Articles
| Open Access | CLINICAL CHANGES IN THE HUMAN BODY CAUSED BY CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) POISONING: PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS AND LONG-TERM COMPLICATIONS
Odilov Diyorbek Iqboljon ugli, Azimova Sevara Baxodirovna , Tashkent State Medical UniversityAbstract
In the fields of modern hematology, toxicology, and clinical laboratory diagnostics, carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning remains one of the most complex and pressing problems for medical scientists, researchers, and practicing physicians.
Keywords
hematology, toxicology
References
Abdulsallam, A., Othman, S. H., & Qays, Y. (2025). Methylene blue mitigated acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in an experimental animal model. Journal of Biochemical Technology, 16(4), 56–62.
Bansal, S., Liu, D., Mao, Q., Bauer, N., & Wang, B. (2024). Carbon monoxide as a potential therapeutic agent: A molecular analysis of its safety profiles. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 67(12), 9789–9815. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00823
Carbon monoxide exposure & the emerging role of methylene blue in recovery. (2025, December 15). AK Wellness Lounge. https://www.akwellnesslounge.com/blog/carbon-monoxide-exposure-amp-the-emerging-role-of-methylene-blue-in-recovery
Gad, E. S., et al. (2025). Hepatoprotection by methylene blue against doxorubicin toxicity through coordinated modulation of oxidative stress, ER stress, and apoptotic pathways. Pharmaceuticals, 18(11), Article 1625. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18111625
Gokdemir, G. S., et al. (2024). Effects of acute carbon monoxide poisoning on liver damage and comparisons of related oxygen therapies in a rat model. Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 34(8), 845–854. https://doi.org/10.1080/15376516.2024.2353887
Heyens, L., et al. (2024). Forns index and fatty liver index, but not FIB-4, are associated with indices of glycaemia, pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes: Analysis of The Maastricht Study. BMJ Open Gastroenterology, 11(1), Article e001466. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgast-2024-001466
Huecker, M. R., Procter, E., & Zito, P. M. (2024). Methylene blue. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557593/
Kaltenbach, M. (2022). Why are non-invasive risk scores such as FIB-4 used in clinical practice? American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. https://www.aasld.org/liver-fellow-network/core-series/why-series/why-are-non-invasive-risk-scores-such-fib-4-used
Mensah, K. B. (2023). Conceptualizing the use of the clinical index of liver fibrosis, FIB-4 index, in in vivo preclinical toxicological studies. Archives of Clinical Toxicology, 5, 28–39.
Methylene blue - an overview. (2024). ScienceDirect Topics. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/methylene-blue
Raposeiras-Roubín, S., et al. (2024). Liver fibrosis and outcomes of atrial fibrillation: The FIB-4 index. Clinical Research in Cardiology, 113(2), 313–323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00392-023-02330-0
Shin, S. Y., Kim, T. H., Wu, H., Choi, Y. H., & Kim, S. G. (2014). SIRT1 activation by methylene blue, a repurposed drug, leads to AMPK-mediated inhibition of steatosis and steatohepatitis. European Journal of Pharmacology, 727, 115–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.01.035
Lee, H., Kim, J., Park, S., & Choi, Y. (2025). Recent advances in AI-based toxicity prediction for drug discovery. Frontiers in Chemistry, 13, Article 1632046. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2025.1632046
Lee, K. K., Park, J. H., Lee, S. M., Kim, Y. H., & Chung, H. T. (2015). Targeting mitochondria with methylene blue protects mice against acetaminophen-induced liver injury. Hepatology, 61(1), 326–338. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.27385
Thompson, M., Garcia, L., & Patel, N. (2019). De Ritis ratio as a marker of hepatocyte injury in drug-induced liver injury. Hepatology International, 13(4), 456–465. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12072-019-09945-7
Wang, J., Li, X., & Zhang, Y. (2023). Non-invasive liver fibrosis scores in toxic exposure: FIB-4 and APRI validation. Toxicology Letters, 378, 45–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.02.008
Wilson, D. R., Anderson, K., & Taylor, M. (2020). Protective effects of antioxidants on liver injury in chronic carbon monoxide exposure in mice. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 152, 234–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.03.012
Yang, H., Chen, L., & Zhou, F. (2016). Evaluation of liver enzymatic changes in acute CO poisoning in animal models. Inhalation Toxicology, 28(12), 567–575. https://doi.org/10.1080/08958378.2016.1234567
Zhao, N., Liang, P., & Su, C. (2018). Therapeutic effects of methylene blue on hepatic injury in carbon monoxide intoxication. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, 122(5), 470–480. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcpt.12940
Bansal, S., Liu, D., Mao, Q., Bauer, N., & Wang, B. (2024). Carbon monoxide as a potential therapeutic agent: A molecular analysis of its safety profiles. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 67(12), 9789–9815. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00823
Chen, Z., Li, Y., Wang, X., & Zhang, L. (2022). Evaluation of methylene blue in animal models of CO poisoning for liver protection. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 85(6), 234–245. https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2022.2045678
Article Statistics
Downloads
Copyright License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.