventricular remodeling. The article emphasizes the need for in-depth study of the relationship between thyroid pathology, metabolic disorders, and SCD.

Anemia is a highly prevalent hematological disorder that significantly influences cardiovascular function and contributes to the development and worsening of heart failure. Reduced hemoglobin concentration limits oxygen transport to peripheral tissues, triggering compensatory cardiovascular responses that, when prolonged, become maladaptive. This review provides an in-depth academic discussion of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical manifestations, and preventive measures associated with anemia-related heart failure. Emphasis is placed on hemodynamic changes, neurohormonal activation, and myocardial cellular remodeling. Early recognition and appropriate management of anemia play a crucial role in reducing heart failure risk and improving long-term cardiovascular outcomes.

Chronic pharyngitis is a common inflammatory condition of the pharyngeal mucosa in children, often resulting in discomfort, recurrent infections, and impaired quality of life. Early diagnosis and comprehensive management are essential to reduce symptoms and prevent recurrence. This study aimed to optimize the diagnosis and comprehensive treatment of chronic pharyngitis in children and evaluate the effectiveness of multi-targeted therapeutic strategies. A prospective clinical study was conducted involving 120 children aged 5–14 years diagnosed with chronic pharyngitis. Comprehensive evaluation included clinical history, pharyngoscopy, laboratory investigations, and assessment of contributing factors. Patients received a comprehensive treatment protocol consisting of local anti-inflammatory therapy, antiseptics, immunomodulators, physiotherapy, and management of comorbid conditions. Follow-up assessments were conducted at 1, 3, and 6 months to evaluate symptom resolution, pharyngoscopic findings, and recurrence rates. The study included 68 boys (56.7%) and 52 girls (43.3%) with a mean age of 9.2 ± 2.8 years. Common symptoms were sore throat (100%), dryness (85%), foreign body sensation (63%), cough (47%), and voice changes (32%). Pharyngoscopy revealed mild, moderate, and severe inflammation in 40%, 45%, and 15% of patients, respectively. Comorbidities were present in 58%, mainly allergic rhinitis and adenoid hypertrophy. Six-month follow-up showed complete resolution in 70% of patients, partial improvement in 22%, persistent symptoms in 8%, and recurrence in 10%. Comprehensive treatment was effective in improving clinical outcomes, particularly when adherence and management of comorbidities were ensured. Early and accurate diagnosis combined with a multi-targeted, individualized treatment approach significantly improves clinical outcomes in children with chronic pharyngitis and reduces recurrence. Attention to comorbid conditions and caregiver education is essential for sustained therapeutic success.

Asphyxia is a critical pathological condition resulting from impaired oxygen supply to tissues, leading to systemic hypoxia and cellular injury. Strangulation and drowning represent two major forms of mechanical asphyxia commonly encountered in forensic practice. Each form produces characteristic pathoanatomical changes that reflect both the mechanism and duration of hypoxia. This article analyzes the macroscopic and microscopic pathological alterations observed in cases of strangulation and drowning, emphasizing their diagnostic significance in forensic pathology. Understanding these changes is essential for determining cause of death, vitality, and the circumstances surrounding fatal asphyxial events.

Human physiology is a fundamental subject in medical education that explains the mechanisms of normal body function and serves as a basis for clinical reasoning. Traditional lecture-based approaches often limit students’ active participation and critical thinking. Problem-based learning (PBL) has emerged as an effective student-centered teaching strategy that promotes self-directed learning and application of knowledge. This article explores the role of problem-based learning in teaching human physiology and its impact on students’ academic performance, engagement, and conceptual understanding. The study highlights how PBL enhances analytical thinking, integrates basic and clinical sciences, and improves long-term knowledge retention. The findings suggest that incorporating problem-based learning into physiology education significantly improves learning outcomes and prepares medical students for clinical practice.

