This article is devoted to the study of oscillations of mechanical systems with one degree of freedom using one of the widely applied linearization methods in investigating stationary oscillations of nonlinear mechanical systems — the averaging method.

This article provides a scientific and theoretical analysis of the concepts of chromatic intervals and enharmonism of intervals, which are important components of music theory. The formation of chromatic intervals, their differences from diatonic intervals, practical application, and role in musical expression are explained. In addition, the phenomenon of enharmonism of intervals, as well as its significance in musical notation and performance practice, is examined through examples.

This study examines the role of innovative investments in regional socio-economic development using the case of Uzbekistan. The research is based on panel data covering 14 regions over the period 2010–2024 and applies econometric modeling to evaluate the impact of innovation-oriented investments on economic growth. The findings indicate that innovative investments have a significant positive effect on regional GDP growth, particularly when combined with human capital, demonstrating a strong synergistic effect. Furthermore, innovative investments contribute to industrial diversification, improvement of employment quality, and reduction of regional disparities. The results provide a scientific basis for enhancing regional innovation policies and improving the efficiency of investment allocation.

 This article explores the semantic and pragmatic features of paremiological units in linguistics. Paremiological units, including proverbs, sayings, and aphorisms, represent important elements of language that reflect cultural values, social experience, and national worldview. The study analyzes the semantic structure, figurative meanings, and communicative functions of paremiological expressions in speech. Special attention is given to the pragmatic role of proverbs in interpersonal communication, their contextual usage, and their influence on speech effectiveness. The article also discusses the linguistic and cultural significance of paremiological units in modern language studies.

This article examines epistemic subjective modal expressions in radio interview discourse. The study focuses on the linguistic means by which speakers express their attitudes toward the truth, reliability, and probability of information. The theoretical section discusses the nature of epistemic modality, its relationship with subjectivity, and its pragmatic role in interview communication. The analytical section classifies examples selected from Russian, German, and English radio interviews into four semantic categories: probability, supposition, certainty, and doubt. The findings show that epistemic modal expressions help speakers soften claims, convey personal evaluation, indicate limited knowledge, strengthen credibility, and maintain a natural conversational tone.

To address these challenges, this study proposes a multi-stage image enhancement framework that combines conventional noise suppression, adaptive preprocessing, and deep learning-based reconstruction. The proposed methodology includes low-dose image acquisition, noise pattern estimation, adaptive filtering, convolutional neural network-based image reconstruction, edge-preserving detail enhancement, and final image quality evaluation. The approach is designed to improve signal-to-noise ratio, preserve anatomical structures, and maintain diagnostic informativeness while supporting dose reduction.

The results demonstrate that deep learning-based noise reduction and reconstruction methods can significantly improve the visual quality of low-dose mobile X-ray images without excessive smoothing or loss of clinically important details. The proposed framework provides a technically efficient solution for mobile radiography systems and can contribute to safer diagnostic imaging by reducing radiation exposure while preserving image quality.

This article discusses the use of modern teaching methods that can be applied to make the teaching of chemistry more engaging and effective for students of medical higher education institutions. It also highlights the relevance of new interactive teaching approaches in ensuring student participation and activity during lessons.

This article explores the development of metacognitive competence in future English teachers through reading and listening activities. Particular attention is given to planning, monitoring, and evaluating learning processes. The study also examines CEFR requirements, especially at the B2 level, and highlights methodological opportunities for implementing a metacognitive approach. Practical activities are presented to develop reflection and autonomous learning skills.

This article deals with the key challenges in teaching mathematical terminology in English to students whose first language is not English. In the context of globalization and the internationalization of education, English has become the dominant language of science and mathematics. However, mastering mathematical terminology in English presents significant linguistic, cognitive, and pedagogical difficulties. The study highlights challenges such as polysemy of mathematical terms, differences between everyday and technical meanings, symbolic language integration, lack of contextualized materials, and insufficient teacher preparation. It argues that effective teaching requires a combination of linguistic scaffolding, visual representation, task-based learning, and interdisciplinary collaboration. Integrating language instruction with mathematical reasoning enhances students’ conceptual understanding and communicative competence.

This article deals with the issues based on analyzing the gender-neutral language strategies in translating human rights discourse from pragmatic and cognitive perspectives. Human rights texts are expected to promote equality, dignity, and non-discrimination; therefore, the translation of gender-related expressions requires special linguistic and ethical attention. The study focuses on how translators avoid gender bias, reduce stereotypical representation, and preserve inclusive meaning across languages. The article discusses gender-neutral pronouns, inclusive lexical choices, avoidance of masculine generics, reformulation, explicitation, and context-sensitive translation strategies.

This article examines the importance of the CLIL (Content and Language Integrated Learning) approach in developing professional foreign language competence among non-philological students. The study analyzes the role of integrated language and subject teaching in improving communicative skills, professional vocabulary, and students’ motivation. The effectiveness and advantages of CLIL in the educational process are also discussed.

This article extensively covers modern areas of information resource centers and library activities, their technical and software support, automation of library processes, the role of RFID technologies, and issues of library advertising. The importance of innovative technologies and advertising tools in improving the quality of user service has also been scientifically analyzed.

This article discusses the theoretical foundations and practical significance of developing construction and modeling competencies in future primary school teachers. In particular, it analyzes the essence of the concepts of construction and modeling, their role in the educational process, and their importance in teachers’ professional activities. Furthermore, modern pedagogical methods, innovative approaches, and new technologies that contribute to the formation of these competencies are examined. The article also provides recommendations for solving problems that may arise in the educational process.

This article explores the application of digital gamification and immersive multimedia tools, including virtual reality (VR), within the context of primary education. It investigates how game-based mechanics and interactive technologies can be specifically designed to enhance student motivation and foundational learning outcomes for young children. The study argues that integrating playful, technology-enhanced methods aligns with the developmental needs of primary school students, fostering engagement, creativity, and a positive attitude toward education from an early age. Practical examples and implementation considerations are discussed to guide educators in harnessing these innovative approaches.

This article analyzes the formation mechanisms of international economic crises, their main causes, and their impacts on both national and global economies. The study examines financial instability, the increasing debt burden, disruptions in supply chains, sharp fluctuations in energy and food prices, geopolitical conflicts, and uncertainties in economic policy as key factors intensifying international crises. The article provides a comparative analysis of the Great Depression of 1929–1933, the global financial crisis of 2008–2009, the economic shock during the COVID-19 pandemic, and the energy and food shocks after 2022. The findings indicate that international economic crises are not merely problems of a single country or sector, but rather simultaneous disruptions in interconnected systems of finance, trade, production, and trust.

This article analyzes the role of artificial intelligence technologies in the development of modern society, the necessity of their legal regulation, and the theoretical and practical problems arising in this field. The study broadly examines the legal status of artificial intelligence, issues of liability related to its use, problems associated with intellectual property rights, the experience of foreign countries, and prospects for improving the legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan in this area.

However, real-time cardiac monitoring systems face several technical challenges. These include sensor noise, motion artifacts, missing values, asynchronous data streams, false alarms, parameter drift, and inter-patient variability. Traditional threshold-based alarm systems are often insufficient because they evaluate each parameter separately and do not fully consider temporal dynamics or physiological relationships between signals. Therefore, multi-parameter data fusion and intelligent anomaly detection algorithms are required to improve monitoring accuracy and reduce clinically irrelevant alarms.

