Background: The widespread adoption of hybrid and telework models, accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic, has transformed the nature of work. While these models offer benefits such as flexibility, they also introduce new psychosocial risks, including workplace violence, harassment, and cyberbullying. The blurring of professional and personal life boundaries and the reliance on digital communication create an environment where traditional forms of support and supervision are diminished, potentially increasing workers' vulnerability. This study investigates these emerging risks specifically within the Portuguese professional context.

Objectives: The primary goal was to explore the prevalence and nature of violence and harassment experienced by employees in hybrid and telework settings in Portugal. We aimed to identify key risk factors associated with these work models, analyze the impact on worker well-being, and provide evidence-based recommendations for mitigation.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using an online survey. The survey was distributed to a convenience sample of employees working in hybrid or telework arrangements across various sectors in Portugal. The questionnaire measured exposure to different forms of violence and harassment, work-related variables (e.g., work-life conflict, social support), and psychological well-being outcomes (e.g., emotional exhaustion, stress). Descriptive statistics and regression analysis were used to analyze the data.

Results: The findings indicate a significant prevalence of psychological harassment and cyberbullying among hybrid and teleworking employees in Portugal. Key risk factors identified include a lack of clear boundaries between work and personal life and insufficient social support from management and colleagues. Exposure to these negative behaviors was significantly associated with adverse health outcomes, including increased emotional exhaustion and psychological distress. The data highlights a distinct pattern of harassment that leverages the asynchronous and often impersonal nature of digital communication.

Conclusion: The study confirms that hybrid and telework environments introduce new and distinct risks of violence and harassment. The findings underscore the urgent need for organizations and policymakers in Portugal to develop targeted strategies and policies that address these specific challenges, moving beyond traditional workplace regulations. These measures should focus on establishing clear digital communication protocols, fostering a supportive virtual work culture, and upholding the right to disconnect to safeguard employee health and well-being.