Osteoporosis is a chronic skeletal disorder characterized by decreased bone mineral density (BMD) and increased fracture risk, particularly prevalent among postmenopausal women. Vitamin D deficiency plays a critical role in the development and progression of osteoporosis by impairing calcium absorption and bone metabolism. This study reviews current evidence on the prevalence, risk factors, preventive strategies, and therapeutic interventions for osteoporosis associated with vitamin D deficiency in postmenopausal women. A comprehensive literature review was conducted using peer-reviewed articles, clinical trials, and guideline reports published between 2000 and 2025. Findings indicate that vitamin D deficiency is widespread, contributing significantly to bone loss and fracture risk. Integrated management strategies, including vitamin D supplementation, pharmacological therapy (bisphosphonates, selective estrogen receptor modulators, parathyroid hormone analogs), and lifestyle modifications (weight-bearing exercise, dietary calcium intake, sun exposure), were shown to be the most effective in improving BMD and reducing fracture incidence. Early detection, individualized treatment plans, and patient adherence are essential for optimizing skeletal health. The review underscores the importance of a multifaceted approach in addressing osteoporosis and highlights areas for future research on optimal dosing and long-term outcomes.

Postmenopausal women; Osteoporosis; Vitamin D deficiency; Bone mineral density; Fracture prevention; Pharmacological treatment; Lifestyle modification

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