The proposed methodology includes real-time biometric data acquisition, preprocessing, synchronization of heterogeneous signals, feature extraction, multi-parameter fusion, temporal modeling, anomaly scoring, and alert generation. Machine learning and deep learning models such as recurrent neural networks, temporal convolutional networks, autoencoders, transformer-based models, and hybrid statistical-learning approaches are considered within the proposed framework. The study demonstrates that multi-parameter fusion can improve the reliability of anomaly detection by integrating complementary physiological information and identifying clinically meaningful deviations from normal patient-specific patterns.

Although electric vehicles are on the rise, internal combustion engines (ICEs) remain dominant in global transportation. This article explores ecological optimization methods, including fuel modification, exhaust gas recirculation, and hybrid system integration to reduce emissions and improve efficiency.

This article discusses the scientific and practical basis for preparing an experimental area for the selection and genetic evaluation of citrus mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) hybrids under protected cultivation conditions. The study analyzes the sanitary cleaning of the greenhouse area, preparation of a nutrient-rich substrate, establishment of a drainage layer, inspection of the drip irrigation system, and control of temperature, humidity, ventilation, and lighting conditions. The uniformity of experimental conditions is substantiated as a key requirement for the objective evaluation of the genetic potential of genotypes and the selection of promising initial breeding materials.

This article presents the scientific and theoretical basis for the comprehensive evaluation of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) genotypes under protected cultivation according to phenological and biometric traits, fruit-quality indicators, and biofortification potential. The research direction is focused on assessing gene-bank accessions and hybrids for Fe, Zn, Ca, Se, lycopene, beta-carotene, ascorbic acid, and antioxidant activity; identifying donor genotypes with high nutritional value; and developing a breeding-genetic model suitable for protected cultivation. The article substantiates the scientific importance of creating biofortified tomato varieties through the integrated use of phenological, morphological, biometric, biochemical, mineral, and statistical analyses.

This article examines the theoretical and practical foundations of developing productive reading skills in primary school students. The essence of productive reading and its role in enhancing learners’ cognitive abilities, independent thinking, and deep text comprehension are analyzed. The study also explores the use of effective pedagogical technologies, interactive methods, and didactic approaches in the reading process. Particular attention is given to improving students’ conscious, fluent, and expressive reading skills, increasing their learning activity, developing speech culture, and fostering interest in reading. The research findings contribute to improving the effectiveness of forming productive reading skills in primary education.

The article presents the results of a study on assessing the dental status and improving the effectiveness of treatment for patients with chronic diffuse liver diseases (CDLP). The study involved 94 patients divided into groups depending on the primary pathology: liver fibrosis, chronic hepatitis, and liver cirrhosis. Two strategies were compared: standard dental care and a comprehensive protocol including the drug "Rotokan," electrophoresis with vitamin C, and UVC therapy. It has been established that the progression of liver diseases correlates with the deterioration of dental indices (GI, PMA, CE). The application of the comprehensive method made it possible to suppress periodontal inflammation twice as quickly, restore enamel resistance, and stabilize the carious process. The study scientifically substantiates the high pathogenetic effectiveness of a multidisciplinary approach combined with physiotherapy for systemic liver disorders.

This article explores the theoretical and practical foundations of forming cognitive competencies in future primary school teachers within an innovative pedagogical environment. The study analyzes the role of integrative approaches, interactive technologies, and interdisciplinary learning in enhancing cognitive development. The results of experimental work demonstrate that the implementation of innovative pedagogical strategies significantly improves students’ analytical thinking, problem-solving abilities, and reflective skills.

This article explores the origins and causes of the "drabble" genre, which occupies a unique and significant place in modern Uzbek literature. It highlights its importance, distinctive features, as well as its connections to Uzbek and Oriental literature, along with its current standing in world literature. Furthermore, through the analysis of the work "Unlucky" by Alan Mayer, dedicated to the tragedy of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the subtexts and unexpected endings (twists) characteristic of drabbles are examined. The article also provides insights into the role and influence of this compact genre on the lives of contemporary readers.

This article examines the role and significance of modern teaching methods used in physical education classes. Particular attention is paid to their impact on the development of students’ physical fitness, independent thinking skills, and attitudes toward a healthy lifestyle. The effectiveness of using innovative pedagogical approaches, interactive methods, and information and communication technologies is also analyzed.

Mazkur maqolada insonga musiqa terapiyasining ta’sir mexanizmlari ilmiy va amaliy jihatdan tahlil qilinadi. Musiqa inson psixikasi va fiziologiyasiga bevosita hamda bilvosita ta’sir ko‘rsatib, emotsional holatni tartibga solishda muhim vosita hisoblanadi. Undagi ritm, ohang va dinamika markaziy asab tizimi faoliyatiga ta’sir etib, stressni kamaytirish, kayfiyatni yaxshilash va diqqatni jamlashga yordam beradi. Shuningdek, musiqa terapiyasi yurak urish tezligi, qon bosimi va nafas olish jarayonlarini muvozanatlashtiradi. Maqolada musiqa orqali relaksatsiya, kognitiv faollikni oshirish hamda psixologik reabilitatsiya jarayonlarining samaradorligi yoritilgan. Tadqiqot natijalari musiqa terapiyasining inson salomatligini mustahkamlash va ruhiy barqarorlikni ta’minlashdagi ahamiyatini ko‘rsatadi.

Mazkur maqolada musiqa terapiyasining pedagogik imkoniyatlari va uning ta’lim jarayonidagi asosiy yo‘nalishlari tahlil qilinadi. Musiqa terapiyasi o‘quvchilarning nafaqat bilim olish jarayonini samarali tashkil etishda, balki ularning psixologik holatini barqarorlashtirishda ham muhim vosita sifatida namoyon bo‘ladi. Tadqiqotda musiqa orqali diqqatni jamlash, xotirani mustahkamlash, ijodiy fikrlashni rivojlantirish kabi pedagogik imkoniyatlar yoritilgan. Shuningdek, individual va guruhiy mashg‘ulotlar, faol va passiv musiqa terapiyasi yo‘nalishlarining ta’lim tizimidagi o‘rni ochib berilgan. Maqolada musiqa terapiyasining bolalar rivojlanishiga ijobiy ta’siri, ayniqsa, ijtimoiy moslashuv va kommunikativ ko‘nikmalarni shakllantirishdagi ahamiyati asoslab berilgan.

This article examines the military genius and historical significance of Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur, focusing on the factors behind his remarkable victories and enduring legacy. Particular attention is given to Babur’s early military training, his rapid rise to power at a young age, and his innovative tactical approaches during his campaigns in India. The article explores the strategic methods he employed, including mobility, ambush tactics, feigned retreats, and the tulghama maneuver, which enabled him to defeat numerically superior forces. Furthermore, the paper discusses Babur’s role in founding the Mughal Empire and unifying fragmented territories into a centralized state.

The article is devoted to the use of authentic audio materials in teaching the category of aspect in Russian verbs. Considering the semantics of the perfective aspect solely as the achievement of a limit, completeness, or result is insufficient when studying the semantics of verbal action in foreign-language groups. The use of concepts such as semantic classes of verbs (e.g., phase verbs, etc.) in the study of the perfective aspect, as well as the method of paraphrasing, is highly effective and ensures that non-native students are able to recognize the perfective aspect. It is also important for teachers of pedagogical disciplines to rationally determine the role and place of audio recordings in the training of a teacher of Russian. The use of these technical means is most effective when addressing such topics as principles and methods of teaching, vocational training, and career guidance.