Last​ in years sepsis severe arterial hypotension , cardiogenic and​​ distributive shock in cases vasopressors (noradrenaline, vasopressin , dopamine , phenylephrine) and others ) life save stay for first in line is being used . Long term and high in doses vasopressor infusion endothelial in cells , smooth muscle on the floor and vein of the wall in the structure reversible and irreversible morphological to changes take arrival This is defined . in the thesis vasopressors vein to the wall impact mechanisms , histological and ultrastructure changes , as well as this of changes clinical consequences analysis will be done .

This article presents information on the origin of Romanesco cauliflower, its global cultivation area, yield potential, and the introduction of various cultivars into our Republic for evaluation under successive planting dates in the soil–climatic conditions of the central region. It was demonstrated that the origin of Romanesco cauliflower cultivars exerts a direct influence on their phenological development. Russian cultivars are distinguished by their relatively early to mid-season maturity, whereas French cultivars are characterized by late maturity and a prolonged vegetation period.

Hypertension is one of the leading modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide. In women of reproductive age (15–49 years), hypertension presents unique clinical implications due to interactions with hormonal cycles, pregnancy, contraceptive use, and long-term cardiovascular outcomes. Preventing hypertension in this population is essential not only for reducing lifetime cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk but also for promoting safe pregnancy outcomes and protecting maternal and fetal health. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, preventive measures, socioeconomic determinants, and the critical role of nursing in the prevention of hypertension in reproductive-age women. Hypertension is one of the most common chronic non-communicable diseases affecting women of reproductive age. Early prevention is essential to reduce long-term cardiovascular complications, ensure healthy pregnancy outcomes, and promote overall well-being. This article discusses major risk factors, preventive strategies, and the role of nurses and healthcare systems in controlling hypertension among reproductive-age women

This article is devoted to the problem of frequently ill children, the analysis of causal factors, in particular, disorders of the immune system, and the principles of including children in the group of frequently ill children. When including a child in the group of frequently ill children, it is necessary to take into account the severity of each acute respiratory infection, the presence of complications, the duration of the intervals between episodes of acute respiratory infections, and the need to use antibiotics in the acute period.

Diseases of hard dental tissues are among the most prevalent oral health problems worldwide and represent a significant public health concern. These tissues, including enamel, dentin, and cementum, are essential for maintaining tooth integrity, function, and aesthetics. Damage to hard dental tissues can lead to pain, hypersensitivity, infection, and eventual tooth loss. This article provides a detailed review of the major diseases affecting hard dental tissues, such as dental caries, dental erosion, abrasion, attrition, and non-carious cervical lesions. In addition, current preventive strategies at the individual, professional, and community levels are discussed, emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis and preventive care in preserving oral health.

Pregnancy is accompanied by profound physiological changes in the maternal organism, including significant adaptations of renal function. Pregnant rats are widely used as an experimental model to study renal physiology due to similarities in fundamental regulatory mechanisms with humans. This article analyzes anatomical and functional changes in the kidneys of pregnant rats, renal hemodynamics, glomerular filtration rate, tubular reabsorption, and hormonal regulation of water–electrolyte balance. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for modeling pregnancy-related renal disorders and evaluating pharmacological interventions.

This article comprehensively examines the chemical composition, therapeutic properties, and medical applications of walnut leaves (Juglans regia). The study highlights the significant role of walnut leaves in the prevention and treatment of various diseases in both traditional medicine and modern phytotherapy. Walnut leaves are rich in biologically active compounds, including flavonoids, tannins, essential oils, vitamin C, juglone, and organic acids, which exhibit antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, and wound-healing properties. Due to this diverse chemical composition, walnut leaves are widely used in the treatment of skin diseases, purulent wounds, stomatitis, gingivitis, diarrhea, early stages of diabetes mellitus, and parasitic infections. The findings of this study confirm that walnut leaves represent a valuable natural medicinal resource with significant prophylactic and therapeutic potential.

