Urticaria is a heterogeneous disorder characterized by transient wheals and/or angioedema, resulting from complex pathophysiological mechanisms (EAACI, 2021; Matos et al., 2022). Based on pathogenesis, urticaria can be broadly classified into mast cell–mediated and non–mast cell–mediated forms (Schettini et al., 2023). Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) represents an autoimmune or idiopathic mast cell–driven process, while inducible urticarias arise from physical triggers such as pressure, cold, or heat, leading to mast cell activation (EAACI, 2021). Urticarial vasculitis (UV) is an immune complex–mediated condition, with vascular inflammation and possible systemic involvement (Krause et al., 2023). Other forms include drug-induced and autoinflammatory urticaria, which involve distinct immunological pathways, including IgE- or complement-mediated mechanisms (Matos et al., 2022; Schettini et al., 2023). Accurate classification according to pathogenesis is critical for guiding diagnostic evaluation, laboratory testing, and targeted therapy (EAACI, 2021). Integrating recent evidence and international guidelines, this review provides a comprehensive overview of urticaria subtypes, emphasizing their underlying mechanisms, clinical features, and implications for management (EAACI, 2021; Krause et al., 2023).

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