Allergic diseases are among the most common chronic conditions affecting children worldwide, with a steadily rising prevalence over recent decades. Early-life exposures play a critical role in immune system programming and the development of allergic diseases. This article provides an expanded review of early-life risk factors, including nutrition, gut microbiota, environmental influences, and immune immaturity, and discusses evidence-based preventive strategies with an emphasis on future directions in pediatric allergy prevention.

pediatric allergy, early-life factors, immune development, prevention, atopic diseases

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