Because of their extensive distribution and the high rates of morbidity and mortality that have been documented globally, respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are the subject of public health advancements. The clinical spectrum spans from a mild or asymptomatic infection to a serious or lethal illness. In order to offer patients with appropriate and timely care, diagnostics must be completed quickly. The current algorithm for the laboratory diagnosis of RTIs uses a variety of techniques, including cutting-edge ones like molecular methods, which are mostly used to detect viruses and atypical bacteria, and gold-standard conventional methods, of which traditional culture is the most popular. As a major global cause of morbidity and mortality, viral respiratory infections (VRIs) are a serious public health issue. Influenza virus, SARS-CoV-2, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are among the respiratory viruses that cause illness. These viruses cause an antiviral immune response, which in turn increases the inflammatory response that is essential to their pathogenesis. Since the inflammatory response brought on by respiratory viruses might initially be both antiviral and protective or reparative of virus-induced damage, it can be a double-edged sword. However, it may also be harmful to the tissues and cells of the host. Nevertheless, little is known about the mechanisms that distinguish the intricate interactions between beneficial host inflammatory responses and detrimental inflammatory responses. The intricate relationship between viral pathogens and the host immune response is examined in this review, with a primary emphasis on the part inflammation plays in the pathophysiology of VRIs. We go over how inflammation can both slow down and speed up the spread of viral infections, pointing out new medications and possible therapeutic targets for reducing the abnormal inflammatory reactions that occur during VRIs.

Respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus, SARS-CoV-2, viral respiratory illness, diagnostic algorithm, inflammation.

Kombe Kombe AJ, Fotoohabadi L, Gerasimova Y, Nanduri R, Lama Tamang P, Kandala M, Kelesidis T. The Role of Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of Viral Respiratory Infections. Microorganisms. 2024 Dec 7;12(12):2526. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms12122526.

Dziedziak M, Mytych A, Szyller HP, Lasocka M, Augustynowicz G, Szydziak J, Hrapkowicz A, Dyda M, Braksator J, Pytrus T. Gut Microbiota in Psychiatric and Neurological Disorders: Current Insights and Therapeutic Implications. Biomedicines. 2025; 13(9):2104. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13092104

Hou, K., Wu, ZX., Chen, XY. et al. Microbiota in health and diseases. Sig Transduct Target Ther 7, 135 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-022-00974-4

Aripov A.N., Aripov O.A., Akhundjanova L.L., Nabiev A.U., Nabieva D.A., & Khamroev T.T. (2022). Study the effect of yantacin on some indicators of cellular renewal and on the level of protein expression on rat hepatocytes in chronic heliotrine liver damage. International Journal of Medical Sciences And Clinical Research, 2(05), 06–13. https://doi.org/10.37547/ijmscr/Volume02Issue05-02.

Chojnacki, C.; Konrad, P.; Błońska, A.; Medrek-Socha, M.; Przybylowska-Sygut, K.; Chojnacki, J.; Poplawski, T. Altered Tryptophan Metabolism on the Kynurenine Pathway in Depressive Patients with Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth. Nutrients 2022, 14, 3217.

Aripov A. N, Akhunzhanova L. L, Nabiev A. U, Aripov A. O, Khamroev T. T.. Antifibrotic Efficacy of a New Phytocomposition of Essential Phospholipids with Glycyrrhizic Acid, Ecdysterone, Lycopene and Proanthacyanidin in Experimental Severe Chronic Hepatitis Compared with Phosphogliv. Biomed Pharmacol J 2023;16(3).Pages : 1815-1825. DOI : https://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2761

Socała K., Doboszewska U., Szopa A., Serefko A., Włodarczyk M., Zielińska A., Poleszak E., Fichna J., Wlaź P. The Role of Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Neuropsychiatric and Neurological Disorders. Pharmacol. Res. 2021;172:105840. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105840.