 Cardiometabolic diseases remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, and type 2 diabetes mellitus represent the most prevalent and modifiable risk factors contributing to cardiovascular disease development. Importantly, growing epidemiological evidence suggests that the clustering of these risk factors often begins in early adulthood. Abdominal obesity is a key driver of early metabolic disturbances and plays a central role in the development of insulin resistance and cardiometabolic diseases. Increasing evidence indicates that these pathological processes begin at a young age, long before the clinical manifestation of cardiovascular disease. C-peptide, traditionally considered a marker of endogenous insulin secretion, has emerged as an important indicator of insulin resistance and metabolic stress[1]. This narrative review summarizes current evidence on the associations between abdominal obesity, C-peptide, insulin resistance, and inflammatory mechanisms in young adults. Particular attention is given to the role of low-grade inflammation and gut-derived hormones in the early stages of cardiometabolic risk formation. Understanding these mechanisms may facilitate the identification of early biomarkers and support the development of preventive strategies targeting young populations. Insulin resistance represents a central mechanism linking abdominal obesity to cardiometabolic disorders[2]. Visceral adiposity promotes macrophage infiltration of adipose tissue and increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-6 and TNF-α. These cytokines interfere with insulin receptor signaling and exacerbate metabolic dysregulation.

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by progressive renal dysfunction and high morbidity, especially due to cardiovascular complications. Oxidative stress (OS), defined as imbalance between reactive oxygen/nitrogen species and antioxidant defenses, is increasingly recognized as a central pathogenic mechanism in CKD.

Objectives: This review critically evaluates evidence on molecular mechanisms, genetic determinants, clinical consequences, biomarkers, and therapeutic strategies targeting OS in CKD.

Methods: Literature from 2018–2025 was systematically reviewed using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, focusing on reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, mitochondrial dysfunction, NADPH oxidases, uremic toxins, genetic polymorphisms, oxidative biomarkers, and antioxidant therapies.

Results: OS in CKD arises from mitochondrial dysfunction, eNOS uncoupling, NADPH oxidase activation, and accumulation of uremic toxins. Genetic variants in HLA, APOL1, and Nrf2 pathways influence susceptibility. OS promotes renal fibrosis, cardiovascular disease, anemia, and chronic inflammation. Biomarkers of lipid, protein, and DNA oxidation correlate with disease severity. Antioxidant and pharmacological interventions yield mixed clinical efficacy.

Conclusion: OS is a pivotal mediator of CKD progression and systemic complications. Integrating molecular and genetic insights into clinical practice may improve early diagnosis and guide targeted therapies.

 This article presents a methodology for developing students’ leadership competence based on collaborative learning technology in higher education institutions. The introduction outlines the theoretical and methodological foundations of collaborative learning, the role of leadership competence in contemporary education, and its alignment with 21st-century skills. The Methods section proposes a step-by-step model for fostering leadership qualities through meaningful collaboration within academic groups, instructional activity design, role rotation mechanisms, reflection and assessment procedures, as well as the use of differentiated tasks and peer assessment elements. The Results section interprets the changes observed through the implementation of the methodology—such as increased social interdependence, decision-making ability in problem situations, and a sustained growth in communication skills, initiative, and responsibility—based on descriptive and empirical evidence. In the Discussion section, the findings are compared with the approaches of Vygotsky, Slavin, Johnson and Johnson, Kolb, and Northouse, and the limitations and conditions for implementation are analyzed. The Conclusion highlights the practical significance of the methodology, assessment rubrics, and recommendations for integration into educational curricula. The study is structured in accordance with IMRAD requirements and is limited to no more than ten references.

This study examines the effectiveness of long-term glucose control in diabetic patients. The research analyzed blood glucose levels, HbA1c indicators, and the impact of various treatment strategies. Long-term control plays a crucial role in maintaining patient health, preventing complications, and improving quality of life. The results indicate that an individualized approach and regular monitoring are effective in stabilizing glucose levels in diabetic patients.