In the context of rapid global transformations in information technologies, artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a key driver of innovation across multiple sectors, including education. This paper examines the role of AI in English language learning, focusing on its transformative impact, associated challenges, and scientifically grounded solutions. The study highlights issues such as contextual misunderstanding, data quality limitations, reduced human interaction, ethical concerns, and technological constraints. In response, a set of methodological and technological solutions is proposed, including hybrid AI models, adaptive learning algorithms, and blended learning frameworks. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the development of an integrated approach that combines AI-driven personalization with pedagogical and ethical considerations to enhance learning effectiveness.

The article presents an experimental morphological and morphometric study of gastric mucosal vulnerability under combined deficiency of magnesium, iron, zinc, and selenium. The study was performed on 3- and 6-month-old white outbred rats. Morphological, morphometric, and immunohistochemical changes of the stomach were evaluated, including mucosal thickness, gastric pit depth, glandular density, number of parietal and chief cells, and Ki-67 expression. The most pronounced structural damage was observed in animals with combined Mg, Fe, Zn, and Se deficiency. These changes were characterized by thinning of the gastric mucosa, deformation of gastric pits, reduced glandular density, decreased number of secretory cells, vascular disorders, inflammatory infiltration, and disorganized epithelial renewal. The findings indicate that combined micronutrient depletion significantly reduces the structural resistance of the gastric mucosa.

This article analyzes the New Uzbekistan Development Strategy of the Republic of Uzbekistan for 2022-2026 and its logical continuation, the “Uzbekistan - 2030” strategy. The strategy covers 7 priority areas, 100 goals, main tasks and implementation mechanisms. The article reveals the role of the development strategy in human dignity, economic growth, social justice and spiritual development, and identifies future tasks.

This article analyzes the theoretical and practical aspects of modern approaches in acting and directing art. In particular, it highlights the issues of acting performance, methods of character creation, stage interpretation, directorial solutions, and the application of innovative technologies in contemporary theatre and stage art. It also reveals the continuity between traditional schools and modern creative explorations, new forms of collaboration between actor and director, the improvement of stage expressive means, and modern principles of communication with the audience. The study substantiates that creative thinking, psychological analysis, improvisation, performative approach, and digital technologies are becoming important factors in acting and directing art. The article aims to demonstrate the significance of modern methods in the development of theatrical art.

The article is devoted to the issues of staging works on historical themes in Uzbek dramaturgy and theaters, and it is examined through the example of  Nasrullo Qobilov dramatic work “Na malakman na farishta” The article discusses the difficulty of creating works on historical themes, as well as how historical sources, enriched with artistic interpretation, help the audience gain a deeper understanding of the main idea of the work. Any work possessing artistic value has an enduring legacy. The article also emphasizes that newly created dramatic works should be of high artistic quality and addresses the issues of their broader implementation.

When the Bolsheviks came to power, they began to carry out various reforms in order to further strengthen the dominance of the national republics, especially in Uzbekistan. The land-water reform in Uzbekistan is one of them. This reform was not for the benefit of the local people, but for the benefit of the Bolsheviks, who were pursuing a policy of aggression. These processes were disclosed through the periodic press which was considered one of the sources.

This article examines how digital transformation can improve the competitiveness of industrial enterprises. Recent official and academic sources show that digital transformation strengthens industrial performance not only through automation, but also through productivity growth, innovation, business-model adaptation, supply-chain coordination, and resilience. OECD materials describe the current period as one of rapid technological change, while UNIDO links digitalization with industrial development and future industrial competitiveness. Recent empirical studies likewise show that digital transformation can significantly improve manufacturing competitiveness, firm productivity, industrial-chain resilience, and green innovation.

This paper examines the multifaceted problem of youth unemployment in the Republic of Uzbekistan. The aim of the study is to quantify the impact of key macroeconomic indicators, demographic shifts, and higher education system parameters on the youth labor market over a 15-year period. The research methods used were descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and ordinary least squares (OLS) to construct a multiple regression model in the Stata software package. The results demonstrate the high explanatory power of the constructed model (R2=0.71), revealing the critical role

Demographic pressure and structural features of the educational process influence unemployment. The conclusions substantiate the need to synchronize the production of specialists with the real needs of the economy.

This article analyzes the gender characteristics of female images in contemporary English popular fiction and examines the challenges that arise in the process of translating them into Uzbek. It also considers the role of cultural adaptation, stereotypes, and linguistic means in translation.

This article examines the role of the mahalla — a traditional Uzbek neighbourhood self-governance institution — in the upbringing and social development of youth in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Drawing on recently adopted national legislation, presidential decrees and state programmes enacted between 2020 and 2024, the study analyses how the modernised mahalla system contributes to moral education, civic engagement, vocational guidance, physical development and the prevention of antisocial behaviour among young people. The research demonstrates that targeted state policy has substantially increased youth participation rates in mahalla activities and has produced measurable positive outcomes in human capital formation at the community level.

This article examines the importance of developing listening and speaking skills through interactive activities in the English classroom. In modern language education, listening and speaking are considered essential components of communicative competence, as they enable learners to understand spoken language and express their ideas effectively in real-life situations. The study highlights the role of interactive activities such as pair work, group discussions, role-plays, interviews, games, problem-solving tasks, and information-gap exercises in improving learners’ oral communication abilities. These activities create a student-centered learning environment, increase motivation, reduce anxiety, and encourage active participation in the lesson. Special attention is given to the pedagogical value of interactive methods in fostering fluency, pronunciation, vocabulary development, listening comprehension, and confidence in speaking. The article also discusses how meaningful classroom interaction helps students develop critical thinking, cooperation, and spontaneous language use. Furthermore, it emphasizes the teacher’s role in selecting appropriate tasks, organizing communicative situations, and providing supportive feedback to ensure effective skill development.

Over the past decade, digital technologies have fundamentally transformed journalism—not merely in its formats and delivery channels, but in its professional identity and ethical foundations. This article examines the transformation processes underway in the global media ecosystem, the evolving professional demands placed on journalists, and UNESCO‘s role in shaping international information policy. The study employs document analysis, comparative methodology, and participant observation. The findings indicate that the sustainable development of digital journalism depends on a genuine balance between technological innovation and ethical responsibility. In the Uzbek context, harmonizing media literacy, cybersecurity practices, and national legislation with UNESCO‘s principles remains an urgent challenge.

This article provides feedback on the provision of examples of children's literature in literature curricula and textbooks. New approaches to education and the introduction of modern educational technologies into our education system allow teachers, first of all, to save time and work with more students. In the era of globalization, it is highlighted through examples that one of the urgent issues facing today's educators is to interest students in science within the framework of their interests and openly demonstrate their abilities.

This article comprehensively discusses the differential properties of curves, particularly their parametric representation, arc length, curvature, normal and binormal vectors, Frenet formulas, and their geometric as well as practical interpretations. In addition, the main invariants describing the behavior of curves in space are analyzed.

In this article J. Joyce's novel "Wills" and the history of its creation, symbolic meanings in the names of the heroes of the work, and the influence of the works of Homer and world writers are focused on.

This research focuses on the events of the First World War, its details, and its impact on the minds of the youth of the century as the main theme of the literature of the first half of the 20th century.

