This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the phytochemical composition, extraction-dependent variability, and multifunctional biological activities of isoquinoline alkaloids found in Berberis vulgaris L. Drawing upon extensive literature, the review highlights berberine, palmatine, jatrorrhizine, berbamine, and magnoflorine as the principal bioactive constituents responsible for the plant’s pharmacological potential. The findings demonstrate that alkaloid concentration is strongly influenced by ecological conditions, plant organ, growth stage, and extraction parameters such as solvent polarity, temperature, pH, and extraction duration. Advanced analytical studies confirm that different extraction techniques (Soxhlet, ultrasound-assisted, microwave, maceration, supercritical CO₂ extraction) yield distinct chemical profiles.

Berberis vulgaris; berberine; isoquinoline alkaloids; phytochemistry; extraction methods; antioxidant activity; antimicrobial effect; Nrf2 pathway; AMPK signaling; phytotherapy; nutraceuticals; synergistic bioactivity.

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