Chronic laryngeal diseases are accompanied by diverse structural and functional alterations of the laryngeal mucosa, referred to as morphofunctional polymorphism. These changes include epithelial hyperplasia, squamous metaplasia, subepithelial fibrosis, glandular hypertrophy, and vascular remodeling, which are closely associated with impaired mucosal elasticity and vocal fold function. Environmental and lifestyle factors, such as smoking, occupational irritants, and gastroesophageal reflux, significantly contribute to the development of chronic laryngeal pathology. Immune responses, oxidative stress, and neurogenic mechanisms play a critical role in the persistence and progression of these alterations. Understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying morphofunctional polymorphism is essential for accurate diagnosis, prediction of disease progression, and the development of targeted preventive and therapeutic strategies. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of current literature on chronic laryngeal diseases, emphasizing the cellular, molecular, and functional mechanisms that determine the diversity of mucosal changes.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) represents a complex cluster of metabolic disturbances, including central obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and arterial hypertension, which collectively contribute to systemic inflammation and endocrine dysfunction. In recent decades, increasing attention has been directed toward the influence of metabolic syndrome on female reproductive health, particularly ovarian structure and function. The ovaries are highly sensitive to metabolic and hormonal imbalance, and prolonged exposure to metabolic syndrome may induce profound pathological changes at the molecular, cellular, and tissue levels. These alterations manifest as disrupted folliculogenesis, stromal fibrosis, microvascular damage, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and hormonal dysregulation, often resulting in anovulation, infertility, and increased risk of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

This review summarizes current scientific evidence regarding the pathophysiological mechanisms linking metabolic syndrome to ovarian pathology. Special attention is paid to insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, adipokine imbalance, chronic low-grade inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction as key mediators of ovarian structural damage. Morphological and histopathological changes observed in experimental models and clinical studies are discussed, including follicular atresia, theca cell hyperplasia, altered angiogenesis, and stromal remodeling. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for the development of targeted preventive and therapeutic strategies aimed at preserving ovarian function in women with metabolic syndrome.

Smog represents one of the most significant environmental health hazards of the modern industrialized world. It is a complex mixture of airborne pollutants, including particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, ozone, volatile organic compounds, and heavy metals. Chronic exposure to smog has been associated with a wide range of adverse health outcomes affecting multiple organ systems. In recent years, increasing attention has been directed toward the morphological and structural alterations induced by smog at the tissue and cellular levels. These changes reflect the cumulative effects of oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and toxic injury.

This review aims to analyze current scientific evidence regarding the impact of smog exposure on the morphological state of the human body. Particular emphasis is placed on histological and ultrastructural changes in the respiratory, cardiovascular, nervous, immune, and reproductive systems. The mechanisms underlying pollutant-induced tissue remodeling, cellular damage, and impaired regeneration are discussed. Understanding the morphological consequences of smog exposure is essential for the development of effective preventive strategies and public health policies aimed at reducing environmental disease burden.

Endometriosis is a leading cause of female infertility due to decreased ovarian reserve, inflammation, adhesion formation, and surgical treatment affecting ovarian tissue. Timely implementation of modern strategies for preserving reproductive potential minimizes the risk of premature ovarian failure and improves fertility prognosis. This article discusses key approaches to protecting ovarian reserve: early diagnosis, organ-preserving surgery, drug therapy, assisted reproductive technologies, cryopreservation methods , and individualized patient management strategies.

Chronic prostatitis is a persistent inflammatory or pain-related disorder involving the prostate gland and surrounding pelvic structures. It includes chronic bacterial prostatitis and chronic pelvic pain syndrome. The condition affects urinary function, pelvic comfort, and quality of life. Its etiology is multifactorial, involving infectious, immunological, neuromuscular, and psychological components. Effective management requires targeted and often combined therapeutic approaches.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) represent one of the most common bacterial infections encountered in clinical practice. They affect individuals of all ages but are particularly prevalent among women, children, and the elderly. UTIs involve microbial invasion of the urinary system, including the urethra, bladder, ureters, and kidneys. This article reviews the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and current treatment strategies of UTIs, emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis and appropriate antimicrobial therapy to prevent complications.