This article discusses the “Stream of Consciousness” and its embodiment in the work of D. Joyce (“Ulysses”). The article discusses the idea that the “stream of consciousness” as a writing technique is an illogical internal monologue that reflects the disorder of thoughts and experiences, the smallest movements of the soul.

This article scientifically analyzes the processes of digitalizing cash operations in commercial banks, the mechanisms for improving their efficiency, as well as the theoretical and practical aspects of implementing modern digital technologies. The acceleration of digital transformation in the banking system not only modernizes traditional cash services, reduces operational costs, and increases the speed and quality of customer service, but also intensifies the need to ensure financial security, data protection, and effective management of operational risks. From this perspective, the article comprehensively examines the role of cash operation automation, electronic payment systems, self-service banking services, biometric identification, artificial intelligence, and FinTech solutions in banking activities. During the research, innovative approaches aimed at optimizing cash circulation, reducing human factors, improving customer service efficiency, and minimizing fraud and operational errors were studied. In addition, the banking practices of developed countries, international standards, and the existing experience of Uzbekistan’s commercial banking system were comparatively analyzed, and scientific proposals and practical recommendations were developed to improve service quality, transparency, and competitiveness through the digitalization of cash operations. The results of the article have significant scientific and practical importance in transforming cash activities in commercial banks, ensuring efficient resource utilization, and improving banking services in the context of the modern digital economy.

In this article, Shukur Kholmirzayev's belief in the traditions of folk art, cultural and spiritual wealth of his people, his belief and interest in the traditions existing in folk art is a specific social ground. The writer himself is without nature, without his own destiny, his spiritual wealth is expressed in the thoughts of the author. 

In clinical medicine, accurate diagnosis relies on the careful interpretation of both signs and symptoms. Although these terms are often used interchangeably in everyday language, they represent distinct concepts within medical science. A symptom refers to a subjective experience reported by the patient, such as pain, fatigue, or nausea, while a sign denotes an objective finding that can be observed, measured, or verified by a healthcare professional, such as fever, rash, or elevated blood pressure. This article explores the conceptual, diagnostic, and practical differences between signs and symptoms, highlighting their complementary roles in clinical assessment. Understanding this distinction is essential for effective communication between patients and clinicians, accurate diagnosis, and appropriate treatment planning.

 This article describes in detail the general biological characteristics of microorganisms belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family, the similarities and differences in their morphological, cultural, and tinctorial characteristics. Bacteria belonging to this family are widespread in nature, living mainly in the intestinal tract of humans and animals and are excreted into the external environment through feces. The article analyzes the epidemiological significance of pathogenic representatives such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, and Klebsiella, their routes of entry into the human body, mechanisms of pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations. The role of Escherichia coli as an opportunistic pathogen, its role in the normal intestinal microflora, vitamin synthesis, and its antagonistic effect on other microorganisms have also been scientifically elucidated. In addition, the causes of dysbacteriosis, the consequences of intestinal microflora imbalance, and the mechanisms of the occurrence of diseases such as salmonellosis and shigellosis are highlighted. Special attention was paid to preventive measures, emphasizing the importance of adhering to sanitary and hygienic rules, controlling sources of infection, and using vaccines and antibacterial drugs.

This article investigates the phenomenon of speaking anxiety among EFL (English as a Foreign Language) learners and analyzes its psychological, pedagogical, and linguistic dimensions within the framework of foreign language acquisition. Speaking anxiety has become one of the most significant barriers preventing learners from achieving communicative competence in English language classrooms. Statistical data obtained from questionnaires, classroom observations, and semi-structured interviews reveal that fear of negative evaluation, lack of self-confidence, insufficient vocabulary, and teacher-centered instruction significantly contribute to learners’ oral communication anxiety. The findings also indicate that anxiety negatively affects learners’ fluency, pronunciation, classroom participation, and overall academic performance. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that interactive teaching strategies and supportive classroom environments reduce anxiety levels and improve speaking performance. Based on the results, several pedagogical recommendations and directions for future research are proposed.

This article examines the extent to which five widely recognised management frameworks — Michael Porter's competitive advantage model, Geert Hofstede's cultural dimensions system, Douglas McGregor's Theory X–Y, the Kaplan–Norton Balanced Scorecard (BSC) methodology, and Lean Management — can be meaningfully applied to the small and medium enterprise (SME) sector in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Drawing on a mixed methodological approach that integrates quantitative and qualitative analysis, the study uses empirical data spanning 2022–2024 to assess the degree of compatibility between these international management paradigms and Uzbekistan's distinct economic, cultural, and institutional landscape. The central finding is that wholesale transfer of global management theories without adaptation yields limited results; by contrast, when these theories are contextualised and calibrated to local realities, they generate tangible improvements in organisational effectiveness. The article also proposes practical policy recommendations for strengthening management capacity within Uzbekistan's SME sector, expanding financial inclusion, and accelerating digital transformation.

Acute appendicitis is one of the most common causes of abdominal pain requiring surgical intervention in children. Its diagnosis remains challenging due to variable clinical presentations and the potential for rapid progression to complications. This study investigates the clinical features, diagnostic methods, and treatment outcomes of pediatric patients with acute appendicitis admitted to a tertiary hospital.

This study examines international experience and national characteristics of poverty reduction policies in the context of contemporary socio-economic development. The research analyzes the effectiveness of integrated anti-poverty strategies that combine economic growth, social protection, institutional reforms, education, healthcare, and employment development. Special attention is given to the role of national characteristics, including demographic conditions, governance capacity, and cultural factors, in shaping sustainable poverty reduction frameworks. The study highlights the importance of inclusive growth models and multidimensional approaches to poverty assessment. Comparative analysis of global practices demonstrates that successful poverty reduction depends on the adaptation of international experience to domestic realities rather than the direct transfer of foreign policy models. The findings indicate that effective anti-poverty policies contribute not only to social welfare improvement but also to long-term economic stability, human development, and national sustainability.

This article provides brief information about the lungs, an important organ of the human respiratory system. It also discusses the causes of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), its main symptoms, progression outcomes, and possible complications. In addition, preventive measures against the disease are considered. The article aims to give a general understanding of pulmonary tuberculosis and to increase public awareness of preventive knowledge.

This scientific article provides a comprehensive analysis of the interrelationship between clinical and anatomical terminology systems, their formation patterns, linguistic and semantic characteristics, and their role in modern medicine. Anatomical terminology is interpreted as a strictly standardized and semantically stable system that represents the normal structure of the human body. Clinical terminology, in contrast, is studied as a dynamic, multi-component, and semantically complex system that expresses diseases, pathological processes, diagnostics, and treatment strategies. The article highlights the morphological structure of terms, their semantic differentiation, functional load, and role in clinical thinking through an original scientific approach. It also substantiates the importance of the international standardization of terminology, its role in digital medicine systems, and global scientific communication.

This article comprehensively examines the etymological roots of the Latin names of skeletal muscles in the human body, their historical development from ancient Greek-Roman medicine to the modern Terminologia Anatomica (TA) standard, and their profound importance in clinical medicine. Muscle names are primarily based on criteria such as shape, size, location, direction of fibers, number of heads, attachment points, and the movements they perform. The article provides a detailed analysis of these criteria, numerous specific examples, and discusses the formation of names by ancient scholars (Galen, Vesalius) and subsequent standardization processes (Basle Nomina Anatomica 1895, revisions of Nomina Anatomica, TA 1998 and 2019). The research results indicate that a deep understanding of the etymology of Latin names not only facilitates the acquisition of anatomical knowledge but also ensures accurate diagnosis, operative safety, and effective treatment in the fields of surgery, neurology, traumatology, sports medicine, and rehabilitation. The article serves as a practical guide for medical education and practice.

