This report examines the critical role of endothelial glycocalyx damage as a central mechanism linking type 2 diabetes and arterial hypertension, with a focus on its structural and functional significance, the pathological consequences of its degradation, and potential therapeutic approaches. The endothelial glycocalyx, a dynamic layer composed of proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, and associated plasma proteins, is essential for maintaining vascular homeostasis. It regulates endothelial barrier function, mechanotransduction, blood flow, and selective permeability while preventing leukocyte adhesion and vascular inflammation. Disruption of the glycocalyx leads to impaired endothelial function, characterized by increased vascular permeability, inflammation, and oxidative stress, which are pivotal contributors to the pathogenesis of both type 2 diabetes and hypertension.

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