Aripov A.N, Akhunjanova L.L, Khamroev T.T, Aripov Abdumalik Nigmatovich, Akhunjanova Lola Lazizovna, & Khamroev Tolmas Tolibovich. (2022). Differential Analysis of Chronic Toxic Hepatitis Caused by The Introduction of Heliotrin Solution in Various Ways. Texas Journal of Medical Science, 4, 58–62. Retrieved from https://zienjournals.com/index.php/tjms/article/view/670

Rashidov S.Z., Rakhimboev S.D., Sanoev Z.I., Abdinazarov I.T., Khamroev T.T., Ismailova D.S., & Elmuradov B.J.. (2022). Study of psychoactive activity potassium salt 5-(o-aminophenyl)-1,3,4- oxadiazole-2-thion (D-361). International Journal of Medical Sciences And Clinical Research, 2(09), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.37547/ijmscr/Volume02Issue09-01

Góralczyk-Bińkowska, A.; Szmajda-Krygier, D.; Kozłowska, E. The Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis in Psychiatric Disorders. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 11245.

Heiss C.N., Olofsson L.E. The Role of the Gut Microbiota in Development, Function and Disorders of the Central Nervous System and the Enteric Nervous System. J. Neuroendocrinol. 2019;31:e12684. doi: 10.1111/jne.12684.

Арипов А.Н., Арипов О.А., Ахунджанова Л.Л., Набиев А.Ў., Нишанбаев С.З., Набиева Д.А., Ҳамроев Т.Т. Тажриба шароитида сафорофлавонолозиднинг гепатотроп фаоллигини ўрганиш. Oriental Journal of Medicine and Pharmacology, 2(02), 55–64. https://doi.org/10.37547/supsci-ojmp-02-02-07

Angst D., Gessier F., Janser P., Vulpetti A., Wälchli R., Beerli C., et al. Discovery of LOU064 (Remibrutinib), a potent and highly selective covalent inhibitor of Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase. J. Med. Chem. 2020;63(10):5102–5118. doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01916.

Zakhidova L.T., Saidkhodjaeva D.M., Sanoev Z.I., Tukhtasheva V.F., Rakhmanova H.A.., Hamroyev T.T. Toxicological Characteristics Of N-Deacetyllappaconitine Under Chronic Administration In White Rats. The American Journal of Applied Sciences, 3(03), 34-41. https://doi.org/10.37547/tajas/Volume03Issue03-06

Guerra E., Garcia-Sanchez Y., Jornet-Gibert M., Nuñez J., Balaguer-Castro M., Madden K. Clinical practice guidelines: The good, the bad, and the ugly. Injury. 2022;54((Suppl. S3)):S26–S29. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2022.01.047.

Khamroev T.T., Sanoev Z.I., Rakhimboev S.D., Abdinazarov I.T., Rashidov S.Z. Effect of antiarrhythmic substance N – dezacetyllapoconitin on the central nervous system. ISJ Theoretical &Applied Science, 07 (99), 153-157. http://soi.org/1.1/TAS-07-99-31 Doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.15863

Asahina Y., Wurtz N.R., Arakawa K., Carson N., Fujii K., Fukuchi K., et al. Discovery of BMS-986235/LAR-1219: a potent formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) selective agonist for the prevention of heart failure. J. Med. Chem. 2020;63(17):9003–9019. doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b02101.

Sanoev Z.I., Abdinazarov I.T., Rakhimboev S.D., Rashidov S.Z., Hamroyev T.T. Study Of The General Pharmacological Properties Of A New Antiarrhythmic N-Deacetyllappaconitine With Oral Administration. The American Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Research, 3(03), 60-64. https://doi.org/10.37547/TAJMSPR/Volume03Issue03-08

Patton E.E., Zon L.I., Langenau D.M. Zebrafish disease models in drug discovery: From preclinical modelling to clinical trials. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2021;20:611–628. doi: 10.1038/s41573-021-00210-8.