This article examines the formation and functioning of terms within medical discourse based on a cognitive-discursive approach. Drawing on the anthropocentric paradigm of modern linguistics, the study explores terminology in relation to human speech and cognitive activity. The article analyzes the mechanisms of terminologization of linguistic signs, as well as the processes of conceptualization and verbalization of notions. In particular, the unique dialogic nature of medical texts and the tools providing implicit communication between the author and the reader are discussed. The research highlights not only the nominative (naming) function of terms but also their cognitive-methodological function and their role in professional linguistic consciousness, specifically at the levels of "textemes" and "textual fragments." Furthermore, the article substantiates that medical discourse, unlike other scientific fields, possesses high modal saturation (with a statistical indicator of up to 13%). This indicates that terms serve as the primary framework in logical-argumentative connection and the verbalization of scientific conclusions.

 This article explores the spiritual and moral foundations of developing loyalty to the Motherland among pre-conscription military education students. The study emphasizes the role of patriotism, moral values, national identity, and civic responsibility in shaping students’ devotion to their country. It also highlights the importance of educational institutions, family, and social environment in strengthening patriotic consciousness and moral maturity. The article concludes that integrating spiritual and ethical education into military training contributes to the formation of disciplined, responsible, and socially active citizens.

 In this scientific review, the phytoremediation potential of various plant species for the remediation of soils and water bodies contaminated with heavy metals is analyzed based on published research data. A wide range of plant species, including Amaranthus spinosus, Brassica juncea, Malva rotundifolia, Sedum alfredii, Linum usitatissimum, Medicago sativa, and several other taxa, have been reported to exhibit the ability to accumulate, stabilize, or translocate metals such as Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, As, Mn, and Fe. Recent studies indicate that the effectiveness of phytoremediation can be enhanced through the application of soil amendments, including biochar and multi-walled carbon nanotubes, which promote plant growth and improve metal uptake and distribution. In addition, several investigations demonstrate that the utilization of contaminated plant biomass for the production of essential oils or other value-added products may increase the economic feasibility of phytoremediation.

Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) is not merely a static musculoskeletal deformity; rather, it is a progressive pathology that impacts all systems of the growing organism, particularly cardiorespiratory homeostasis.

This article provides a comprehensive comparative analysis of the grammatical systems of the Japanese and Uzbek languages.The study examines morphological, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic features, including word structure,affixation systems,word order,tense and mood categories and honorific expressions.Special attention is given to the agglutinative nature of both languages, demonstrating how grammatical meanings are formed through the attachment of affixes to word stems.The paper also analyzes similarities and differences in SOV (Subject–Object–Verb) word order,as well as contrasts in writing systems,including Japanese hiragana, katakana, kanji, and the Uzbek Latin alphabet.Furthermore,the study highlights contextual dependency in Japanese compared to the relatively explicit grammatical structure of Uzbek.Overall,this research contributes to comparative linguistics by identifying structural similarities and differences between the two languages.

The article examines the linguistic analysis of the "superfluous man" type in 19th-century Russian literature and its transformation within modern artistic discourse. The author considers this phenomenon not only as a socio-psychological phenomenon but also as a special linguistic model of the individual, manifesting through a stable system of lexical-semantic and syntactic markers.

 The article examines the issues of designing an educational electronic resource intended for studying the novel The Master and Margarita by M.A. Bulgakov in the school literature curriculum. Special attention is paid to the didactic and methodological principles underlying the structure of the electronic resource, which contribute to the development of students’ critical and creative thinking. The stages of development, structure, and functional capabilities of the resource are described. The role of digital technologies in increasing students’ motivation and improving the effectiveness of literary text analysis is emphasized. Examples of interactive tasks aimed at developing the reading culture of high school students are provided.

The article presents ideas about the restoration of the cultural-historical heritage of our nation's past, the method of educating the young generation based on the rich traditions of ethnopedagogy, which is its most important component, and teaching Uzbek traditions to young people.

 Prolonged exposure to high-energy visible (HEV) light emitted by digital screens has been increasingly implicated in various photodermatological conditions, yet its specific role in periorbital dermatitis among office workers remains poorly characterised.

Hopper dosers represent a critical class of bulk material handling equipment widely employed across pharmaceutical, food processing, chemical, and construction industries. Despite their industrial prevalence, a consolidated technical review encompassing their structural design, operational principles, control technologies, and comparative performance has not been published in recent literature.

Language learning processes are often enhanced through the integration of multiple pedagogical approaches, as different learners benefit from varied methodological input. Combining approaches such as Lexical, Communicative Language Teaching (CLT), Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT), Content-Based Instruction (CBI), and Competency-Based Language Teaching (CBLT) supports the development of receptive and productive skills. Emphasis on vocabulary development, meaningful communication, and contextualized learning contributes to improved listening, speaking, reading, and writing abilities. Integrated skill development and collaborative learning further enhance learner engagement, motivation, and communicative competence across different proficiency levels.

This annotation is devoted to the psycho-didactic aspects of designing the educational process in primary school based on pedagogical technologies. It examines the effective organization of teaching by taking into account the age and individual psychological characteristics of learners, as well as the application of modern teaching methods. Special attention is given to psychological factors such as attention, memory, thinking, motivation, and cognitive development of primary school students.

The annotation also analyzes the potential of pedagogical technologies—interactive methods, differentiated instruction, modular learning, and information and communication technologies—to increase student engagement, develop independent thinking, and ensure deeper understanding of educational material. The psycho-didactic approach involves selecting content, methods, and tools in accordance with students’ psychological development levels.

The article examines the history, role, and importance of transport animals and vehicles in the development of military affairs in Central Asia.

This article comprehensively analyzes the role and significance of spiritual processes in the development of a social state in Uzbekistan. It highlights the role of spirituality in the formation of political, social and moral relations in society, its inextricable connection with national values and traditions. It also analyzes the issues of renewing social consciousness, developing tolerance, forming new values through the education system, and reflecting spiritual principles in state policy. The article substantiates the role of spirituality in the development of social justice, equality, national unity and human capital.

This article examines the stages of morphofunctional maturation of the cardiovascular system in children and adolescents aged 7 to 17 years. Particular attention is paid to age-related changes in heart rate, arterial blood pressure, and the mechanisms of autonomic regulation, including the interaction between sympathetic and parasympathetic influences. The relationship between ontogenetic development, academic workload, and the risk of functional cardiovascular deviations such as tachycardia, blood pressure instability, and vegetative-vascular dystonia is analyzed.

This article examines the defensive system of ancient Khorezm fortresses and analyzes their military-strategic significance. Special attention is given to the architectural and engineering features of the fortifications, including walls, towers, gates, and construction materials adapted to the local environmental conditions. The study highlights the stages of development of defensive structures in Khorezm, from simple early fortifications to a complex and integrated defense network. The role of major fortresses such as Ayaz Kala and Toprak Kala is considered within the broader context of territorial protection, control of trade routes, and consolidation of political power. The article also explores the importance of Khorezm’s location along the Silk Road, which necessitated the development of advanced defensive strategies. Furthermore, the research is based on archaeological findings and scholarly works, including studies conducted by Sergey Tolstov. The results demonstrate that the defensive system of ancient Khorezm was one of the most advanced military engineering achievements of its time, reflecting a high level of socio-political organization and strategic planning.