Fractures of the lower thoracic and lumbar vertebrae represent one of the most common and clinically significant spinal injuries. These fractures are frequently associated with high-energy trauma and can lead to severe neurological deficits, spinal instability, and chronic pain if not treated adequately. Transpedicular osteosynthesis has emerged as an effective surgical technique for achieving stabilization, deformity correction, and improved functional outcomes. This article reviews current approaches to surgical management and highlights advancements aimed at improving treatment outcomes in patients with lower thoracic and lumbar spine fractures.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) remains one of the most pressing global public health challenges due to its rapidly increasing prevalence and the high burden of chronic complications. Among these complications, diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most severe and common microvascular disorders, affecting approximately 30–40% of patients with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. DN is a leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide and significantly contributes to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

This article is devoted to the study of the ability of Proteus vulgaris bacteria to cause infections in children and its resistance to antibiotics. In the study, the antibiotic susceptibility of Proteus vulgaris strains isolated from pediatric patients was analyzed using clinical laboratory methods. In addition, severe infectious complications caused by the bacterium, including uropathies, sepsis, and gastroenterological diseases, were observed. The results indicate that Proteus vulgaris is resistant to certain antibiotics and can cause severe and complex infectious complications in children, which provides important information for infection prevention and the development of effective treatment strategies.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major metabolic disorder associated with a markedly increased risk of cardiovascular complications. Subclinical myocardial ischemia frequently develops in patients with T2DM without overt clinical symptoms, remaining undetected for prolonged periods and contributing to adverse cardiovascular outcomes. This article examines the clinical significance of early detection and assessment of subclinical myocardial ischemia in patients with T2DM, with particular emphasis on underlying microvascular dysfunction, endothelial impairment, and autonomic neuropathy. The role of non-invasive diagnostic methods, including electrocardiographic monitoring and advanced echocardiographic techniques, is highlighted as essential for timely risk stratification and prevention of disease progression. Understanding the mechanisms and clinical implications of subclinical myocardial ischemia may improve cardiovascular risk management and long-term prognosis in patients with T2DM.

 Accurate staging of liver fibrosis remains a major challenge in chronic viral hepatitis and other liver diseases. Although liver biopsy has long been considered the reference standard, its limitations—including sampling error, inter- and intraobserver variability, invasiveness, cost, and safety concerns—have prompted the development of non-invasive alternatives. Currently, both serological biomarkers and physical methods demonstrate acceptable diagnostic performance and are widely incorporated into routine clinical practice for fibrosis assessment in viral hepatitis. A meta-analysis of serum biomarker scores like FibroTest in 6,378 subjects (including 3,501 with HCV) reported an AUROC of 0.84 (95% CI 0.83–0.86) for significant fibrosis. Similarly, for transient elastography (TE), a meta-analysis of 50 studies showed AUROCs of 0.84 for significant fibrosis and 0.94 for cirrhosis in HCV patients. This review summarizes current evidence on liver fibrosis staging in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and chronic hepatitis C (CHC), with particular emphasis on non-invasive serological and imaging-based methods. Additionally, a key unresolved issue is discussed: the assessment of liver fibrosis following hepatitis C virus (HCV) cure, where non-invasive tests may overestimate regression due to reduced inflammation, as evidenced by studies showing persistent stiffness despite histological improvements.

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Migraine is a common and disabling neurological condition that is increasingly recognized as a complex neurovascular disorder. Current evidence indicates that migraine pathogenesis involves an interplay between neuronal hyperexcitability, cortical spreading depression, and activation of the trigeminovascular system, leading to the release of vasoactive neuropeptides and subsequent neurogenic inflammation. These mechanisms contribute to both the initiation and maintenance of migraine attacks.

In recent years, obesity has become one of the most pressing global public health problems. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 39% of the adult population worldwide is overweight, and 13% suffers from obesity. Obesity is considered one of the leading risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD), significantly increasing the risk of coronary artery disease, arterial hypertension, stroke, and heart failure.

This study analyzes the clinical course, diagnosis, and surgical treatment of acute appendicitis and its complications. Early diagnosis using clinical, laboratory, and instrumental methods reduces the risk of perforation, abscess, and sepsis. Laparoscopic and open appendectomy are effective, while delayed presentation increases complication rates and hospital stay. The results provide guidance for improving clinical practice and patient outcomes.

