Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common inflammatory lung disease characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), COPD is the third leading cause of mortality in the world. For now, COPD has been a worldwide public health challenge to be paid attention to urgently.

Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines recommend pharmacologic therapy, primarily inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilators, as the preferred treatment for patients with stable COPD. However, these therapies do not effectively halt disease progression. Due to the complexity of its pathophysiology, non-pharmacologic interventions (e.g., physical activity) can have significant effects in improving the quality of life and prognosis, with favorable socioeconomic benefits.

lungs, sputum, pollution, disease, oxygen, smoking.

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