This article examines the role of literary texts in developing socially active citizenship and patriotic values among primary school students. The study provides a scientific and pedagogical analysis of modern methodological approaches to using literary works in reading literacy lessons. It highlights interactive teaching methods, the didactic potential of literary texts, and the pedagogical conditions that foster students’ national values, civic responsibility, and social engagement. The findings are aimed at improving the quality of primary education and supporting the moral and ethical development of learners.

This article analyses the application of artificial intelligence technologies in developing the mathematical competence of higher education students. The didactic affordances of adaptive learning platforms, intelligent tutoring systems and generative artificial intelligence tools are examined, and their effectiveness is substantiated through statistical methods on the basis of the results of a pedagogical experiment.

This article highlights the pedagogical foundations of developing the cognitive activity of primary school students in the process of working with literary texts. The significance of the reading subject in developing students’ thinking, attention, memory, imagination, and independent thinking is analyzed. In addition, the effectiveness of interactive methods, innovative pedagogical technologies, and modern approaches in teaching literary texts is revealed. During the research, issues related to improving students’ intellectual and speech activity through the development of reading comprehension competence were examined.

The article analyzes the primary obstacles to integrating digital technologies and information systems within medical institutions. The research examines human resource potential, technical infrastructure, and data security issues. Based on the findings, scientific and practical recommendations have been developed to accelerate the digitalization of the healthcare system.

This scientific article provides an in-depth analysis of the semantic and stylistic features of phraseological units in the Russian language. It examines the role of phraseologisms within the language system, their semantic structure, mechanisms of figurative meaning formation, stylistic functions, and their role in enhancing expressiveness in speech. The study also highlights the significance of phraseological units in reflecting national and cultural characteristics, as well as their usage in literary, journalistic, and colloquial speech. The research findings contribute to the enrichment of theoretical perspectives in Russian linguistics and general phraseology.

Sociolinguistics examines the relationship between language and society, focusing on how identity, culture, power, and social structures influence communication. 

This article analyzes the characteristic parameters of blasting vibration signals in deep open-pit mines. Using the Muruntau mine as a case study, the effectiveness of millisecond delay blasting in reducing seismic vibrations was investigated. The influence of vibration amplitude, particle vibration velocity, frequency variation, and distance from the blasting center was evaluated based on FFT analysis. Numerical simulations were applied to assess the stress–strain state, displacement, and shear deformation of the slope under blasting loads. The obtained results demonstrated that blasting operations have a minimal effect on slope stability and confirmed the effectiveness of the selected blasting parameters under mining conditions.

This research provides a comprehensive analysis of atmospheric quality degradation resulting from escalating technogenic loads during intensive industrialization and its cumulative impact on public health. The study scientifically elucidates the cytotoxic and genotoxic properties of industrial pollutants, specifically nitrogen and sulfur dioxides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and fine particulate matter PM2.5 and  PM10. The article examines the role of ambient air pollution not only in the pathogenesis of respiratory and cardiovascular disorders but also its detrimental effects on immunobiological reactivity and the stability of the human gene pool. Furthermore, the paper proposes strategic pathways for modernizing environmental monitoring systems and implementing innovative technological solutions for industrial emission mitigation and waste management.

Podcasts effectively boost student’s listening comprehension by everyday audition of simple recorded audio content. The purpose of the study is to enhance pronunciation, listening and writing competences. At the same time, it will effortlessly improve vocabulary and enables  to speak spontaneously without long pauses, which develops fluency and confidence. It also broaden students critical thinking through analyzing  from different point of view.

This article analyzes the presentation of lexical units in bilingual learners’ dictionaries from an anthropocentric perspective. The study examines methods of explaining word meanings, their user-oriented nature, and semantic features based on examples from English–Uzbek and Uzbek–English dictionaries. Within the framework of the anthropocentric approach, the learner’s linguistic needs, cognitive level, and communicative purposes are considered essential factors in dictionary compilation.

In the article, the issues of the use of economic resources in enterprises in the conditions of market relations were considered and suggestions were made. Studies have been conducted to determine the ways of increasing efficiency in industrial enterprises. In this work, on the basis of theoretical and practical data, the issues of increasing efficiency in industrial enterprises were analyzed and important directions were determined.

Mnemonic techniques have long been recognized as effective tools for enhancing memory and facilitating the acquisition of new information. In the context of foreign language learning, mnemonics play a crucial role in helping learners retain vocabulary, grammar structures, and pronunciation patterns. This article examines the key mnemonic methods used in language education and evaluates their impact on memory retention, comprehension, and overall language performance. The study focuses on techniques such as visualization, association, the keyword method, storytelling, and the method of loci. These strategies are analyzed from cognitive and pedagogical perspectives, emphasizing their ability to support long-term memory and reduce cognitive load. The article also discusses how mnemonic techniques can be integrated into modern teaching practices, including digital learning environments. While mnemonics offer numerous advantages, such as improved recall and increased learner confidence, their effectiveness depends on proper application and individual learning preferences. The findings suggest that mnemonic strategies, when used systematically, can significantly enhance foreign language learning outcomes.

Educational tourism in Uzbekistan is emerging as a significant niche within the broader tourism industry, blending academic learning with cultural exploration. Marketing strategies play a central role in promoting Uzbekistan’s educational potential to international students and learners, especially through digital technologies, branding, and institutional cooperation. This paper examines how targeted marketing approaches — including digital campaigns, social media engagement, and strategic partnerships — can enhance Uzbekistan’s position as a desirable destination for educational tourists. Through examples and analysis, it highlights the strengths and challenges of current practices and offers recommendations for effective marketing strategies that leverage the nation’s cultural, historical, and academic assets.

 Archaeologists of Samarkand State University are conducting several studies on the historical roots and cultural connections of the culture of primitive and ancient communities in Uzbekistan. The article provides information on the results of archaeological research carried out by archaeologists of Samarkand State University in recent years.

This article scientifically analyzes issues of social structure and social order in religions. It highlights the role of religion in social life, its importance in shaping moral norms, and its functions in ensuring social stability. In addition, systems of social governance, human relations, and principles of social justice in different religions are comparatively examined. During the research, religious sources, historical literature, and modern scientific views were used to reveal the role of religion in the development of society.

Pit and fissure sealants are widely recognized as an effective preventive measure against occlusal caries, particularly in children and adolescents. Due to the complex morphology of occlusal surfaces, these areas are highly susceptible to plaque accumulation and demineralization. This review aims to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of different sealant materials, application techniques, and recent advancements in sealant technology. The findings indicate that proper application and material selection significantly influence long-term retention and caries prevention. Modern developments, including bioactive and antimicrobial sealants, offer additional benefits and may enhance clinical outcomes.

If people you edge language study​ If you ask them if it is necessary, Most people answer " no ". gives . From the mother tongue other any the language without knowing easily to live those who say it is possible much . They the most good artistic works already Uzbek​ to the language turned , the rest reading for and second the language study condition He thinks not . But somehow the language study​ whether it is necessary or not to the question  answer wants to buy If you are , go away. language from those who don't know not foreign​ the language knowing from a person asking See . After all in the room no of something importance about who to you right information give Does it get it ? Therefore , the foreign in the language easily speak those who receive between small research take we went and of scientists this about some conclusions to your attention link We are doing it .

