Smog represents one of the most significant environmental health hazards of the modern industrialized world. It is a complex mixture of airborne pollutants, including particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, ozone, volatile organic compounds, and heavy metals. Chronic exposure to smog has been associated with a wide range of adverse health outcomes affecting multiple organ systems. In recent years, increasing attention has been directed toward the morphological and structural alterations induced by smog at the tissue and cellular levels. These changes reflect the cumulative effects of oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and toxic injury.

This review aims to analyze current scientific evidence regarding the impact of smog exposure on the morphological state of the human body. Particular emphasis is placed on histological and ultrastructural changes in the respiratory, cardiovascular, nervous, immune, and reproductive systems. The mechanisms underlying pollutant-induced tissue remodeling, cellular damage, and impaired regeneration are discussed. Understanding the morphological consequences of smog exposure is essential for the development of effective preventive strategies and public health policies aimed at reducing environmental disease burden.

smog, air pollution, morphology, histopathology, oxidative stress, inflammation, human health

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