In this article, the author analyzes the structure of the prevalence of viral hepatitis in the past and present. Offers a review and discussion of identified articles on the analysis of childhood infections, particularly hepatitis.

Define metrics to predict performance

rehabilitation measures in patients with myocardial infarction (MI)

at the stage of early inpatient rehabilitation.The study included 68 patients with MI who

were transferred to the inpatient rehabilitation unit. Fulfilled

clinical and laboratory studies, electrocardiography, echo-

cardiography, treadmill and bicycle ergometric stress tests, test

6-minute walk (test 6MX), functional state (FS) was assessed

with the definition of functional class (FC) and rehabilitation potential

tsial (RP). A complex of therapeutic exercises (LG) No. 3 was prescribed, training

on a bicycle ergometer and/or treadmill.

Objective. To estimate the prevalence and impact on mortality of arterial hypertension (HTN) and orthostatic hypotension (OH) in centenarians (95 years and older). Design and methods. The study participants were 82 super-long-livers  aged 95 years and older (minimum age of 95 years, maximum 105 years), who underwent a comprehensive geriatric assessment at home by a multidisciplinary team (geriatrician, nurse and social worker). The following prospective observation lasted for three years (36 months). 

Results.

Past medical history of HTN was noted in 78%. The mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) in the supine position was 151 ± 27,9 mm Hg (100–216 mm Hg), and the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) 74 ± 12,8 mm Hg (44–197 mm Hg). OH was detected in 31% of 61 long-livers who was able to perform an orthostatic test. The presence of OH was not associated with the higher intake of antihypertensive drugs. Within three years, 44 study participants died. The level of blood pressure (BP), history of HTN, and the presence of OH did not affect mortality (p > 0,05).

Conclusions. Centenarians have a wide range of SBP and DBP, high prevalence of HTN and OH. BP level, presence of HTN and OH did not affect mortality over 3 year period. Further investigation is needed to understand better the health status of long-livers and factors affecting the prognosis.

The paper describes a new classification of the adhesive process in the abdominal cavity, depending on the severity of the adhesive process and the possibility of influencing them surgically. According to this classification, 5 degrees are distinguished. At grade 1, single viscero-visceral or viscero-parietal planar adhesions were detected, easily dissected in a blunt way. At grade 2 - viscero-visceral and viscero-parietal adhesions, the dissection of which must be performed in an acute way, while the integrity of the intestinal walls is maintained. At grade 3, there were viscero-parietal adhesions, the dissection of which requires excision of the walls of the abdominal wall in order to preserve the integrity of the intestinal walls, or viscero-visceral adhesions, the dissection of which contributes to single areas of deserosis of the intestinal walls. At grade 4, there were viscero-visceral or viscero-parietal adhesions with intimate adhesions between intestinal loops; attempts to dissect them in an acute way lead to severe violations of the integrity of the intestinal walls. At grade 5, detected an adhesive conglomerate of the abdominal cavity, while the isolation of intestinal loops is not possible.

The results of treatment of 148 patients were analyzed. The frequency of postoperative complications was 20.3%, and the mortality rate was 6.1%. The analysis performed showed the dependence of the frequency of postoperative complications and mortality on the severity of the adhesive process.

Forensic medicine represents a vital applied medical discipline that provides scientifically justified conclusions for judicial and investigative practice. This article presents an original analytical overview of classical and innovative methods used in determining the cause of death. Emphasis is placed on the integrated use of forensic autopsy, toxicological screening, histopathological examination, and molecular-genetic techniques. The diagnostic value, practical relevance, and limitations of each method are discussed, demonstrating the necessity of a comprehensive forensic approach.