 In the article, during the years of independence, the activities of medical institutions in the Fergana region, the construction, repair and their equipment, the supply of hospitals with modern medical equipment, the importation of dental, physiotherapeutic, X-ray diagnostic devices developed in the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States, as well as their water, heating and sewage system, telephone communication system, electricity supply, autoclaves, drying cabinets, distiller, modern test-indicators, detergents and disinfectants were analyzed through primary sources.

The present study investigates the optimization of cutting parameters in CNC milling operations through the development of a mathematical model based on machining constraints and technological requirements. The research focuses on determining optimal cutting speed and feed rate values for finishing operations while ensuring the required surface roughness, tool performance, and machine power limitations. A system of nonlinear constraints describing the milling process was transformed into a linear form using logarithmic transformations, allowing the optimization problem to be solved graphically through linear programming methods. The feasible solution region was constructed based on technological and kinematic constraints, and the optimal cutting parameters were determined from the extremum point of the objective function. The obtained results demonstrate that the proposed optimization approach improves machining efficiency while maintaining the required surface quality and machining stability. The developed algorithm can be applied to similar three-axis CNC milling machines with appropriate adaptation of experimentally determined coefficients for different cutting tools and workpiece materials.

 This article provides a scientific analysis of the formation and historical stages in the development of Uzbek and Karakalpak literary translation. Literary translation is considered an important means of strengthening cultural and spiritual relations between the literatures of the two peoples. The study examines the emergence and development of literary translations carried out between Uzbek and Karakalpak literatures, as well as their impact on the advancement of national literature. In addition, attention is given to translators who worked in different historical periods, their creative approaches, and their contribution to the formation and development of the translation school.The article also highlights the development trends of Uzbek and Karakalpak literary translation, its current state, and its future prospects based on scientific conclusions. The results of the research are significant for gaining a deeper understanding of the literary and cultural relations between the two nations, for further developing the traditions of literary translation, and for enriching scientific studies in the theory and practice of translation.

This article examines the processes of integration of states into international capital markets, as well as the economic opportunities, institutional challenges, and structural barriers associated with this process. The study analyzes the role of globalization in expanding financial flows, attracting foreign direct investment, and improving economic growth. At the same time, attention is paid to financial instability, external debt dependence, exchange rate volatility, and the unequal distribution of capital between developed and developing economies. The article is based on statistical data and analytical reports of international organizations such as the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. The research identifies the key mechanisms that determine successful integration into global capital markets and evaluates the importance of institutional reforms, financial regulation, and macroeconomic stability in ensuring sustainable participation in international financial systems.

This article examines the theoretical and practical foundations of improving professional training in military higher education institutions through a competency-based approach. The study analyzes the importance of competency-oriented education in developing the professional knowledge, leadership abilities, strategic thinking, and practical skills of military personnel. Modern reforms in military education systems, digital transformation, simulation technologies, and international experiences are comparatively studied. The article also highlights the role of pedagogical innovations, interactive teaching methods, and integrated training mechanisms in increasing the effectiveness of military education. Scientific conclusions are based on official reports, scholarly literature, and empirical studies related to military pedagogy and competency-based education. The research emphasizes that competency-oriented military education contributes significantly to strengthening national defense systems and preparing highly qualified military specialists for contemporary security challenges.

 This article theoretically studies the relationship between two random variables and methods for their evaluation. In particular, in the work under consideration, income and expenses, which are very relevant in practice, are taken as examples of random variables, and their relationship and evaluation methods, as well as their advantages, disadvantages and benefits, are analyzed.

The main findings presented in the article are of theoretical importance and can be widely used in the field of financial mathematics. In addition, the types of financial risks and methods for their evaluation based on international experience can be useful for higher education students, especially students of economics, in calculating specific financial transactions.

The current state of biocrystallomics is given. The goal, objectives and main areas of study of biocrystallomics are presented. The main forms of biocrystallogenesis are systematized taking into account the functions they perform. The methodology for assessing the crystallogenic properties of various biosystems, including biological fluids, is described in detail.

This article examines the vibration processes of pipelines that are in contact with a surrounding or internal medium. Pipeline systems are widely used in oil and gas engineering, chemical technology, water supply, thermal power plants, irrigation systems, and many other branches of industry. During operation, pipelines are affected not only by static loads but also by dynamic forces caused by fluid or gas flow, pressure pulsations, hydraulic shocks, soil or water resistance, temperature variation, and the periodic action of pumps and compressors. These factors may generate free, forced, flow-induced, and resonant vibrations. If such vibrations are not properly predicted and controlled, they can cause fatigue damage, cracks in welded joints, loosening of supports, leakage, and serious accidents. The article discusses the physical nature of pipeline vibrations, the mechanism of interaction between a pipe and a medium, basic mathematical models, resonance risks, and engineering methods for reducing vibration amplitudes.

This study aims to compare the approaches to teaching writing skills in traditional secondary schools and Presidential Schools based on the analysis of their textbooks and instructional materials. The research examines the types of writing activities, methodological principles, and competence-based strategies used in both educational systems. A qualitative and comparative research method was applied, including textbook analysis and classroom observation. The findings indicate that traditional school textbooks mainly focus on grammar-based and reproductive writing exercises, while Presidential School materials emphasize communicative, creative, and critical writing practices. Furthermore, Presidential Schools actively integrate modern pedagogical technologies and project-based learning into writing instruction. The study concludes that the innovative methods used in Presidential Schools significantly contribute to the development of students’ academic writing competence and independent thinking skills. These results may serve as a methodological basis for improving writing instruction in general secondary education.

 A continuing major complicated and society important problem in the modern FL/foreign languages teaching remains a process of Russian oral speech development at schools. I tried to generalize various international and regional scientific researchs about communicative competence forming, interactive forms of learning technologies and sociocultural adjustment in a multilinguistic school system and how these factors are interrelated to combine the communicative, task-based approaches and strategies of scaffolding on the basis of Vygotsky's socioculturall theory and Krashen's hypothesis on input from the point of view of researcher from Uzbekistan. I put forward some specific considerations regarding adoption of these approaches to a school environment in Uzbekistan where Russian may appear a second or foreign language, as well as to overcome some traditional problems like the lack of opportunities for speaking practice, frontal ways of teaching, shyness to speak Russian orally and the lack of natural use of Russian language.

This study presents a lexicon-based semantic tagging information system developed for the Uzbek language corpus. The system employs the six-volume Explanatory Dictionary of the Uzbek Language (OʻzTIL) as its primary lexical resource, which contains over 85,000 entries with full semantic definitions, making it the most authoritative normative lexicographic source for Uzbek. An ontological model organized in three hierarchical levels – top, mid, and low – was designed to categorize lexical units extracted from the dictionary. Five core semantic categories were formed: animal names (approximately 100–200 units), bird names (approximately 100–150 units), personal nouns (approximately 500+ units), place names (approximately 300+ units), and occupation names (approximately 200+ units), totaling approximately 1,200–1,400 lexical units. A rule-based automatic tagging algorithm was developed to annotate corpus tokens against this structured lexical database, assigning standardized semantic tags. The system addresses key challenges inherent to Uzbek, including agglutinative morphology and lexical ambiguity. Compared to international systems such as WordNet and USAS, the proposed dictionary-based approach demonstrates superior normative grounding and cultural adequacy for Uzbek. The system is intended to serve as a foundational open resource for downstream natural language processing tasks, including machine translation, information retrieval, and intelligent educational applications.

