Oxidative stress arises when the production of reactive oxygen species exceeds the capacity of antioxidant defense systems, leading to structural and functional damage in cells and tissues. This imbalance contributes to the development of numerous pathological conditions, including cardiovascular diseases, neurodegeneration, metabolic disorders, and malignancy. This article examines the mechanisms by which oxidative stress induces cellular injury and explores the associated pathomorphological changes across different tissue types. The findings highlight the central role of oxidative stress in disease progression and emphasize the diagnostic importance of identifying its morphological manifestations.

oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species, cell injury, tissue morphology, antioxidant systems, pathology.

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