Diabetes mellitus is one of the most prevalent endocrine disorders worldwide, characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The global burden of diabetes has increased dramatically in recent decades, driven by lifestyle changes, urbanization, and rising obesity rates. This article reviews the pathophysiology of diabetes, current diagnostic criteria, and modern approaches to treatment. The study emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis, lifestyle modification, and the use of novel therapeutic agents in reducing morbidity and mortality.

diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, SGLT2 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists

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