This article analyzes the issues of improving English language teaching methodology through programmed educational tools. The integration of modern information and communication technologies into the educational process creates new pedagogical opportunities for teaching English effectively. The article highlights the essence and advantages of programmed instruction as well as its role in developing students’ independent thinking, communicative competence, and language skills. Furthermore, the study examines ways of increasing educational effectiveness through the use of interactive platforms, multimedia resources, and digital technologies. The findings indicate that programmed educational tools enhance students’ motivation, provide individualized learning opportunities, and optimize the overall teaching and learning process in English language education.

This article examines mechanisms for managing foreign economic activity in Andijan region and identifies institutional and operational bottlenecks that constrain export growth and investment attraction. Using comparative institutional analysis, document review, and regional diagnostic reasoning, it systematizes management tools across regulatory, infrastructural, and service dimensions. Results propose an integrated mechanism model that improves coordination, risk management, and firm-level support.

This paper assesses the impact of grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) panels on electric power quality in low-voltage distribution networks with growing inverter-based resources. The objective is to quantify variations in voltage magnitude, harmonic distortion, flicker severity, and power factor across realistic operating conditions and to identify the technical mechanisms that most frequently trigger noncompliance. The methodology integrates an analytical representation of inverter current injection, time-series simulations driven by measured irradiance and load profiles, and a compliance-oriented evaluation of power quality indicators used in distribution engineering. A comparative scenario design is applied across PV penetration levels, feeder impedances, and inverter control modes. The scientific novelty lies in an integrated assessment framework that explicitly couples inverter controls and network strength to a coherent set of quality metrics, enabling sensitivity ranking and targeted mitigation planning. The findings inform coordinated PV interconnection, voltage regulation, and harmonic management to preserve acceptable customer supply quality.

This article examines the theoretical and practical significance of developing spiritual consciousness through a reflexive approach within modern educational and social contexts. In the era of globalization, digital transformation, and rapid sociocultural change, the formation of spiritual consciousness has become one of the central priorities of educational philosophy and human development. The reflexive approach allows individuals to critically evaluate their values, beliefs, behaviors, and moral responsibilities through self-awareness and introspection. The study explores the role of reflective thinking in shaping ethical responsibility, personal identity, cultural understanding, and social harmony. Furthermore, the article analyzes how reflexive mechanisms contribute to the formation of moral maturity, independent thinking, emotional intelligence, and intercultural competence among students and young people. The research highlights the pedagogical potential of reflexive learning strategies in strengthening spiritual values and humanistic worldviews. The article also discusses the influence of reflective dialogue, self-analysis, critical consciousness, and value-oriented education in the development of spiritually mature individuals capable of responding to contemporary global challenges.

In this article, phraseological units with a zoonymic component are classified into groups according to their structural formation and the number of constituent components. Additionally, the morphological characteristics of the components within zoophrasemes are analyzed.

Sports Medicine is a rapidly developing field of clinical medicine focused on the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of injuries related to physical activity and sports. The increasing popularity of professional and amateur sports has led to a higher incidence of musculoskeletal injuries, making sports medicine an important component of modern healthcare. This article examines the role of medical support in the prevention and management of sports injuries. Special attention is given to the principles of injury prevention, early diagnosis, acute care, rehabilitation strategies, and return-to-play protocols. The importance of multidisciplinary collaboration among sports physicians, physiotherapists, and coaches is emphasized. The analysis shows that effective medical supervision significantly reduces injury rates, accelerates recovery, and improves athletes’ performance and long-term health outcomes. Preventive programs, including strength training, neuromuscular control, and load management, are essential components of modern sports medicine practice.

The article examines the artistic specificity of Eugène Sy’s historical novels within the context of the development of the nineteenth-century European historical novel. The study analyzes the formation of the historical novel as a literary genre in European literature and highlights the influence of Walter Scott’s artistic tradition on the development of French historical prose. Particular attention is paid to the genre structure of Eugène Sy’s works, which combine elements of romantic, socio-psychological, and adventure fiction. The article investigates the representation of historical epochs, the principles of depicting historical personality, and the peculiarities of the artistic chronotope in the novels Jean Cavalier ou les Fanatiques des Cévennes and Latréaumont. The research demonstrates that Eugène Sy’s historical prose reflects the transformation of the classical historical novel and reveals the growing importance of socio-philosophical isSys in nineteenth-century literature.

. In our republic, in recent years, special attention has been paid to the development of comprehensive measures to study the influence of the level of motor activity on the physical development and vegetative indicators of athlete students and the implementation of the achieved positive results into practice. In this regard, certain results are being achieved in the Aral Sea region of our country regarding the adaptation of student-athletes' bodies to the influence of unfavorable environmental factors and the improvement of physical development indicators. In recent years, scientific research has been conducted worldwide to assess the adaptive capabilities of individual development, the level of functional motor activity, and the morphofunctional indicators of the body of a person regularly engaged in sports under sharply changing natural and climatic conditions. In this regard, great attention is paid to determining the functional indicators of the body depending on various climatic conditions and functional states, scientifically substantiating the positive effects of physical exercises on the characteristics of adaptation to unfavorable climatic conditions, adapting to the influence of unfavorable environmental factors in extreme regions, and developing measures to improve physical development indicators.

 Liver cirrhosis represents a critical global health burden, characterized by the progressive replacement of healthy liver parenchyma with fibrous scar tissue, leading to architectural distortion and functional failure. The pathogenesis of cirrhosis is intricately linked to chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, which drive hepatocyte apoptosis and the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Silybin, the most biologically active flavonolignan isolated from Silybum marianum (milk thistle), has garnered significant attention for its dual hepatoprotective and antioxidant capabilities. This study provides a comprehensive comparative analysis of silybin’s mechanisms of action, evaluating its efficacy in mitigating liver injury through membrane stabilization, anti-inflammatory modulation, and direct scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS). By synthesizing data from preclinical models and clinical trials, we delineate the relative contributions of its hepatoprotective versus antioxidant properties. Our analysis suggests that while silybin’s antioxidant activity is fundamental in halting the initiation of fibrogenesis via the Nrf2 pathway, its hepatoprotective effects are crucial for preserving cellular integrity and improving synthetic liver function in established cirrhosis. Despite promising results, challenges regarding bioavailability and standardization persist. This review underscores the potential of silybin as an adjunctive therapy in multidisciplinary management strategies for liver cirrhosis, highlighting the need for advanced delivery systems to maximize therapeutic outcomes.

This article highlights the importance of management competence for technical school directors. It presents practical and theoretical concepts for overcoming management and development problems in the educational process. The article contains detailed information about useful and necessary knowledge, skills, and abilities for leaders. We believe that this knowledge will be of great benefit in improving the educational process and its quality.

This article discusses the importance of forming economic education in primary school students and the role of modern pedagogical technologies in this process. It analyzes interactive teaching methods, didactic games, project-based learning, and information and communication technologies (ICT) as effective tools for developing economic thinking, responsibility, and basic financial literacy in young learners.

This article explores strategies for improving educational management in primary schools. It discusses planning, leadership development, teacher collaboration, and the use of innovative technologies in school administration. The study emphasizes the importance of a systematic approach to management in achieving educational effectiveness.