 Mеdical prеvеntion and a hеalthy lifеstylе play a crucial rolе in maintaining public hеalth and rеducing thе burdеn of chronic and non-communicablе disеasеs. Prеvеntivе mеasurеs such as rеgular mеdical chеck-ups, vaccination, еarly diagnosis, and hеalth еducation hеlp to idеntify risk factors at an еarly stagе and prеvеnt thе dеvеlopmеnt of sеvеrе illnеssеs. A hеalthy lifеstylе, including balancеd nutrition, rеgular physical activity, adеquatе slееp, strеss managеmеnt, and avoidancе of harmful habits, significantly improvеs physical and mеntal wеll-bеing. This topic highlights thе importancе of intеgrating prеvеntivе hеalthcarе stratеgiеs with lifеstylе modifications to еnhancе quality of lifе, incrеasе lifе еxpеctancy, and rеducе hеalthcarе costs. Promoting mеdical prеvеntion and hеalthy living is еssеntial for sustainablе hеalth systеms and thе ovеrall wеll-bеing of sociеty.

This article explores the connection between chronic gastrointestinal diseases and inflammatory periodontal conditions, highlighting the high prevalence of periodontitis in patients with gastrointestinal tract (GIT) disorders. The presence of  “Helicobacter pylori” in the oral cavity, particularly in periodontal pockets, may contribute to the persistence and relapse of both gastric and periodontal diseases. The study evaluates the local use of  “Metrogil Denta Professional” gel , combining metronidazole and chlorhexidine , as an effective treatment in managing oral inflammation associated with duodenal ulcer disease. The findings show promising outcomes in reducing inflammation and improving periodontal health in patients with concurrent GIT pathology.

The article analyzes the importance of zinc in human health, its biological functions in the body and its role in a healthy diet. The impact of zinc deficiency on health, its main sources and daily requirements are discussed. The article also provides practical recommendations for preventing zinc deficiency and ensuring a healthy diet. According to the results of the study, zinc participates in the activity of many enzymes in the human body, strengthens immunity and stabilizes metabolism.

Community nursing is a vital component of public health that focuses on promoting health, preventing disease, and improving the overall well-being of populations within their social and environmental contexts. This article examines the role and importance of community nursing in public health and explores its implications for modern health care systems. Emphasis is placed on health promotion, disease prevention, management of chronic illnesses, reduction of health inequalities, and community empowerment. Community nurses serve as a critical link between health care services and communities, particularly for vulnerable and underserved populations, by improving access to care and addressing social determinants of health. The article further highlights how community nursing supports a shift from hospital-centered, curative care to preventive, community-based models that enhance efficiency, continuity of care, and sustainability of health systems. In the face of emerging public health challenges such as aging populations, rising chronic diseases, and global health emergencies, strengthening community nursing practice is essential. Investing in community nursing education, policy support, and resources will contribute significantly to improved population health outcomes and the development of resilient, equitable, and effective modern health care systems.

Preeclampsia is a multisystem hypertensive disorder of pregnancy that remains a major cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Case series offer valuable insights into its clinical presentation, management, and outcomes in real-world settings. This study describes maternal and neonatal outcomes among five cases of preeclampsia managed at a tertiary care center.

This descriptive case series was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in (Country) between January 2023 and December 2024. Five pregnant women diagnosed with preeclampsia after 20 weeks of gestation were included. Diagnosis was based on standard criteria, including hypertension, proteinuria, and/or end-organ dysfunction. Data on maternal demographics, parity, gestational age at diagnosis, disease severity, mode of delivery, and maternal and neonatal outcomes were collected and analyzed.

Gastric and gastric ulcers are common gastroenterological diseases characterized by damage to the gastric mucosa. The main causes of the disease include Helicobacter pylori infection, chronic stress, poor diet, alcohol, and NSAID (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug) use. Symptoms of ulcers include stomach pain, discomfort, nausea, and vomiting. Treatment strategies include H. pylori eradication, proton pump inhibitors, antisecretory and antacid drugs, and dietary and lifestyle changes.

Scarlet fever is an acute infectious disease caused by Group A β-hemolytic streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes), predominantly affecting children. This scientific article provides a comprehensive analysis of the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, immune and inflammatory mechanisms, morphological and histopathological changes, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, treatment strategies, and preventive measures of scarlet fever in young children. Particular attention is paid to age-related characteristics of the disease course, which are associated with the immaturity of the immune system. The importance of early diagnosis and timely antibiotic therapy in preventing severe complications is emphasized based on current scientific literature.