Sanoev Z. I, Ismailova D. S, Rakhimboev S. D. O, Khamroev T, T, Elmuradov B. Z, Abdinazarov I. T, Rashidov S. Z. O. Synthesis and Research Anticonvulsant Activity of Annulated Triazolo-Thiadiazine Derivative in Laboratory Animals. Biomed Pharmacol J 2023;16(4). DOI : https://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2820

Stokes, J.M.; Yang, K.; Swanson, K.; Jin, W.; Cubillos-Ruiz, A.; Donghia, N.M.; MacNair, C.R.; French, S.; Carfrae, L.A.; Bloom-Ackermann, Z. A deep learning approach to antibiotic discovery. Cell 2020, 180, 688–702.e613.

Sanoev, Z.I., Djaxangirov, F.N., Sadikov, A.Z., Sagdullaev, S.S. Hamroyev T.T. Antiarrhythmic activity of N-deacetyllappaconitine when administered orally. Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology,2021,25(2), 2339–2346. https://doi.org/10.37547/tajas/Volume03Issue03-06

Thafar, M.A.; Alshahrani, M.; Albaradei, S.; Gojobori, T.; Essack, M.; Gao, X. Affinity2Vec: Drug-target binding affinity prediction through representation learning, graph mining, and machine learning. Sci. Rep. 2022, 12, 4751.

Sokhib Rashidov Zamon oʻgʻli, Muslimakhon Kamolova Mirzokhidjon qizi, Ikhvoliddin Mirzaev Komiljon o‘g‘li, Nodira Pardaeva Botir qizi, Sevara Rakhmatullaeva Shukhrat qizi/. (2025). The importance of cardiotonic drugs in medical practice, the range of applications and the advantages of their use. International Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, 3(5), 95–100. Retrieved from https://medicaljournals.eu/index.php/IJCNP/article/view/1856

Frileux, S.; Boltri, M.; Doré, J.; Leboyer, M.; Roux, P. Cognition and Gut Microbiota in Schizophrenia Spectrum and Mood Disorders: A Systematic Review. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2024, 162, 105722.

Sanoev Zafar Isomiddinovich, Rashidov Sokhib Zamon ugli, Raximboev Sukhrob Davlatyor ugli, Abdinazarov Ibrokhim Tuychievich, Khamroev Tolmas Tolibovich, Ismailova Dilnoza Safaralievna, & Elmuradov Burkhon Juraevich. (2022). Research of Anticonvulsant Activity of Compound 5- (P-Aminophenyl) - 1,3,4-Oxadiazole-2-Thion. Texas Journal of Medical Science, 13, 17–21. Retrieved from https://zienjournals.com/index.php/tjms/article/view/2434

Yu. R. Mirzaev, T. T. Khamroev, E. M. Ruzimov, B. N. Khandamov, & Sh. M. Adizov. (2022). Evaluation of the Effect on the Nervous System of Substances with an Alkaloid Structure Having Antitumor Activity. Journal Healthcare Treatment Development(JHTD) ISSN : 2799-1148, 2(06), 6–10. Retrieved from http://journal.hmjournals.com/index.php/JHTD/article/view/1577

Kong Y.K., Song K.-S., Jung M.E., Kang M., Kim H.J., Kim M.J. Discovery of GCC5694A: A potent and selective sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2022;56 doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128466.

Aripov A.N., Aripov O.A., Akhunjanova L.L., Nabiev A.O., Nabieva D.A., & Khamroev T.T. (2022). Study the antifibrous efficacy of plant proanthocyanidin in rats with chronic heliotrine liver damage. Frontline Medical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Journal, 2(05), 16–25. https://doi.org/10.37547/medical-fmspj-02-05-03.

