Chronic laryngeal diseases are accompanied by diverse structural and functional alterations of the laryngeal mucosa, referred to as morphofunctional polymorphism. These changes include epithelial hyperplasia, squamous metaplasia, subepithelial fibrosis, glandular hypertrophy, and vascular remodeling, which are closely associated with impaired mucosal elasticity and vocal fold function. Environmental and lifestyle factors, such as smoking, occupational irritants, and gastroesophageal reflux, significantly contribute to the development of chronic laryngeal pathology. Immune responses, oxidative stress, and neurogenic mechanisms play a critical role in the persistence and progression of these alterations. Understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying morphofunctional polymorphism is essential for accurate diagnosis, prediction of disease progression, and the development of targeted preventive and therapeutic strategies. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of current literature on chronic laryngeal diseases, emphasizing the cellular, molecular, and functional mechanisms that determine the diversity of mucosal changes.

PhD student, Samarkand State Medical University

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