Sokhib Rashidov Zamon oʻgʻli, Nilufar Ergasheva Agʼzamjon qizi, Elyor Zokirboyev Anvarjon o‘gli, Umidjon Akramov Abdusamad o‘g‘li, & Aziza Egamberdieva Farkhod qizi. (2025). Drugs That Increase the Tone of the Human Body and Pharmacological Characteristics of Immunodeficiency Agents. American Journal of Biomedicine and Pharmacy, 2(5), 300–306. Retrieved from https://biojournals.us/index.php/AJBP/article/view/1065

Günther J., Hillig R.C., Zimmermann K., Kaulfuss S., Lemos C., Nguyen D., et al. BAY-069, a Novel (Trifluoromethyl) pyrimidinedione-Based BCAT1/2 Inhibitor and Chemical Probe. J. Med. Chem. 2022;65(21):14366–14390. doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00441.

Sokhib Rashidov Zamon oʻgʻli, Murodjon Nabiev Mahammadkarim o‘g‘li, Mo'tabar Yoqubjonova Khusanboy qizi, Shakhzodakhon Bekmurodova Poʻlatjon qizi, & Jumanazar To‘ychiev Saidqul o‘g‘li. (2025). Comparative Analysis of Drugs Used for Anemia and Drugs Storing Iron. Research Journal of Trauma and Disability Studies, 4(5), 190–195. Retrieved from https://journals.academiczone.net/index.php/rjtds/article/view/5141

Rosa J.G.S., Lima C., Lopes-Ferreira M. Zebrafish larvae behavior models as a tool for drug screenings and pre-clinical trials: A review. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022;23:6647. doi: 10.3390/ijms23126647.

Sokhib Rashidov Zamon oʻgʻli, Shakhzoda Abduraimova Abdusattor qizi, Nigora Yusufjonova Mirrakhim qizi, Diyora Turdibekova Erkinjon qizi, & Makhsuma Dovutkho’jayeva Maqsudjonovna. (2025). Classification, Indications for Use, Range of Applications and Disadvantages of Medicines against Nematodes and Leishmania. Research Journal of Trauma and Disability Studies, 4(5), 196–201. Retrieved from https://journals.academiczone.net/index.php/rjtds/article/view/5142

Sokhib Rashidov Zamon oʻgʻli, Nigora Yusufjonova Mirrakhim qizi, Diyora Turdibekova Erkinjon qizi, Makhsuma Dovutkho’jaeva Maqsudjonovna, Shakhzoda Abduraimova Abdusattor qizi, Analysis of the effect of medicines used in medical practice for various diseases on the fetus , european journal of modern medicine and practice: Vol. 5 No. 5 (2025) 342-347.

Cockerill G.S., Angell R.M., Bedernjak A., Chuckowree I., Fraser I., Gascon-Simorte J., et al. Discovery of sisunatovir (RV521), an inhibitor of respiratory syncytial virus fusion. J. Med. Chem. 2021;64(7):3658–3676. doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01882.

Sokhib Rashidov Zamon oʻgʻli, Elyor Zokirboev Anvarjon ògli, Umidjon Akramov Abdusamad o‘g‘li, Aziza Egamberdiyeva Farkhod qizi, Munisa Qoʻshbekova Roʻzimbek qizi. (2025). Analysis of general and specific pharmacological properties of fat-soluble vitamins. International Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, 3(5), 101–106. Retrieved from https://medicaljournals.eu/index.php/IJCNP/article/view/1857

Yang H, Wang A, Yang J, Luo R and Yang Y (2025) Alterations in gut microbiota composition in neurodevelopmental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Microbiol. 16:1650212. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1650212

Mingming You, Nan Chen, Yuanyuan Yang, Lingjun Cheng, Hongzhang He, Yanhua Cai, Yating Liu, Haiyue Liu, Guolin Hong. The gut microbiota–brain axis in neurological disorders. MedCommVolume 5, Issue 8 e656. https://doi.org/10.1002/mco2.656

Huang, G.; Guo, F. Loss of Life Expectancy Due to Respiratory Infectious Diseases: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study in 195 Countries and Territories 1990–2017. J. Popul. Res. 2022, 39, 1–43.

Mustafa, Z.; Ghaffari, M. Diagnostic Methods, Clinical Guidelines, and Antibiotic Treatment for Group A Streptococcal Pharyngitis: A Narrative Review. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 2020, 10, 563627.